MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions Decision: 2021 ME 5 Docket: Yor-20-195 Argued: December 9, 2020 Decided: January 26, 2021
Panel: MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HUMPHREY, HORTON, and CONNORS, JJ.
GUARDIANSHIP BY JOSEPH W. et al.
GORMAN, J.
[¶1] The mother of a sixteen-year-old minor appeals from a “consent
order” entered by the York County Probate Court (Houde, J.). In that order,
which was apparently issued as an adjudication of an emergency motion for the
appointment of a guardian and a petition for guardianship filed by the minor’s
paternal grandparents, the court ordered that the minor—who had been
residing with his mother and his siblings in Mississippi for over a year—would
start living with his grandparents in Maine one week after the order was issued.
Because the court did not have the authority to act on the motion and petition,
we vacate the court’s order and remand for dismissal of the petitions.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] On May 26, 2020, Joseph and Cynthia W. (the grandparents)
petitioned the Cumberland County Probate Court for full guardianship of their
sixteen-year-old grandson, see 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204 (2020), and also separately 2
moved for appointment as guardians on an emergency basis, see 18-C M.R.S.
§ 5-204(4). In an affidavit attached to the motion for appointment of a guardian
on an emergency basis, the grandparents alleged that the minor had lived most
of his life in Maine and that his father had been awarded primary residence in
a judgment establishing parental rights and responsibility in 2013. The
affidavit also stated that the minor had been residing in Mississippi with his
mother since May of 2019. The grandparents further alleged that the minor
was unhappy in Mississippi, that the mother had not enrolled him in school, and
that the minor desired to move back to Maine and live with his grandparents or
father.
[¶3] Because of a conflict of interest, the Cumberland County Probate
Court (Aranson, J.), transferred the matter to the York County Probate Court. In
an order dated May 29, 2020, the York County Probate Court (Houde, J.)
declined to make an ex-parte appointment of the grandparents as guardians on
an emergency basis and scheduled a hearing on the motion for June 2, 2020.
[¶4] On June 2 and June 11, 2020, the mother, the minor, and the
grandparents’ attorney met with the court via videoconference. In addition, the
record reflects that there were a series of meetings not involving the judge, 3
called “work-out conferences.”1 Each time the mother had an opportunity to
address the court during those meetings, she expressed her discomfort with the
proceedings and her lack of understanding as to what exactly the grandparents
were requesting from the court. The mother also made repeated requests to
the court for an attorney. Although on June 4, 2020, the mother completed an
indigency affidavit that demonstrated her entitlement to appointed counsel, the
court never appointed an attorney to represent her. See 18-C M.R.S. § 5-205(4)
(2020).
[¶5] At the final videoconference with the court, on June 11, 2020, the
grandparents’ attorney recited what he called “the consent agreement,” and the
parties eventually stated that they consented to what had been recited. At no
time, however, did the court obtain the mother’s written consent as required
by 18-C M.R.S. § 5-205(6) (2020). On June 12, 2020, the court issued a
document entitled “Consent Order,” which adopted the terms of the recited
agreement. Nowhere in that order does the court grant or deny either the
motion for the appointment of a guardian on an emergency basis or the petition
for guardianship. In fact, the order provides that “[t]he Petition for
Guardianship shall be continued.”
1 At oral argument, we learned that a “work-out conference” refers to an unrecorded videoconference involving the parties. 4
[¶6] On June 17, 2020, the mother—after obtaining an attorney—filed
an emergency motion to vacate the consent order, an opposition to the
guardianship request, and a motion to dismiss. The mother asserted that the
court lacked jurisdiction over the case, that the court’s denial of her right to
counsel was a statutory violation that affected her constitutional right to the
care and custody of her child, that her consent to the guardianship was not
voluntary, and that the court failed to make the necessary findings to support
the appointment of the grandparents as the guardians on an emergency basis
pursuant to 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204(4). On that same day, the court held a
videoconference nontestimonial hearing on the mother’s motion. On June 18,
2020, the court denied the motion, addressing only the mother’s arguments
concerning her right to counsel and the voluntariness of her consent. The
mother timely appeals. See 18-C M.R.S. § 1-308 (2020); M.R. App. P. 2B(c)(1).
II. DISCUSSION
[¶7] Title 18-C M.R.S. § 5-104(1) (2020) provides:
Except to the extent that jurisdiction is precluded by the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act and Title 4, section 152, subsection 5-A, the court has jurisdiction over a guardianship for a minor domiciled or present in this State. The court has jurisdiction over a conservatorship or protective arrangement instead of conservatorship for a minor domiciled in or having property located in this State. 5
(Emphasis added.) The petitions filed in this case unequivocally state that the
minor had been living in Mississippi for nearly a year. Based on the plain
language of the statute, the court did not have authority to grant the relief
requested by the grandparents and it should have granted the mother’s motion
to dismiss.2
[¶8] We vacate the Probate Court’s order and remand for it to dismiss
the grandparents’ motion and petition. In doing so, we recognize that the minor
is now in Maine; that the only existing order establishing parental rights and
responsibilities concerning this minor is the 2013 order granting the father the
right to provide the minor’s primary residence; and that the father’s apparent
preference for the minor is his current placement in Maine. Thus, our decision
will not have any immediate effect on the child’s primary residence.
[¶9] Nonetheless, because it is likely that there will be further litigation,
we take this opportunity to address several issues presented by this case. First,
2 The grandparents direct our attention to Barclay v. Eckert, 2000 ME 10, 743 A.2d 1259, and Fitzpatrick v. McCrary, 2018 ME 48, 182 A.3d 737, in support of their argument that the court properly exercised jurisdiction over the motion and petition. Both of those cases are distinguishable because they did not involve guardianship petitions in the Probate Court, but rather involved questions concerning whether the District Court had jurisdiction to modify child custody orders originally entered in the District Court. Barclay, 2000 ME 10, ¶¶ 1, 13, 743 A.2d 1249; Fitzpatrick, 2018 ME 48, ¶¶ 1, 12, 182 A.2d 737. 6
it does not appear that the court’s order actually established a guardianship.3
Maine’s Probate Courts may grant three different types of guardianships of
minors: (1) a full guardianship pursuant to 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204(2); (2) a
guardianship on an emergency basis pursuant to 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204(4)(A)-(B);
and (3) a temporary guardianship pursuant to 18-C M.R.S.
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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions Decision: 2021 ME 5 Docket: Yor-20-195 Argued: December 9, 2020 Decided: January 26, 2021
Panel: MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HUMPHREY, HORTON, and CONNORS, JJ.
GUARDIANSHIP BY JOSEPH W. et al.
GORMAN, J.
[¶1] The mother of a sixteen-year-old minor appeals from a “consent
order” entered by the York County Probate Court (Houde, J.). In that order,
which was apparently issued as an adjudication of an emergency motion for the
appointment of a guardian and a petition for guardianship filed by the minor’s
paternal grandparents, the court ordered that the minor—who had been
residing with his mother and his siblings in Mississippi for over a year—would
start living with his grandparents in Maine one week after the order was issued.
Because the court did not have the authority to act on the motion and petition,
we vacate the court’s order and remand for dismissal of the petitions.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] On May 26, 2020, Joseph and Cynthia W. (the grandparents)
petitioned the Cumberland County Probate Court for full guardianship of their
sixteen-year-old grandson, see 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204 (2020), and also separately 2
moved for appointment as guardians on an emergency basis, see 18-C M.R.S.
§ 5-204(4). In an affidavit attached to the motion for appointment of a guardian
on an emergency basis, the grandparents alleged that the minor had lived most
of his life in Maine and that his father had been awarded primary residence in
a judgment establishing parental rights and responsibility in 2013. The
affidavit also stated that the minor had been residing in Mississippi with his
mother since May of 2019. The grandparents further alleged that the minor
was unhappy in Mississippi, that the mother had not enrolled him in school, and
that the minor desired to move back to Maine and live with his grandparents or
father.
[¶3] Because of a conflict of interest, the Cumberland County Probate
Court (Aranson, J.), transferred the matter to the York County Probate Court. In
an order dated May 29, 2020, the York County Probate Court (Houde, J.)
declined to make an ex-parte appointment of the grandparents as guardians on
an emergency basis and scheduled a hearing on the motion for June 2, 2020.
[¶4] On June 2 and June 11, 2020, the mother, the minor, and the
grandparents’ attorney met with the court via videoconference. In addition, the
record reflects that there were a series of meetings not involving the judge, 3
called “work-out conferences.”1 Each time the mother had an opportunity to
address the court during those meetings, she expressed her discomfort with the
proceedings and her lack of understanding as to what exactly the grandparents
were requesting from the court. The mother also made repeated requests to
the court for an attorney. Although on June 4, 2020, the mother completed an
indigency affidavit that demonstrated her entitlement to appointed counsel, the
court never appointed an attorney to represent her. See 18-C M.R.S. § 5-205(4)
(2020).
[¶5] At the final videoconference with the court, on June 11, 2020, the
grandparents’ attorney recited what he called “the consent agreement,” and the
parties eventually stated that they consented to what had been recited. At no
time, however, did the court obtain the mother’s written consent as required
by 18-C M.R.S. § 5-205(6) (2020). On June 12, 2020, the court issued a
document entitled “Consent Order,” which adopted the terms of the recited
agreement. Nowhere in that order does the court grant or deny either the
motion for the appointment of a guardian on an emergency basis or the petition
for guardianship. In fact, the order provides that “[t]he Petition for
Guardianship shall be continued.”
1 At oral argument, we learned that a “work-out conference” refers to an unrecorded videoconference involving the parties. 4
[¶6] On June 17, 2020, the mother—after obtaining an attorney—filed
an emergency motion to vacate the consent order, an opposition to the
guardianship request, and a motion to dismiss. The mother asserted that the
court lacked jurisdiction over the case, that the court’s denial of her right to
counsel was a statutory violation that affected her constitutional right to the
care and custody of her child, that her consent to the guardianship was not
voluntary, and that the court failed to make the necessary findings to support
the appointment of the grandparents as the guardians on an emergency basis
pursuant to 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204(4). On that same day, the court held a
videoconference nontestimonial hearing on the mother’s motion. On June 18,
2020, the court denied the motion, addressing only the mother’s arguments
concerning her right to counsel and the voluntariness of her consent. The
mother timely appeals. See 18-C M.R.S. § 1-308 (2020); M.R. App. P. 2B(c)(1).
II. DISCUSSION
[¶7] Title 18-C M.R.S. § 5-104(1) (2020) provides:
Except to the extent that jurisdiction is precluded by the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act and Title 4, section 152, subsection 5-A, the court has jurisdiction over a guardianship for a minor domiciled or present in this State. The court has jurisdiction over a conservatorship or protective arrangement instead of conservatorship for a minor domiciled in or having property located in this State. 5
(Emphasis added.) The petitions filed in this case unequivocally state that the
minor had been living in Mississippi for nearly a year. Based on the plain
language of the statute, the court did not have authority to grant the relief
requested by the grandparents and it should have granted the mother’s motion
to dismiss.2
[¶8] We vacate the Probate Court’s order and remand for it to dismiss
the grandparents’ motion and petition. In doing so, we recognize that the minor
is now in Maine; that the only existing order establishing parental rights and
responsibilities concerning this minor is the 2013 order granting the father the
right to provide the minor’s primary residence; and that the father’s apparent
preference for the minor is his current placement in Maine. Thus, our decision
will not have any immediate effect on the child’s primary residence.
[¶9] Nonetheless, because it is likely that there will be further litigation,
we take this opportunity to address several issues presented by this case. First,
2 The grandparents direct our attention to Barclay v. Eckert, 2000 ME 10, 743 A.2d 1259, and Fitzpatrick v. McCrary, 2018 ME 48, 182 A.3d 737, in support of their argument that the court properly exercised jurisdiction over the motion and petition. Both of those cases are distinguishable because they did not involve guardianship petitions in the Probate Court, but rather involved questions concerning whether the District Court had jurisdiction to modify child custody orders originally entered in the District Court. Barclay, 2000 ME 10, ¶¶ 1, 13, 743 A.2d 1249; Fitzpatrick, 2018 ME 48, ¶¶ 1, 12, 182 A.2d 737. 6
it does not appear that the court’s order actually established a guardianship.3
Maine’s Probate Courts may grant three different types of guardianships of
minors: (1) a full guardianship pursuant to 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204(2); (2) a
guardianship on an emergency basis pursuant to 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204(4)(A)-(B);
and (3) a temporary guardianship pursuant to 18-C M.R.S. § 5-205(8) (2020).
The York County Probate Court’s consent order does not make the findings
required to support the appointment of any of these three types of
guardianships, see 18-C M.R.S. §§ 5-204(2), (4), 5-205(2), (8) (2020), and the
order specifically provides that “[t]he Petition for Guardianship shall be
continued.” As such, the order issued by the court does not “match” any of the
permissible types of guardianships.
[¶10] Second, to the extent that the order purported to create a
guardianship based on parental consent, the court did not comply with the
statutory requirements for ensuring that a parent’s consent is knowing and
voluntary:
If the petition for guardianship is filed by or with the consent of a parent, the petition must include a consent signed by the parent verifying that the parent understands the nature of the guardianship and knowingly and voluntarily consents to the
3 The parties disagree on the type of guardianship created by the court’s “consent order.” The
mother contends that the consent order created a guardianship on an emergency basis, see 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204(4) (2020), but the grandparents contend that the consent order created a temporary guardianship, see 18-C M.R.S. § 5-205(8) (2020). 7
guardianship. If a parent informs the court after the petition has been filed that the parent wishes to consent to the guardianship, the court shall require the parent to sign the consent form at that time. The consent required by this section must be on a court form or substantially similar document.
18-C M.R.S. § 5-205(6) (emphasis added). Even if the court intended to create
a temporary guardianship, the requirement for a signed consent form applies.
Title 18-C M.R.S. § 5-205(8) requires that any interim order filed by the court
“must meet the requirements of section 5-204 and [5-205].” See State v.
Mourino, 2014 ME 131, ¶ 8, 104 A.3d 893 (stating that “[i]f the statutory
language is clear and unambiguous, we construe the statute in accordance with
its plain meaning in the context of the whole statutory scheme” (quotation
marks omitted)).
[¶11] In determining whether parents are consenting to the
extraordinary delegation of rights that guardianships represent, courts are
required to follow section 5-205(6). By using the form and engaging in an
on-the-record formal inquiry, the court will have fulfilled its obligation to
ensure that a parent’s decision to consent to the guardianship is knowingly and
voluntarily given.
[¶12] Finally, acquiring information and handling cases during the
COVID-19 pandemic has created and is continuing to create great challenges for 8
courts. Recognizing that having all parties represented by counsel can
significantly improve the process and the outcome of cases, we suggest that, in
those cases where counsel can be assigned, courts ensure that their processes
for the assignment of counsel are streamlined to accommodate the additional
barriers caused by the pandemic.
The entry is:
Judgment vacated. Remanded for dismissal of guardianship petitions.
Angela Thibodeau, Esq. (orally), and Mary Ann Letourneau, Esq., Holmes Legal Group, LLC, Wells, for appellant mother
Neil D. Jamieson, Jr., Esq. (orally), Prescott Jamieson Murphy Law Group, LLC, Saco, for appellees Joseph and Cynthia W.
York County Probate Court docket number 2020-0359 FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY