Grover v. Comm'r
Opinion
PURSUANT TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE SECTION 7463(b), THIS OPINION MAY NOT BE TREATED AS PRECEDENT FOR ANY OTHER CASE.
GERBER,
Petitioner failed to file a return for 2002, and the deficiency was attributed to unreported income. Following the deficiency determination, petitioner provided respondent with income figures and business and personal expenses in excess of the income. The issues we consider involve whether petitioner has shown that respondent's income tax deficiency determination *66is excessive and whether petitioner is liable for the additions to tax. 2
Some of the facts have been stipulated and are incorporated by this reference. Petitioner, Orrin Grover, was a resident of Oregon at the time his petition was filed. Petitioner, an attorney, practiced law under the name Orrin L. Grover, P.C., an Oregon professional corporation formed in 1984 which is an S corporation for Federal tax purposes. Petitioner was licensed to practice law in the States of California and Oregon.
Petitioner's legal speciality has been the representation of healthcare facilities, and his clients were spread over a broad geographical region, including the States of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada, California, Arizona, Texas, and Colorado. Most of petitioner's clients, during 2002, *67were in Oregon and California, with the latter State representing approximately 80 percent of his business.
Petitioner and his wife owned a building in Woodburn, Oregon, from which he operated his law practice. During 2002 his practice was to work 3 or 4 days per week in California, (mainly in San Francisco) and 1 or 2 days in his Oregon office. During 2002 petitioner spent 205 days in California, where he maintained a satellite office in San Francisco. About 90 percent of his business records were maintained in his Oregon office, and the remaining 10 percent were in San Francisco. Petitioner claimed travel and meals expenses while he was away from his Oregon office. Petitioner did not maintain formal books and records of his income and deductions and derived his claimed deductions from underlying source material like invoices, summary records (credit card bills and receipts), and collateral documentation (frequent flyer records).
Petitioner and his wife did not file an individual or a joint Federal income tax return for 2002. Respondent determined petitioner's income and his 2002 deficiency from Forms 1099 received from payors. In connection with the pretrial development of this case, *68petitioner submitted prepared-after-the-fact 2002 tax returns. In particular he prepared a Form 1120S, U.S. Income Tax Return for an S Corporation, Orrin L. Grover, P.C., and a joint Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, for his and his wife's 2002 tax year. 3 In the Form 1120S petitioner represented his 2002 income from the practice of law, along the lines of the following summary (Amounts are rounded for reporting purposes.):
| Income | $ 125,408 | |
| Expenses: | ||
| Rental California office | $ 18,000.00 | |
| Oregon office payment | 6,300.00 | |
| Dues | 1,000.00 | |
| Employee benefits | ||
| Health insu |
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PURSUANT TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE SECTION 7463(b), THIS OPINION MAY NOT BE TREATED AS PRECEDENT FOR ANY OTHER CASE.
GERBER,
Petitioner failed to file a return for 2002, and the deficiency was attributed to unreported income. Following the deficiency determination, petitioner provided respondent with income figures and business and personal expenses in excess of the income. The issues we consider involve whether petitioner has shown that respondent's income tax deficiency determination *66is excessive and whether petitioner is liable for the additions to tax. 2
Some of the facts have been stipulated and are incorporated by this reference. Petitioner, Orrin Grover, was a resident of Oregon at the time his petition was filed. Petitioner, an attorney, practiced law under the name Orrin L. Grover, P.C., an Oregon professional corporation formed in 1984 which is an S corporation for Federal tax purposes. Petitioner was licensed to practice law in the States of California and Oregon.
Petitioner's legal speciality has been the representation of healthcare facilities, and his clients were spread over a broad geographical region, including the States of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada, California, Arizona, Texas, and Colorado. Most of petitioner's clients, during 2002, *67were in Oregon and California, with the latter State representing approximately 80 percent of his business.
Petitioner and his wife owned a building in Woodburn, Oregon, from which he operated his law practice. During 2002 his practice was to work 3 or 4 days per week in California, (mainly in San Francisco) and 1 or 2 days in his Oregon office. During 2002 petitioner spent 205 days in California, where he maintained a satellite office in San Francisco. About 90 percent of his business records were maintained in his Oregon office, and the remaining 10 percent were in San Francisco. Petitioner claimed travel and meals expenses while he was away from his Oregon office. Petitioner did not maintain formal books and records of his income and deductions and derived his claimed deductions from underlying source material like invoices, summary records (credit card bills and receipts), and collateral documentation (frequent flyer records).
Petitioner and his wife did not file an individual or a joint Federal income tax return for 2002. Respondent determined petitioner's income and his 2002 deficiency from Forms 1099 received from payors. In connection with the pretrial development of this case, *68petitioner submitted prepared-after-the-fact 2002 tax returns. In particular he prepared a Form 1120S, U.S. Income Tax Return for an S Corporation, Orrin L. Grover, P.C., and a joint Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, for his and his wife's 2002 tax year. 3 In the Form 1120S petitioner represented his 2002 income from the practice of law, along the lines of the following summary (Amounts are rounded for reporting purposes.):
| Income | $ 125,408 | |
| Expenses: | ||
| Rental California office | $ 18,000.00 | |
| Oregon office payment | 6,300.00 | |
| Dues | 1,000.00 | |
| Employee benefits | ||
| Health insurance | 6,883.28 | |
| Employee drug benefit | ||
| Bimart | 599.62 | |
| Fairway | 960.00 | |
| Employee copays | 100.00 | |
| Medical/dental | 2,252.50 | |
| Travel expense: | ||
| Airfare | 8,223.58 | |
| Airport shuttle/parking | 1,045.00 | |
| Oakland airport parking | 1,120.00 | |
| Additional shuttle | 1,550.00 | |
| Car rental | 916.51 | |
| Per diem travel expense: | ||
| Meals | 9,430.00 | |
| California auto expense | 4,317.02 | |
| Miscellaneous travel | 3,075.20 | |
| Other office expense | 44,911.02 | |
| Additional expense | ||
| Total deductions | 128,189.00 | |
| Net loss from practice of law | (2,781.00) |
On *69the draft Form 1040 petitioner reported the pass-through loss of $ 2,781 and offset that amount against $ 8,500 of net income reported. The reported income on the Form 1040 consisted of $ 10,000 from his wife's consultant fee from Orrin L. Grover, P.C., and $ 6,300 of her income from rentals less $ 7,800 of rental expense. After accounting for exemptions and other miscellaneous deductions, petitioner reflected no taxable income and a $ 1,201 employment tax liability for his own and his wife's joint 2002 tax year. For convenience, we address each of petitioner's claimed deductions under a separate heading.
DISCUSSION
Travel, Meals and Miscellaneous Expenses 4
Petitioner claimed the following amounts for 2002:
| Airfare | $ 8,223.58 |
| Shuttle and parking | 1,045.00 |
| Airport limo | 1,550.00 |
| Car rental | 916.51 |
| Airport parking | 1,120.00 |
| Meals expense | 9,430.00 |
| Miscellaneous travel | |
| Total claimed | 25,360.09 |
Respondent agrees that amounts claimed for airfare, shuttle and parking, airport limo, and car rental were expended but argues that petitioner is not entitled to a deduction because the travel was nondeductible *70commuting or not shown to have been incurred for business purposes. With respect to the $ 1,120 claimed for airport parking respondent contends that it is also not deductible because petitioner did not provide any supporting evidence. The amounts claimed for meals and miscellaneous travel are on a per diem basis, and respondent contends that the amounts are nondeductible because petitioner was not away from home on business.
To be deductible, travel expenses must be reasonable and necessary and incurred while away from home in the pursuit of business.
Respondent also argues that petitioner's choice to remain in Oregon was a personal one, but we find that argument, in the setting of this case, does not ring true. Petitioner has business activity in several States, and during 2002 there was a heavy concentration of activity in California. The principal place of his legal operation was Oregon where he maintained an office with most of his records. In effect, respondent's argument is that petitioner has no tax home. On the record here, we reject that approach and find that petitioner's business travel to and expenses incurred in California were "away from home" expenses.
Finally, respondent contends that petitioner did not maintain adequate records *72so as to be able to deduct the travel expenses. In that regard,
With respect to the airfare ($ 8,223.58), shuttle and parking ($ 1,045), airport limo ($ 1,550), and car rental ($ 916.51), petitioner provided documentary evidence, supplemented by his testimony, to provide sufficient information to meet the threshold for the statutory substantiation requirements. We accordingly hold that petitioner is entitled to deductions for airfare ($ 8,223.58), shuttle and parking ($ 1,045), airport limo ($ 1,550), and car rental ($ 916.51).
With respect to the airport parking ($ 1,120), meals expense ($ 9,430), and miscellaneous travel ($ 3,075), petitioner employed a per diem basis using 205 days in California as the multiplier times daily expenditure amounts for parking, meals, and travel. The parking is based on daily cost, whereas petitioner explained that the meals and miscellaneous expenses *73are based on the established allowances to Federal Government employees. Respondent makes the general arguments that petitioner is not entitled to deduct business expenses while in California and that he has failed to substantiate the amounts claimed. Respondent, however, has not questioned petitioner's method of computation and his use of the per diem approach.
Under
Under those revenue procedures, taxpayers may elect to use, in lieu of substantiating actual expenses, certain authorized methods for deemed substantiation of employee lodging, meal, and incidental expenses incurred while traveling away from home. *74The procedures include an optional method for use by self-employed individuals who pay or incur meal costs to compute deductible costs of business meals and incidental expenses paid or incurred while traveling away from home.
Petitioner has not offered any evidence showing that he incurred the daily $ 7 parking expense or that the cost is $ 7. Therefore, we hold that he is not entitled to the $ 1,120 claimed for airport parking. With respect to the $ 9,430 claimed as per diem meal expense, we hold that petitioner is entitled to use the alternative method and that he is therefore entitled to claim a $ 9,430 deduction. 5 Concerning the $ 3,075 of miscellaneous expenses, petitioner has not shown that he is entitled to amounts in excess of the per diem allowance for meals and, accordingly, is not entitled to claim that amount.
Of the $ 25,360.09 claimed for these business expenses, petitioner is entitled to $ 21,165.09.
Petitioner *75claimed the following expenses and respondent has made the following concessions:
| Amount | Amount Conceded | Amount in | |
| Health ins. | |||
| premiums | $ 6,883.28 | $ 6,883.29 | -0- |
| Telephone | |||
| long distrance | 3,307.90 | 3,109.90 | $ 200.00 |
| Additional | |||
| telephone | 3,435.96 | 3,216.45 | 219.51 |
| Office | |||
| supplies | * 4,886.31 | 309.51 | 4,576.80 |
| Contract | |||
| labor | 7,438.81 | 2,270.81 | 5,168.00 |
| Wells Fargo | |||
| bank charge | 4,510.00 | 784.00 | 3,726.00 |
| Drug expense | * 1,559.62 | 1,559.62 | -0- |
| Medical | |||
| Copayment | 100.00 | 100.00 | -0- |
As the above schedule reveals, respondent has fully conceded the health insurance, drug expense, and medical copayment items. With respect to the drug expense and medical copayment items, however, respondent's concession includes the stipulation that they would be deductible only on Schedule A, Itemized Deductions, of petitioner's 2002 Form 1040 subject to the limitations imposed on such deductions. Respondent's concession that $ 6,883.28 is deductible on petitioner's Form 1120S is premised on a $ 2,065 increase in petitioner's income on his Form 1040 under
We therefore consider the remaining four deduction items.
1.
2.
3.
Several of the checks petitioner produced were identified as payments to an attorney and others who assisted petitioner in his business activity. With respect to some of those items petitioner did not have a record, nor could he recall the specific case or the assistance provided. Accordingly, petitioner has not shown entitlement to a deduction with respect to those. Concerning $ 2,844 paid to Alicia Charapata, petitioner explained that she worked in his office during the summer of 2002 assisting him as a secretary and file clerk. As those amounts were for general overhead and not for a specific case or client, the Court finds that it is unlikely that those amounts were reimbursed *79by clients, and we hold them to be deductible. Concerning all other claimed expenses, petitioner's lack of specificity and the possibility of client reimbursement, and/or the subject matter of the expense (i.e., building maintenance), render these items not deductible.
Accordingly, petitioner is entitled to $ 2,844 in addition to the $ 2,270.81 conceded by respondent for a total of $ 5,114.81 for contract labor for 2002.
4.
Respondent, *80referencing the statute and several cases, argues that to be deductible, business expenses must be, among other things, "reasonable". The question here, therefore, is whether petitioner's actions were "reasonable". Respondent contends that the overdrafts were caused by petitioner's errors and are therefore unreasonable. It was ordinary and necessary for petitioner to maintain a bank account and to pay his business obligations by check. Clearly petitioner exhibited a lack of acumen, and the bank charges were a cost of his doing business.
In
Petitioner's overdraft charges were not the result of intentional *81acts but a lack of acumen. By comparison, the overdraft charges he incurred for 2002 were substantially less than (10 percent of) the charges in
Furthermore, and although we do not wish to discourage respondent from negotiating settlements and making concessions, we have some difficulty understanding why respondent thought that $ 784 of bank charges was acceptable and that $ 3,726 was not. Accordingly, we hold that petitioner is entitled to deduct $ 3,726 in bank charges.
Petitioner claimed the following expenses and respondent has made the following concessions:
| Amount | Amount Conceded | Amount in | |
| Postage, FedEx | |||
| UPS | $ 3,425.54 | $ 3,425.54 | -0- |
| California office | |||
| utility | 671.00 | -0- | $ 671.00 |
| Historical book | |||
| research | 824.05 | -0- | 824.05 |
| Legal research | 204.00 | 204.00 | -0- |
| Case costs and | |||
| facility rental | 7,819.50 | -0- | 7,819.50 |
| California business | |||
| expense | 416.38 | -0- | 416.38 |
| California office | |||
| rent | 18,000.00 | -0- | 18,000.00 |
| Storage expense | 895.00 | -0- | 895.00 |
| fax-n-file | 1,289.07 | -0- | 1,289.07 |
| Conference call fees | 450.36 | -0- | 450.36 |
| California auto | 4,317.82 | -0- | 4,317.82 |
| Costo | 400.00 | -0- | 400.00 |
| Interest paid | 9,600.00 | -0- | 9,600.00 |
| Oregon office | |||
| utility | 2,027.43 | 137.00 | 1,890.43 |
| Professional dues | 1,000.00 | -0- | 1,000.00 |
| Oregon auto fuel | 605.00 | 605.00 | -0- |
| Book expense | 1,830.00 | -0- | 1,830.00 |
| Hardware and | |||
| maintenance | 572.66 | -0- | 572.66 |
| Angela Grover's | |||
| services | 10,000.00 | 10,000.00 | -0- |
| Bank of America | |||
| charges | 1,800.00 | 1,800.00 | -0- |
| Misc. business | 1,684.00 | -0- | 1,684.00 |
| Additional California | |||
| expenses | 1,100.00 | -0- | 97.63 |
| Kinkos | 97.63 | -0- | 97.63 |
*82 With respect to the above-listed expenses that respondent has not conceded, respondent argues, generally, that petitioner has failed to carry his ultimate burden of persuasion. Respondent admits that petitioner may have provided documentation and testimony with respect to these items, but that he did not make argument or advocate his position on brief. We consider each item to discern and decide whether we agree with respondent's arguments.
Petitioner claimed $ 18,000 and $ 671 for rent and utilities, respectively, for his California office. Although petitioner provided checks totaling $ 15,700 for the rent, there is a clear pattern of $ 1,500 per month and regular payments. There is no question about the reasonable and necessary nature of these expenditures, and accordingly we hold that petitioner is entitled to deduct the amounts claimed.
Petitioner claimed $ 824.05 for research on a book he intended to write involving World War II. Respondent argues that petitioner has not, to date, completed or published the book and has not shown any connection with the business of his legal practice. In addition, these costs may constitute *83capital expenditures and/or be personal because petitioner has not shown his intent in connection with this book. Accordingly, we hold that petitioner is not entitled to claim the $ 824.05 deduction.
Petitioner claimed case costs and facility rental, legal research, Fax-n-file, and conference call fees in the amounts of $ 7,819.50, $ 204.00, $ 1,289.07, and $ 450.36, respectively. With respect to each claimed deduction petitioner produced checks evidencing payment of the amounts. Respondent, among other arguments, contends that these types of expenses are normally passed on to clients as reimbursable expenditures made on the client's behalf. Petitioner's failure to keep adequate records of such things limits his ability to show whether these items were reimbursed by clients and/or whether they were included in the income figure petitioner presented. Accordingly, we must hold that petitioner is not entitled to deduct $ 7,819.50, $ 204.00, $ 1,289.07, and $ 450.36, respectively. We note that petitioner's failure to keep adequate records was of his own doing and the sole cause of this seemingly harsh result.
Petitioner claimed California business expense, storage expense, and Oregon office utilities of $ 416.38, $ 895, and $ 2,027.43, respectively. With respect to each claimed deduction petitioner produced checks evidencing payment of the amounts. Unlike the items claimed that are reimbursable by clients, these items are part of petitioner's business overhead. Accordingly we hold that petitioner is entitled to deduct $ 416.38, $ 895.00, and $ 2,027.43, respectively.
Petitioner claimed $ 9,600 as interest paid on his Oregon office property. In addition to a mathematical error under which the $ 9,600 was overstated by $ 3,300, petitioner did not provide substantiation of this amount. Even if petitioner had provided substantiation, the real property was owned either by or jointly with petitioner's wife. Because petitioner and his wife did not file a joint return and without more information, it would be impossible to allocate the income and expenses even if petitioner had provided sufficient substantiation of the amounts. For those reasons, we hold that petitioner is not entitled to the $ 9,600 deduction for interest.
Petitioner claimed deductions for California Auto, Costco, professional dues, book expense, hardware and maintenance, miscellaneous business, additional California expenses, and Kinkos of $ 4,317.82, $ 400, $ 1,000, $ 1,830, $ 572.66, $ 1684, $ 1,100, and $ 97.63, respectively. With respect to these claimed deductions, petitioner failed to provide substantiation and, essentially, made the claim based on his having reported it on the return document that he provided to respondent for purposes of this case. In other respects, petitioner has failed to provide the business purpose with respect these items. Accordingly, petitioner is not entitled to deduct amounts of $ 4,317.82, $ 400, $ 1,000, $ 1,830, $ 572.66, $ 1,684, $ 1,100, and $ 97.63, respectively.
The purpose of going through each of petitioner's claimed deductions is to determine whether petitioner's information would result in an income tax deficiency smaller than the $ 5,903 determined by respondent. On the basis of our holdings, petitioner's income tax deficiency would *86not be reduced below the amount determined by respondent. In the notice of deficiency, respondent's determination of an income tax deficiency was based on total income of $ 26,096, which resulted in taxable income of $ 17,329 after considering a $ 3,000 personal exemption and a $ 3,925 standard deduction. It thus appears that petitioner has not been able to show that his income was less than the amount determined by respondent, and we accordingly hold that respondent's income tax deficiency for 2002 is sustained. 7
Petitioner first argues that no additions to tax are due because there is no income tax deficiency. *87Now that the Court has decided that the income tax deficiency is to be sustained, we consider petitioner's secondary arguments.
Petitioner contends that his failure to file is due to reasonable cause because his wife became ill during 2002 and the effects of that illness continued through 2002 and into subsequent years. Petitioner also contends that his 2004 illness presents a basis for reasonable cause. Petitioner contends that his wife kept his books and that he relied upon her for the information necessary to file.
Petitioner has a duty to file *88his return, and the extent to which the Court will treat his reliance upon others as reasonable cause for failing to meet his filing obligation is limited.
To reflect the foregoing,
Footnotes
1. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for 2002, the taxable year in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.↩
2. Petitioner's income and deduction information was provided to respondent after the issuance of the deficiency notice and late in the administrative process. That information was not subjected to audit and not agreed to by respondent in the form presented by petitioner. We are treating petitioner's information as an alternative computation approach that has substance only to the extent proven at trial.↩
3. We note that Mr. Grover is the sole petitioner in this case and that the document submitted to respondent after the issuance of the notice of deficiency and before the institution of this case has not been treated by the parties as a filed return for purposes of this controversy.↩
4. No question was raised concerning the burden with respect to the claimed deductions.↩
5. Although the meals may be subject to the 50-percent limitation of
sec. 274(n)(1) ↩, the outcome of this case is the same whether the entire $ 9,430 or one-half of that amount would be allowable. Accordingly, we need not delve into that nuance.*. These amounts are set forth in petitioner's brief as opposed to the proposed return submitted to respondent in connection with the pretrial activity.↩
6. This amount includes the amount of respondent's concession of $ 309.51.↩
7. At the conclusion of trial, respondent made an oral motion to conform the pleadings (
Rule 41(b)(1) ↩) to the proof. In effect, respondent sought to have the Court use as its starting point in calculating any deficiency the income petitioner reported on the tax return submitted to respondent before trial. The record in this case does not support a finding that petitioner's income was more or less than the amount determined by respondent in the notice of deficiency. Accordingly, respondent's motion will be denied.8. We note that there was no evidence of substitutes for returns filed under
sec. 6020(b) ↩ and that the documents petitioner submitted to respondent after the issuance of the notice of deficiency reflected losses and only limited potential for tax liability.
2006 T.C. Summary Opinion 64 (Grover v. Comm'r) — published by Counsel Stack Legal Research, free access to 12M+ legal documents.