313 F.2d 586
H. KEMPNER, Galveston Cotton Company and Texas Cotton Industries, Petitioners,
v.
FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION (formerly Federal Maritime Board) and United States of America, Respondents,
Gulf/Mediterranean Ports Conference et al., The Common Carriers by Water, Members of the Far East Conference, Intervenors.
No. 16658.
United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued September 26, 1962.
Decided January 10, 1963.
Petition of Intervenors Gulf/Mediterranean Ports Conference, et al. for Rehearing En Banc Denied En Banc on February 15, 1963.
Petition of Intervenor Members of the Far East Conference for Rehearing En Banc Denied En Banc on February 26, 1963.
Mr. Shelby Fitze, Washington, D. C., with whom Messrs. Delmar W. Holloman and James T. Welch, Washington, D. C., were on the brief, for petitioners.
Mr. Paul D. Page, Jr., Atty., Federal Maritime Commission, with whom Mr. James L. Pimper, Gen. Counsel, Federal Maritime Commission, was on the brief, for respondent Federal Maritime Commission. Messrs. Robert E. Mitchell, Deputy Gen. Counsel, Federal Maritime Commission, and Thomas D. Wilcox, Atty., Federal Maritime Commission, also entered appearances for respondent Federal Maritime Commission.
Mr. Joel E. Hoffman, Atty., Dept. of Justice, of the bar of the Court of Appeals of New York, pro hac vice, by special leave of court, with whom Mr. Irwin A. Seibel, Atty., Dept. of Justice, was on the brief, for respondent United States.
Mr. Edward S. Bagley, New Orleans, La., of the bar of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, pro hac vice, by special leave of court, for intervenors Gulf/Mediterranean Ports Conference and others. Mr. Joseph M. Rault, New Orleans, La., was on the brief for intervenors Gulf/Mediterranean Ports Conference and others.
Mr. Elkan Turk, Jr., New York City, with whom Mr. Elkan Turk, New York City, was on the brief, for intervenors The Common Carriers by Water, Members of the Far East Conference.
Before WILBUR K. MILLER, DANAHER and WRIGHT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
The Federal Maritime Board denied reparations sought by the petitioners because of the imposition of dual rates said to have been unlawful. It held that, since it had not disapproved the rates, it had in effect approved them; and that, in any event, the so-called Moratorium Act protected the carriers from liability which accrued before its passage.
The discriminatory rates here involved were not approved by the regulatory agency merely because it was silent concerning them, and the rates were therefore illegal. We think, too, that the Moratorium Act is prospective only and so does not relieve an offender from liability for reparations arising from a violation which occurred prior to its enactment.
Reversed and remanded to the Commission for assessment of reparations.
DANAHER, Circuit Judge (dissenting).
The Supreme Court on May 19, 1958 decided Federal Maritime Board v. Isbrandtsen Co., Inc., 356 U.S. 481, 78 S. Ct. 851, 2 L.Ed.2d 926, holding that a dual rate system which is "designed to destroy the competition of independent carriers" or "to stifle outside competition" or which otherwise employs predatory devices constitutes a "resort to other discriminating or unfair methods" in violation of section 14 of the Shipping Act of 1916. As of the date of the Court's opinion, there were in existence many dozens of "conferences" subject to the jurisdiction of the Board.
Congress moved promptly because of the "grave doubts cast by the Supreme Court decision upon the legality of the dual rate system and the possible detrimental results to both American shipping and American foreign commerce." The Senate feared for the "legality of the thousands of exclusive patronage dual rate contracts then used by more than half the 113 inbound and outbound steamship conferences serving U.S. ports. For many years, these dual rate conferences and the shippers they served had been parties to such contracts, with the tacit or express approval of the Federal Maritime Board."
Congress therefore amended section 14 of the Shipping Act of 1916 "to provide that nothing in that act made unlawful any dual rate contract arrangement in effect at the time of the Supreme Court's decision (May 19, 1958), unless and until disapproved, canceled, or modified by the Federal Maritime Board, in accordance with the standards in section 15 of the act." (Emphasis added.)
Congress was not concerned with "rates." It deemed, however, of vital interest — at least until Congress had an adequate opportunity to review the problem — the threat to "any" dual rates. Clearly Congress considered that not all dual rate systems came within the purview of the Supreme Court's decision.
While the legislation was pending the Department of Justice reemphasized its historic position that "the system is inconsistent with the basic tenets of antitrust philosophy," but the Department's letter also emphasized that the legislation
"would validate any existing dual-rate arrangement, whether or not it had been approved by the Board, unless and until the Board disapproves, cancels, or modifies such arrangement. There are a number of conferences which now employ a dual-rate system that has not been expressly approved by the Board. The bill would permit these conferences to continue to use their unapproved systems, even though they have been on notice for more than four years that such unapproved systems are illegal, and even though such systems would have been illegal even if the Supreme Court decision had gone the other way. However, in view of our having been advised that it is administratively not feasible for the Board to act on all of the as yet unapproved dualrate arrangements in the next 2 years, the Department interposes no objection to this provision of the bill."
Thus fully advised in the premises and after extensive House hearings, Congress adopted Public Law 85-626
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313 F.2d 586
H. KEMPNER, Galveston Cotton Company and Texas Cotton Industries, Petitioners,
v.
FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION (formerly Federal Maritime Board) and United States of America, Respondents,
Gulf/Mediterranean Ports Conference et al., The Common Carriers by Water, Members of the Far East Conference, Intervenors.
No. 16658.
United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued September 26, 1962.
Decided January 10, 1963.
Petition of Intervenors Gulf/Mediterranean Ports Conference, et al. for Rehearing En Banc Denied En Banc on February 15, 1963.
Petition of Intervenor Members of the Far East Conference for Rehearing En Banc Denied En Banc on February 26, 1963.
Mr. Shelby Fitze, Washington, D. C., with whom Messrs. Delmar W. Holloman and James T. Welch, Washington, D. C., were on the brief, for petitioners.
Mr. Paul D. Page, Jr., Atty., Federal Maritime Commission, with whom Mr. James L. Pimper, Gen. Counsel, Federal Maritime Commission, was on the brief, for respondent Federal Maritime Commission. Messrs. Robert E. Mitchell, Deputy Gen. Counsel, Federal Maritime Commission, and Thomas D. Wilcox, Atty., Federal Maritime Commission, also entered appearances for respondent Federal Maritime Commission.
Mr. Joel E. Hoffman, Atty., Dept. of Justice, of the bar of the Court of Appeals of New York, pro hac vice, by special leave of court, with whom Mr. Irwin A. Seibel, Atty., Dept. of Justice, was on the brief, for respondent United States.
Mr. Edward S. Bagley, New Orleans, La., of the bar of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, pro hac vice, by special leave of court, for intervenors Gulf/Mediterranean Ports Conference and others. Mr. Joseph M. Rault, New Orleans, La., was on the brief for intervenors Gulf/Mediterranean Ports Conference and others.
Mr. Elkan Turk, Jr., New York City, with whom Mr. Elkan Turk, New York City, was on the brief, for intervenors The Common Carriers by Water, Members of the Far East Conference.
Before WILBUR K. MILLER, DANAHER and WRIGHT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
The Federal Maritime Board denied reparations sought by the petitioners because of the imposition of dual rates said to have been unlawful. It held that, since it had not disapproved the rates, it had in effect approved them; and that, in any event, the so-called Moratorium Act protected the carriers from liability which accrued before its passage.
The discriminatory rates here involved were not approved by the regulatory agency merely because it was silent concerning them, and the rates were therefore illegal. We think, too, that the Moratorium Act is prospective only and so does not relieve an offender from liability for reparations arising from a violation which occurred prior to its enactment.
Reversed and remanded to the Commission for assessment of reparations.
DANAHER, Circuit Judge (dissenting).
The Supreme Court on May 19, 1958 decided Federal Maritime Board v. Isbrandtsen Co., Inc., 356 U.S. 481, 78 S. Ct. 851, 2 L.Ed.2d 926, holding that a dual rate system which is "designed to destroy the competition of independent carriers" or "to stifle outside competition" or which otherwise employs predatory devices constitutes a "resort to other discriminating or unfair methods" in violation of section 14 of the Shipping Act of 1916. As of the date of the Court's opinion, there were in existence many dozens of "conferences" subject to the jurisdiction of the Board.
Congress moved promptly because of the "grave doubts cast by the Supreme Court decision upon the legality of the dual rate system and the possible detrimental results to both American shipping and American foreign commerce." The Senate feared for the "legality of the thousands of exclusive patronage dual rate contracts then used by more than half the 113 inbound and outbound steamship conferences serving U.S. ports. For many years, these dual rate conferences and the shippers they served had been parties to such contracts, with the tacit or express approval of the Federal Maritime Board."
Congress therefore amended section 14 of the Shipping Act of 1916 "to provide that nothing in that act made unlawful any dual rate contract arrangement in effect at the time of the Supreme Court's decision (May 19, 1958), unless and until disapproved, canceled, or modified by the Federal Maritime Board, in accordance with the standards in section 15 of the act." (Emphasis added.)
Congress was not concerned with "rates." It deemed, however, of vital interest — at least until Congress had an adequate opportunity to review the problem — the threat to "any" dual rates. Clearly Congress considered that not all dual rate systems came within the purview of the Supreme Court's decision.
While the legislation was pending the Department of Justice reemphasized its historic position that "the system is inconsistent with the basic tenets of antitrust philosophy," but the Department's letter also emphasized that the legislation
"would validate any existing dual-rate arrangement, whether or not it had been approved by the Board, unless and until the Board disapproves, cancels, or modifies such arrangement. There are a number of conferences which now employ a dual-rate system that has not been expressly approved by the Board. The bill would permit these conferences to continue to use their unapproved systems, even though they have been on notice for more than four years that such unapproved systems are illegal, and even though such systems would have been illegal even if the Supreme Court decision had gone the other way. However, in view of our having been advised that it is administratively not feasible for the Board to act on all of the as yet unapproved dualrate arrangements in the next 2 years, the Department interposes no objection to this provision of the bill."
Thus fully advised in the premises and after extensive House hearings, Congress adopted Public Law 85-626 which amended section 14 of the Shipping Act of 1916 by inserting the following:
"Provided, That nothing in this section or elsewhere in this Act, shall be construed or applied to forbid or make unlawful any dual rate contract arrangement in use by the members of a conference on May 19, 1958, which conference is organized under an agreement approved under section 15 of this Act by the regulatory body administering this Act, unless and until such regulatory body disapproves, cancels, or modifies such arrangement in accordance with the standards set forth in section 15 of this Act. The term `dual rate contract arrangement' as used herein means a practice whereby a conference establishes tariffs of rates at two levels the lower of which will be charged to merchants who agree to ship their cargoes on vessels of members of the conference only and the higher of which shall be charged to merchants who do not so agree." (Emphasis added.)
So read the law when the Board decided this case on August 4, 1961. Congress had amended the very Act from which the Board derived whatever authority it may have. Congress had spoken in behalf of a public policy of nearly a half century. As I read it, both the language of the statute and the congressional purpose are clear. It seems to me that on this record the Board could have done nothing but what it did do.
Accordingly, I dissent.