Case: 19-10753 Date Filed: 01/15/2020 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-10753 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
Agency No. A072-843-908
GUSTAVO ROJAS-LOPEZ, Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, Respondent.
__________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals _________________________
(January 15, 2020)
Before JILL PRYOR, TJOFLAT and BLACK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-10753 Date Filed: 01/15/2020 Page: 2 of 7
Gustavo Rojas-Lopez seeks review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’
(BIA) final order affirming the Immigration Judge’s (IJ) denial of his motion to
reopen his removal proceedings to request cancellation of removal. Rojas asserts
the BIA failed to give reasoned consideration to his diligence arguments because it
did not meaningfully consider the relevance of the outcomes of his family
members’ immigration proceedings or the effect of recent case law interpreting
provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Rojas also contends the
BIA erred by affirming the IJ’s denial of his motion to reopen on the merits
because he was diligent in arguing his conviction under section 893.13(1)(a) of the
Florida Statutes no longer qualified as an “illicit trafficking aggravated felony”
based on recent judicial interpretations of INA provisions. After review,1 we deny
the petition.
I. DISCUSSION
A. Reasoned Consideration
The BIA and IJ must give “reasoned consideration” to an alien’s petition.
Perez-Guerrero v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 717 F.3d 1224, 1232 (11th Cir. 2013). “A
reasoned-consideration examination does not look to whether the agency’s
1 When the BIA issues a decision, we review only that decision, except to the extent the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s decision. Chacku v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 555 F.3d 1281, 1285 (11th Cir. 2008). Here, because the BIA did not expressly adopt the IJ’s decision, we review only the BIA’s decision. Id.
2 Case: 19-10753 Date Filed: 01/15/2020 Page: 3 of 7
decision is supported by substantial evidence.” Bing Quan Lin v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
881 F.3d 860, 874 (11th Cir. 2018) (quotations omitted). “Rather, it looks to see
whether the agency has considered the issues raised and announced its decision in
terms sufficient to enable a reviewing court to perceive that it has heard and
thought and not merely reacted.” Id. Where the agency has given reasoned
consideration to the petition, and made adequate findings, we will not require the
agency address specifically each claim made by the petitioner or each piece of
evidence presented. Tan v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1369, 1374 (11th Cir. 2006).
The BIA gave reasoned consideration to Rojas’s arguments. See Malu v.
U.S. Att’y Gen., 764 F.3d 1282, 1286, 1289 (11th Cir. 2014) (reviewing whether
the BIA gave reasoned consideration to an alien’s claims de novo). First, the BIA
found Rojas was not entitled to equitable tolling because he failed to act diligently
by filing his motion to reopen seven years after his order of removal and three-and-
a-half years after the “change of law” in Donawa v. U.S. Attorney General, 735
F.3d 1275 (11th Cir. 2013). Second, the BIA found Rojas’s argument—that his
family pooled its resources to resolve his father’s and brother’s immigration
proceedings before his—did not constitute an “extraordinary circumstance”
justifying equitable tolling because Rojas did not present any evidence to support
this argument, such as affidavits or statements from his family members. These
two findings from the BIA accurately stated the contents of the record, adequately
3 Case: 19-10753 Date Filed: 01/15/2020 Page: 4 of 7
explained its decision, and provided reasonable justifications for its decision which
responded to arguments in the record. See Bing Quan Lin, 881 F.3d at 874
(explaining the agency does not give reasoned consideration to a claim when it
misstates the contents of the record, fails to adequately explain its refusal of logical
conclusions, or provides justifications for its decision which are unreasonable and
which do not respond to any arguments in the record). Because the BIA
considered the issues and announced its decision in terms sufficient to enable this
Court to perceive that it had heard and thought about Rojas’s claims, the BIA was
not required to specifically address each claim made by Rojas, such as Rojas’s
assertion that the outcomes of his father’s and brother’s immigration proceedings
supported reopening his proceedings. See id.; Tan, 446 F.3d at 1374. Likewise,
the BIA was not required to address each case cited by Rojas. Accordingly, Rojas’s
reasoned consideration claim fails.2
B. Merits of Denial of Motion to Reopen
We lack jurisdiction to review any final order of removal where, as here, an
alien was found to be removable by reason of having committed a criminal offense
relating to a controlled substance. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C); 8 U.S.C.
2 Whether the BIA misstated the contents of the record by stating Rojas’s family’s cases were not based on “similar facts” to his case is irrelevant, as the BIA made this statement in relation to its finding that Rojas was not entitled to discretionary sua sponte reopening, which falls outside of this Court’s jurisdiction. See Butka v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 827 F.3d 1278, 1285 (11th Cir. 2016) (explaining this Court lacks jurisdiction to review the agency’s denial of sua sponte reopening).
4 Case: 19-10753 Date Filed: 01/15/2020 Page: 5 of 7
§ 1227(a)(2)(B)(i). Accordingly, our jurisdiction is limited to considering whether
the BIA committed a constitutional or legal error in dismissing Rojas’s appeal. 8
U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). Under this standard, we can consider Rojas’s challenge to
the BIA’s application of the equitable tolling standard to the “undisputed fact
pattern” in his motion to reopen. See Jean-Pierre v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 500 F.3d
1315, 1322 (11th Cir. 2007).
“The standard for granting a motion to reopen immigration proceedings is
high, and an [IJ] is afforded significant discretion in deciding whether to do so.”
Bing Quan Lin, 881 F.3d at 872. Generally, a motion to reopen must be filed
within 90 days of the date of the BIA’s final administrative removal order. See
8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(i). This 90-day requirement is a “non-jurisdictional
claim-processing rule,” and is subject to equitable tolling. Avila-Santoyo v. U.S.
Att’y Gen.,
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Case: 19-10753 Date Filed: 01/15/2020 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-10753 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
Agency No. A072-843-908
GUSTAVO ROJAS-LOPEZ, Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, Respondent.
__________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals _________________________
(January 15, 2020)
Before JILL PRYOR, TJOFLAT and BLACK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-10753 Date Filed: 01/15/2020 Page: 2 of 7
Gustavo Rojas-Lopez seeks review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’
(BIA) final order affirming the Immigration Judge’s (IJ) denial of his motion to
reopen his removal proceedings to request cancellation of removal. Rojas asserts
the BIA failed to give reasoned consideration to his diligence arguments because it
did not meaningfully consider the relevance of the outcomes of his family
members’ immigration proceedings or the effect of recent case law interpreting
provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Rojas also contends the
BIA erred by affirming the IJ’s denial of his motion to reopen on the merits
because he was diligent in arguing his conviction under section 893.13(1)(a) of the
Florida Statutes no longer qualified as an “illicit trafficking aggravated felony”
based on recent judicial interpretations of INA provisions. After review,1 we deny
the petition.
I. DISCUSSION
A. Reasoned Consideration
The BIA and IJ must give “reasoned consideration” to an alien’s petition.
Perez-Guerrero v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 717 F.3d 1224, 1232 (11th Cir. 2013). “A
reasoned-consideration examination does not look to whether the agency’s
1 When the BIA issues a decision, we review only that decision, except to the extent the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s decision. Chacku v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 555 F.3d 1281, 1285 (11th Cir. 2008). Here, because the BIA did not expressly adopt the IJ’s decision, we review only the BIA’s decision. Id.
2 Case: 19-10753 Date Filed: 01/15/2020 Page: 3 of 7
decision is supported by substantial evidence.” Bing Quan Lin v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
881 F.3d 860, 874 (11th Cir. 2018) (quotations omitted). “Rather, it looks to see
whether the agency has considered the issues raised and announced its decision in
terms sufficient to enable a reviewing court to perceive that it has heard and
thought and not merely reacted.” Id. Where the agency has given reasoned
consideration to the petition, and made adequate findings, we will not require the
agency address specifically each claim made by the petitioner or each piece of
evidence presented. Tan v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1369, 1374 (11th Cir. 2006).
The BIA gave reasoned consideration to Rojas’s arguments. See Malu v.
U.S. Att’y Gen., 764 F.3d 1282, 1286, 1289 (11th Cir. 2014) (reviewing whether
the BIA gave reasoned consideration to an alien’s claims de novo). First, the BIA
found Rojas was not entitled to equitable tolling because he failed to act diligently
by filing his motion to reopen seven years after his order of removal and three-and-
a-half years after the “change of law” in Donawa v. U.S. Attorney General, 735
F.3d 1275 (11th Cir. 2013). Second, the BIA found Rojas’s argument—that his
family pooled its resources to resolve his father’s and brother’s immigration
proceedings before his—did not constitute an “extraordinary circumstance”
justifying equitable tolling because Rojas did not present any evidence to support
this argument, such as affidavits or statements from his family members. These
two findings from the BIA accurately stated the contents of the record, adequately
3 Case: 19-10753 Date Filed: 01/15/2020 Page: 4 of 7
explained its decision, and provided reasonable justifications for its decision which
responded to arguments in the record. See Bing Quan Lin, 881 F.3d at 874
(explaining the agency does not give reasoned consideration to a claim when it
misstates the contents of the record, fails to adequately explain its refusal of logical
conclusions, or provides justifications for its decision which are unreasonable and
which do not respond to any arguments in the record). Because the BIA
considered the issues and announced its decision in terms sufficient to enable this
Court to perceive that it had heard and thought about Rojas’s claims, the BIA was
not required to specifically address each claim made by Rojas, such as Rojas’s
assertion that the outcomes of his father’s and brother’s immigration proceedings
supported reopening his proceedings. See id.; Tan, 446 F.3d at 1374. Likewise,
the BIA was not required to address each case cited by Rojas. Accordingly, Rojas’s
reasoned consideration claim fails.2
B. Merits of Denial of Motion to Reopen
We lack jurisdiction to review any final order of removal where, as here, an
alien was found to be removable by reason of having committed a criminal offense
relating to a controlled substance. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C); 8 U.S.C.
2 Whether the BIA misstated the contents of the record by stating Rojas’s family’s cases were not based on “similar facts” to his case is irrelevant, as the BIA made this statement in relation to its finding that Rojas was not entitled to discretionary sua sponte reopening, which falls outside of this Court’s jurisdiction. See Butka v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 827 F.3d 1278, 1285 (11th Cir. 2016) (explaining this Court lacks jurisdiction to review the agency’s denial of sua sponte reopening).
4 Case: 19-10753 Date Filed: 01/15/2020 Page: 5 of 7
§ 1227(a)(2)(B)(i). Accordingly, our jurisdiction is limited to considering whether
the BIA committed a constitutional or legal error in dismissing Rojas’s appeal. 8
U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). Under this standard, we can consider Rojas’s challenge to
the BIA’s application of the equitable tolling standard to the “undisputed fact
pattern” in his motion to reopen. See Jean-Pierre v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 500 F.3d
1315, 1322 (11th Cir. 2007).
“The standard for granting a motion to reopen immigration proceedings is
high, and an [IJ] is afforded significant discretion in deciding whether to do so.”
Bing Quan Lin, 881 F.3d at 872. Generally, a motion to reopen must be filed
within 90 days of the date of the BIA’s final administrative removal order. See
8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(i). This 90-day requirement is a “non-jurisdictional
claim-processing rule,” and is subject to equitable tolling. Avila-Santoyo v. U.S.
Att’y Gen., 713 F.3d 1357, 1359-65 (11th Cir. 2013) (en banc). To establish
eligibility for equitable tolling, a litigant must show that (1) he has been pursuing
his rights diligently, and (2) some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way. Id.
at 1363 n.5. Tolling is an “extraordinary remedy” that should be used sparingly,
but courts may toll time limitations when an inequitable event prevents a party’s
timely action. Booth v. Carnival Corp., 522 F.3d 1148, 1150 (11th Cir. 2008).
Rojas has not demonstrated the BIA committed any legal errors in
determining he was not diligent for equitable tolling purposes. See Kazemzadeh v.
5 Case: 19-10753 Date Filed: 01/15/2020 Page: 6 of 7
U.S. Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341, 1350 (11th Cir. 2009) (reviewing legal questions
de novo). First, the BIA applied the correct standard in conducting its diligence
analysis. There is no evidence the BIA conflated the due diligence standard with
the test for sua sponte reopening, as the BIA addressed each issue separately and
applied the correct terminology to each issue. Moreover, there is no evidence the
BIA applied a per se rule, as it considered and addressed the facts of Rojas’s case
in determining he did not act diligently.
Second, the BIA did not commit legal error by determining Rojas’s conduct
of waiting three-and-a-half years after the Donawa decision to file his motion to
reopen demonstrated a lack of diligence. In Donawa, this Court determined a
petitioner’s conviction under § 893.13(1)(a) of the Florida Statutes was not a drug-
trafficking crime under § 924(c) and, thus, did not necessarily render him ineligible
for cancellation of removal. See Donawa, 735 F.3d at 1281-82. Moreover,
Donawa expressly stated petitioners convicted under § 893.13(1)(a) “may still be
able to meet their burden to demonstrate eligibility for cancellation of removal, and
should be given a chance to shoulder that burden.” See id. at 1284. Accordingly,
after Donawa, Rojas knew he had a non-frivolous argument that he was eligible for
cancellation of removal, and yet he still waited another three-and-a-half years to
file his motion to reopen. Moreover, Rojas’s motion to reopen was premised upon
his assertion the change of law in Donawa created an “extraordinary circumstance”
6 Case: 19-10753 Date Filed: 01/15/2020 Page: 7 of 7
that warranted equitable tolling. Accordingly, while the decisions in Spaho v. U.S.
Attorney General, 837 F.3d 1172 (11th Cir. 2016) and Gordon v. U.S. Attorney
General, 861 F.3d 1314 (11th Cir. 2017) provided further authority for Rojas’s
argument his conviction for “manufacturing” cannabis under § 893.13(1)(a) was
not an “illicit trafficking aggravated felony,” Rojas has not shown the BIA
committed legal error by considering his delay from the time of Donawa. The
district court did not err in determining Rojas did not establish diligence for
equitable tolling purposes to excuse his untimely filing of his motion to reopen.
II. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we deny Rojas’s petition. 3
PETITION DENIED.
3 As for Rojas’s request this Court determine his conviction for manufacturing cannabis under § 893.13(1)(a) was not an “illicit trafficking aggravated felony,” this Court lacks jurisdiction to address this issue because it was never presented to, or addressed by, the BIA. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1249-50 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding this Court lacks jurisdiction over claims that were not presented to the BIA). The BIA dismissed Rojas’s appeal based on its finding he had not established diligence to excuse the untimely filing of his motion to reopen, and did not reach the underlying merits of Rojas’s eligibility for cancellation of removal.