Mr. Justice Sheldon
delivered the opinion of the Court:
It is first insisted, as a ground for reversing the judgment, that the averments in the declaration are not sufficient to sustain the judgment, upon the evidence. The declaration was framed precisely as if John Hogan had, as the policy purported, in fact procured the insurance himself for the benefit of Patrick Hogan, and so it is not averred, as it need not be in such case, that Patrick Hogan had any interest in the life of John Hogan.
But a different rule prevails where one procures insurance on the life of another. In such case the plaintiff must aver, in his declaration on the policy, that he had an insurable interest in the life insured, and prove the same affirmatively, as a part of his case. And as the fact here is, that Patrick Hogan procured the insurance in question upon the life of John Hogan, without the latter’s knowledge or consent, and that Patrick Hogan alone, without the knowledge of John Hogan, paid whatever premiums were advanced upon the policy, it is insisted the declaration is not sufficient to sustain the judgment upon the evidence, for want of the averment that Patrick Hogan had an insurable interest in the life of John Hogan.
Although it may be otherwise upon the proof upon any question as to the validity of the policy, as respects the form of the declaration, we regard the company as concluded from making any such objection. With knowledge of the facts, the agents of the company allowed, and were instrumental in causing, the transaction of the insurance to assume the form which it did, and in framing the declaration upon the policy, the plaintiff was justified in treating it according to its purport, and, upon a mere question of pleading, the company should not be heard to make the objection, that the transaction was different, in fact, from what it purported to be by the policy. And in this connection may be answered another point made, that the application was a fraud on the company, in not disclosing that it was really Patrick Hogan’s application, when it purported to come from John Hogan. The whole conduct and dealing of the agents with Patrick Hogan, throughout the entire affair, in all its different stages, show too much of privity and knowledge on the part of the agents of the company in respect of the actual facts, to expose the transaction to this imputation.
It is further objected, on this subject of pleading, that, inasmuch as, according to the recital of the policy sued on, it was issued “in consideration of the representations in the application for policy Ho. 16,870, which is hereby made a part of this contract,” the declaration should have set out the whole transaction, beginning with the original insurance, and have counted upon both policies. A good cause of action was shown by declaring upon the policy sued on alone, and we regard it as unnecessary to have noticed in the declaration the former policy, or application. If the representations in the former application furnished any matter in defeat of the right of action, it was open to the defendant to avail of it in defense.
It is said, if this position taken is not correct, then the court below erred in permitting the original policy and the payments made under it, to be given in evidence on the trial. But this was done, not in support of the action, but to meet the matter of defense set up, of suicide. Had such defense, been established, the limit of recovery, by the provisions of the policy, would have been the amount of premiums paid, In view of this defense, the proof, we think, was properly made of the whole amount of the premiums which had been paid under both the policies.
The policy in suit, as also the original one, contained the provision that, “should the death of the assured be caused by any act of self-destruction whatever, sane or insane, then the said company shall pay to the assured the full amount of the premiums that shall have been paid hereon, but no further sum whatever, and then, and in that case, the policy shall cease and determine.”
It clearly appeared that John Hogan died from the effects of arsenic, either purposely or inadvertently taken by himself. It was a main ground of defense, that the poison was taken designedly, and the death caused by suicide. Evidence was adduced tending to its proof.
The court below gave to the jury, for the plaintiff, this instruction :
“And the court further instructs the jury that, in case of death, and the evidence leaves the matter in doubt whether the deceased came to his death by an act of self-destruction or by accident, the law presumes the death to have occurred from accident.”
The giving of this instruction is assigned as error. This instruction required even more than full proof of the fact of suicide—the amount of proof required in a criminal case. To constitute full proof of the fact in dispute, only requires evidence which satisfies the minds of the jury of the truth of the fact to the exclusion of every reasonable doubt. This instruction, in effect, tells the jury that, if there is, under the evidence, any doubt of the fact that the deceased destroyed himself, the law presumes the death to have occurred from accident.
Under the instruction, no matter how strong the preponderance of evidence might' have been of the commission of suicide, yet, if the jury had a doubt upon the subject, it is not seen how they could have done otherwise than to find against the fact of suicide.
Where there is the occurrence of death merely, and no evidence upon the subject, the presumption is, that it was from natural causes, and not an act of self-destruction. The presumption prevails in the absence of proof, or in case where the evidence on the point is equally balanced. This is the extent.
The jury, we think, were not, under this instruction, left at liberty, as they should have been, to determine, from all the evidence, whether there was here an act of self-destruction or not. The defendant was entitled to have the issue it made on this question fairly submitted and decided, upon a preponderance of the evidence adduced. An instruction to a jury what the “'presumption of law” was, upon a question of disputed fact, was commented upon in Garrettson v. Pegg, 64 Ill. 111, and condemned, as being extremely likely to mislead the jury.
The instruction was erroneous.
Objection is also taken to this instruction, which was given for the plaintiff:
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Mr. Justice Sheldon
delivered the opinion of the Court:
It is first insisted, as a ground for reversing the judgment, that the averments in the declaration are not sufficient to sustain the judgment, upon the evidence. The declaration was framed precisely as if John Hogan had, as the policy purported, in fact procured the insurance himself for the benefit of Patrick Hogan, and so it is not averred, as it need not be in such case, that Patrick Hogan had any interest in the life of John Hogan.
But a different rule prevails where one procures insurance on the life of another. In such case the plaintiff must aver, in his declaration on the policy, that he had an insurable interest in the life insured, and prove the same affirmatively, as a part of his case. And as the fact here is, that Patrick Hogan procured the insurance in question upon the life of John Hogan, without the latter’s knowledge or consent, and that Patrick Hogan alone, without the knowledge of John Hogan, paid whatever premiums were advanced upon the policy, it is insisted the declaration is not sufficient to sustain the judgment upon the evidence, for want of the averment that Patrick Hogan had an insurable interest in the life of John Hogan.
Although it may be otherwise upon the proof upon any question as to the validity of the policy, as respects the form of the declaration, we regard the company as concluded from making any such objection. With knowledge of the facts, the agents of the company allowed, and were instrumental in causing, the transaction of the insurance to assume the form which it did, and in framing the declaration upon the policy, the plaintiff was justified in treating it according to its purport, and, upon a mere question of pleading, the company should not be heard to make the objection, that the transaction was different, in fact, from what it purported to be by the policy. And in this connection may be answered another point made, that the application was a fraud on the company, in not disclosing that it was really Patrick Hogan’s application, when it purported to come from John Hogan. The whole conduct and dealing of the agents with Patrick Hogan, throughout the entire affair, in all its different stages, show too much of privity and knowledge on the part of the agents of the company in respect of the actual facts, to expose the transaction to this imputation.
It is further objected, on this subject of pleading, that, inasmuch as, according to the recital of the policy sued on, it was issued “in consideration of the representations in the application for policy Ho. 16,870, which is hereby made a part of this contract,” the declaration should have set out the whole transaction, beginning with the original insurance, and have counted upon both policies. A good cause of action was shown by declaring upon the policy sued on alone, and we regard it as unnecessary to have noticed in the declaration the former policy, or application. If the representations in the former application furnished any matter in defeat of the right of action, it was open to the defendant to avail of it in defense.
It is said, if this position taken is not correct, then the court below erred in permitting the original policy and the payments made under it, to be given in evidence on the trial. But this was done, not in support of the action, but to meet the matter of defense set up, of suicide. Had such defense, been established, the limit of recovery, by the provisions of the policy, would have been the amount of premiums paid, In view of this defense, the proof, we think, was properly made of the whole amount of the premiums which had been paid under both the policies.
The policy in suit, as also the original one, contained the provision that, “should the death of the assured be caused by any act of self-destruction whatever, sane or insane, then the said company shall pay to the assured the full amount of the premiums that shall have been paid hereon, but no further sum whatever, and then, and in that case, the policy shall cease and determine.”
It clearly appeared that John Hogan died from the effects of arsenic, either purposely or inadvertently taken by himself. It was a main ground of defense, that the poison was taken designedly, and the death caused by suicide. Evidence was adduced tending to its proof.
The court below gave to the jury, for the plaintiff, this instruction :
“And the court further instructs the jury that, in case of death, and the evidence leaves the matter in doubt whether the deceased came to his death by an act of self-destruction or by accident, the law presumes the death to have occurred from accident.”
The giving of this instruction is assigned as error. This instruction required even more than full proof of the fact of suicide—the amount of proof required in a criminal case. To constitute full proof of the fact in dispute, only requires evidence which satisfies the minds of the jury of the truth of the fact to the exclusion of every reasonable doubt. This instruction, in effect, tells the jury that, if there is, under the evidence, any doubt of the fact that the deceased destroyed himself, the law presumes the death to have occurred from accident.
Under the instruction, no matter how strong the preponderance of evidence might' have been of the commission of suicide, yet, if the jury had a doubt upon the subject, it is not seen how they could have done otherwise than to find against the fact of suicide.
Where there is the occurrence of death merely, and no evidence upon the subject, the presumption is, that it was from natural causes, and not an act of self-destruction. The presumption prevails in the absence of proof, or in case where the evidence on the point is equally balanced. This is the extent.
The jury, we think, were not, under this instruction, left at liberty, as they should have been, to determine, from all the evidence, whether there was here an act of self-destruction or not. The defendant was entitled to have the issue it made on this question fairly submitted and decided, upon a preponderance of the evidence adduced. An instruction to a jury what the “'presumption of law” was, upon a question of disputed fact, was commented upon in Garrettson v. Pegg, 64 Ill. 111, and condemned, as being extremely likely to mislead the jury.
The instruction was erroneous.
Objection is also taken to this instruction, which was given for the plaintiff:
“If the jury beliexre, from the evidence, that the plaintiff, Patrick Hogan, was the son of John Hogan, and that the relations betxveen the father and son were amicable and affectionate, and that John Hoganxvasa prosperous and well-to-do man; and if the jury further believe, from the evidence, that Patrick Hogan had remained at home and worked for his father several years after he became of age, for xvhich he had received no compensation from his father; and if they also believe, from the evidence, that Patrick Hogan had made x'aluable improvements after he became of age, upon an eighty acres of land of his father, under a promise, or a well-grounded expectation that his father would give him the land upon which the improvements had been made, and that his father, John Hogan, had subsequently disposed of the land, and had made said Patrick Hogan no compensation for the improvements made by him, said Patrick Hogan, thereon, and that he, Patrick Hogan, had a just, legal and moral claim upon his father, for such labor and improvements upon said piece of land at the time of making said application for insurance upon the life of his father, and the issuing the policy thereon, then the court instructs the jury that such facts would constitute an insurable interest in Patrick Hogan in the life of his father, John Hogan.”
As also to the refusal to give the following instructions, which were asked on behalf of the defendant :
“If yon shall find, from the evidence, that the applications for insurance bearing date December 29, 1868, and October 28, 1872, offered in evidence, and purporting to have been made by John Hogan, were really, in substance, the application of Patrick Hogan for insurance on the life of his father, then you will inquire whether Patrick had an insurable interest in the life of his father which would support a policy for $10,000”
“In determining this question, you will inquire whether, from the evidence, it appears that, at the time of making such applications, said Patrick had any pecuniary interest, as creditor or otherwise, in the life of his father, or any reasonable expectation of profit or advantage which might be thwarted by his father’s death, for the law will not enforce policies of insurance procured for mere gambling or wager purposes upon lives, on the continuance of which the assured can not be deemed to have an insurable interest; and the mere relation of father and son, where both parties are of mature years, and live apart, in independent pecuniary circumstances, and mutually entirely independent of each other, and having no business relations with each other, does not create an insurable interest in the son on the life of the father; and, in deciding whether, in this case, Patrick Hogan had such an interest in his father’s life as will support the insurance procured, you will take into account all the evidence as to the respective ages and situations in life of the father and son, and their business and social relations and all other facts which tend to show whether, as above defined, the son had an insurable interest in his father’s life, at the date of his application aforesaid.”
“You are further instructed that, though a party may have some insurable interest in the life of another, as creditor or otherwise, yet, if the amount of insurance procured upon such life appears palpably to be very largely in excess of any possible loss the assured can suffer from the death of the insured, then the presumption of a gambling or wager insurance arises, which calls upon the assured to show that such insurance was not procured as a mere cover for gambling, or a wager upon the life of the insured; and, in this case, if you believe, from the evidence, that the plaintiff had some interest of an insurable character, as already defined, in his 'father’s life, at the date of his several applications for insurance, yet, if you find, from the evidence, that the amount procured was x-astly disproportionate in its excess to any probable loss xvhich Patrick might suffer from his father’s death, such cir-" cumstance has a tendency to prove that the insurance was procured for mere purposes of speculation, and as a cover for gambling, and if, from the evidence, you shall find that such xvas the fact, then the plaintiff can not recover in this action.”
Under the facts, we consider that Patrick Hogan had no just or legal claim upon his father for labor or improvements, and that should not have been submitted to the jury as a question for them to find upon. A moral claim would not constitute an insurable interest in behalf of one as a creditor. The facts, as xve regard, xvere no more than evidence tending to show an insurable interest, and should not have been declared by the court to constitute an insurable interest.
As said by the court in the case of Reese v. The Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company, 23 N. Y. 516, “A policy obtained by a party who has no interest in the subject of insurance, is a mere wager policy.”
“ But policies without interest, upon lives, are more pernicious and dangerous than any other class of wager policies, because temptations to tamper with life are more mischievous than incitements to mere pecuniary fraud.” And see 3 Kent's Comm. 11th Ed. 462—3.
It is said, that every man has an interest in his own life to any amount he chooses to value it, and may insure it accordingly. But what is such an interest in the life of another as will support a contract of insurance upon the life, is confessedly not as yet well defined under the authorities. Some of them tend in the direction that the mere relationship, as between father and son, reciprocally, is a sufficient foundation upon which to rest an insurable interest.
Mr. Mav, in his late treatise on the Law of Insurance, sec. 107, says that precise question yet remains to be decided, and he states, as the result of his review of the authorities, his conclusion to be, that the relationship seems to be of little importance except as tending to give rise to the circumstances which justify a well-founded expectation of pecuniary advantage from, the continuance of the life insured, or risk of loss from its termination.
Mr. Bliss, in his work on Life Insurance, sec. 31, seems to arrive at essentially the same conclusion. We are disposed,] from an examination of the authorities, and our own sense| of the requirement of sound public policy, to concur in suehj conclusion, and hold that the mere relation here of father and, son did not constitute an insurable interest in the son in the: life of the father, .unless the son had a well-founded or rea- < sonable expectation of some pecuniary advantage to be derived] from the continuance of the life of the father.
W"e do not regard as really holding anything different, the case, . cited as a contrary authority by appellee's counsel, of Insurance Company v. Bailey, 13 Wall. 619, where the court, in discussing this question, say, as the better opinion, “that it is sufficient to show that the policy is not invalid as a wager policy, if it appear that the relation, whether of consanguinity or of affinity, was such, between the person whose life was insured and the beneficiary named in the policy, as warrants the conclusion that the beneficiary had an interest, whether pecuniary or arising from dependence or natural affection, in the life of the person insured.”
We think this may consist with the idea that it is the well-founded expectation of advantage to be derived from the continuance of the life insured which makes the insurable interest in it, and not the mere relationship as between father and son, under any and all circumstances.
The circumstances of the situation of the parties, as bearing in this connection, were, that, at the time of the application for the original policy, John Hogan was an infirm man, having but a partial use of his right arm and leg, unable to labor, engaged in no business, and sixty years of age, as the application states, though his age was a point in dispute, there being evidence tending to show he was at least five years older. He had four children; had been married to a second wife about four years before, by whom he had a young-child. He left an estate of some $13,000, and a legacy by his will of $1000 to Patrick Hogan. The latter was forty-years of age, living away-, in another county, some seventeen miles distant, with a family of children, upon a farm of his own, of 300 or 400 acres.
As respects the second refused instruction, appellee’s counsel. saying nothing in justification of its refusal, asserts that it was given, and files with his brief a certificate of the clerk of the- circuit court to that effect. But we, of course, can not notice it. The bill of exceptions states that the instruction ivas refused. We can only look to and act upon that.
Cammack v. Lewis, 15 Wall. 643, Avas a case where, in a policy of insurance to a creditor on the life of a debtor, the sum insured Avas so largely disproportionate to the amount of the creditor’s claim, that the policy was held void, as being a mere wager policy. The principle of this decision would seem to have entitled the defendant to the instruction.
According to the views which have been expressed, the first refused instruction was substantially correct, and, we think, should have been given, as well as the second one, as also that the above ones given for the plaintiff should have been refused.
Other questions have been raised and discussed, which, in order to the disposition of the case, it is unnecessary to notice, and we pass them by, without considering them.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.
Judgment reversed.