NUMBER 13-20-00042-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
GROVER MELTON, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the County Court at Law of Navarro County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Longoria and Perkes Memorandum Opinion by Justice Perkes
Appellant Grover Melton appeals his conviction of possession of a controlled
substance (Methamphetamine), penalty group one, in an amount between one and four grams, a third-degree felony. 1 See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §§ 481.102(6),
481.115(c). By what we construe as two issues, appellant argues the trial court abused
its discretion in denying his motion to suppress evidence because (1) appellant was in
custody when he made incriminating statements, and (2) officers searched his home
absent an exception to the search warrant requirement. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant was stopped in his driveway following an observed traffic violation, and
he was subsequently arrested and convicted of the aforementioned offense. At a motion
to suppress hearing, appellant contended his home was searched without a warrant or
exception to the warrant requirement, and he was, at all relevant times, in custody and
officers failed to administer Miranda 2 warnings, rendering his statements inadmissible.
Sergeant Rickey Ragan, a narcotics officer with the Navarro County Sheriff’s
Office, testified that he and Lieutenant Clint Andrews stopped appellant after appellant
failed to signal while turning into his driveway. Ragan stated he informed appellant of the
reason for the stop and thereafter advised appellant that he had received a “narcotics
complaint for the location, [appellant’s] residence.” According to Ragan, appellant
promptly admitted to keeping “maybe a few grams” of marijuana in the home.
“At that point[,] I asked him if he would be willing to show me the marijuana that he
did have inside,” testified Ragan, who stated that appellant answered affirmatively, exited
1 This case is before this Court on transfer from the Tenth Court of Appeals in Waco pursuant to a
docket-equalization order issued by the Supreme Court of Texas. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001. Because this is a transfer case from the Waco Court of Appeals, we are bound to apply the precedent of the Waco Court of Appeals to the extent it differs from our own. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
2 See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 463, 444 (1966).
2 the vehicle, and escorted Ragan into his home. Once inside, appellant walked to the
kitchen, retrieved a jar containing marijuana, and provided it to Ragan. Ragan testified:
Once . . . he had provided the marijuana to me, I asked if I could search, do a further search of the house to locate any other further contraband, and at that point he said—he denied consent and he said that—I had talked to him about the marijuana, he had given it to me, and he said he felt like that was enough at that point.
Ragan testified he then placed handcuffs on appellant and obtained a search warrant. 3
On cross-examination, Ragan was asked how he was certain he had received
consent to enter appellant’s home.
Q. What about his response made you think he was consenting for you to enter into the home? Did he say, “Yeah, come on in”?
A. As we were approaching the house, I said, “Do you mind if I come in?” And he said, “Yes, sir.”
....
Q. Is it possible that [appellant] was just going to go in the house, retrieve the marijuana and just bring it right back out to you?
A. I don’t know what he was thinking at that point. That’s why I had asked him if I could come in the house with him.
Ragan testified that had appellant denied him entry into the home at the outset, he would
have “immediately applied for a search warrant before a judge and went that route.”
Andrews testified that while Ragan was speaking to appellant, he initiated contact
with a female, later identified as appellant’s common-law wife, Ashley Monroe, outside
the home on the front porch. “I advised who I was to the female, advised her why we were
at the location, asked her if there was anyone else inside the residence,” said Andrews.
“I asked her if she would mind walking me through the residence to ensure that there was
3 In executing the warrant, officers located additional contraband, including methamphetamine.
3 no [one] else there for officer safety.” Andrews testified Monroe permitted him to do so.
While he did not find any other individuals, Andrews testified he observed some marijuana
in the kitchen area. Andrews stated he exited the residence, and he and Monroe were
still standing on the front porch when Ragan approached the residence with appellant.
Andrews testified he then informed Ragan as to what he had observed, and Ragan
responded by stating appellant had just “told him there was marijuana inside the
residence.”
Appellant also testified during the suppression hearing. He maintained that,
contrary to Ragan’s testimony, he never provided Ragan with permission to enter his
residence, and “as far as [he is] concerned,” Monroe did not have any authority to permit
Andrews to enter the home. Appellant reasoned that although Monroe had resided there
for “a long time,” her name was not on the deed.
Appellant testified that the entire encounter with Ragan made him “extremely
nervous.” He stated Ragan kept “his hand on his pistol the entire time.” Appellant testified
that while he and Ragan were speaking at the vehicle, he saw Andrews briefly enter the
residence with Monroe. Appellant testified that Andrews “yelled across the yard to us,”
informing Ragan that he had seen “roaches in plain view.” Appellant stated, “They took
me in the house,” and once inside, “I told him it was right there[.] I believe I did hand it to
him.” When asked by his counsel if he “enter[ed] the home on [his] own free will,” appellant
answered, “Yes, sir. I couldn’t say that I was forced in there, no, sir.”
Following the hearing, the trial court denied appellant’s motion to suppress. The
case proceeded to trial, and a jury found appellant guilty of the indicted offense. Appellant
was sentenced to two years’ incarceration. This appeal followed.
4 II. MOTION TO SUPPRESS
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated
standard. State v. Arellano, 600 S.W.3d 53, 57 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (citing Weems v.
State, 493 S.W.3d 574, 577 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016)). We afford almost total deference to
a trial court’s findings of historical fact and determinations of mixed questions of law and
fact that turn on credibility and demeanor if they are reasonably supported by the record.
Id.; Sims v. State, 569 S.W.3d 634, 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019). We review de novo a
trial court’s determination of legal questions and its application of the law to facts that do
not turn upon a determination of witness credibility and demeanor. Arellano, 600 S.W.3d
at 57. When, as here, the trial court fails to issue findings of fact, we view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and presume that the trial court made
implicit findings of fact that support its ruling as long as those findings are supported by
the record. Lerma v. State, 543 S.W.3d 184, 190 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). The trial court’s
ruling will be sustained if it is correct on any applicable theory of law and the record
reasonably supports it. State v. Ruiz, 581 S.W.3d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019).
III. MIRANDA WARNINGS
By his first issue, appellant argues he “should have been read his Miranda rights
prior to any questioning” because the routine traffic stop evolved into a custodial
interrogation, and the officer’s failure to administer his warnings rendered his incriminating
statements inadmissible. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 463, 444 (1966).
A. Applicable Law
A defendant seeking the suppression of a statement on Miranda grounds has the
threshold burden of clearly establishing that his statements were given during custodial
5 interrogation before the burden shifts to the State to show compliance with Miranda.
Herrera v. State, 241 S.W.3d 520, 526 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); see Miranda, 384 U.S. at
444. A person is “in custody” for Miranda purposes when there is either (1) a formal arrest
or (2) “a restraint on the person’s freedom of movement to the degree an objectively
reasonable person would otherwise associate with a formal arrest.” State v. Saenz, 411
S.W.3d 488, 496 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); see also J.D.B. v. North Carolina, 564 U.S. 261,
270 (2011) (“Because these measures protect the individual against the coercive nature
of custodial interrogation, they are required ‘only where there has been such a restriction
on a person’s freedom as to render him ‘in custody.’” (quoting Stansbury v. California,
511 U.S. 318, 322 (1994))).
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has recognized at least four general
situations that may constitute custody: (1) the suspect is physically deprived of his or her
freedom of action in any significant way, (2) a law enforcement officer tells the suspect
that he or she cannot leave, (3) law enforcement officers create a situation that would
lead a reasonable person to believe that his or her freedom of movement has been
significantly restricted, and (4) there is probable cause to arrest and law enforcement
officers do not tell the suspect that he or she is free to leave. Saenz, 411 S.W.3d at 496;
see Hawkins v. State, 592 S.W.3d 602, 610 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2020,
pet. ref’d). “We evaluate ‘custody’ ‘on an ad hoc basis, after considering all of the
(objective) circumstances’ and apply the ‘reasonable person’ standard.” Herrera, 241
S.W.3d at 532 (quoting Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 254–55 (Tex. Crim. App.
1996)); see J.D.B., 564 U.S. at 270. In other words, the subjective views of the
6 interrogating officer and the person being questioned are irrelevant. J.D.B., 564 U.S. at
270–71; Dowthitt, 931 S.W.2d at 255.
B. Discussion
It is undisputed that appellant was not given Miranda warnings until after he was
formally arrested. See Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444. Therefore, our inquiry is whether
appellant was under custodial interrogation prior to his arrest when he made the
statements he now seeks to suppress.
On appeal, appellant points to what he alleges to be several factors indicating he
had been subjected to a custodial interrogation: (1) Ragan’s vehicle partially blocked
appellant’s vehicle in the driveway; (2) Ragan kept “his hand on his pistol the entire time;”
(3) Ragan questioned appellant regarding his possession of narcotics; and (4) appellant
observed Andrews enter his residence. 4 See Saenz, 411 S.W.3d at 496; Hawkins, 592
S.W.3d at 610. However, a consideration of the entire circumstances surrounding
appellant’s detention does not support a finding of restraint to the degree associated with
a formal arrest. See Saenz, 411 S.W.3d at 496.
Ragan denied that he ever placed his hand on his weapon during the encounter;
the trial court was entitled to believe that testimony and disbelieve appellant’s testimony
to the contrary. See Arellano, 600 S.W.3d at 57. Additionally, the exchange between
Ragan and appellant was brief, and appellant was at no point physically restrained. See
State v. Ortiz, 382 S.W.3d 367, 374 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (“A normal traffic stop is a
non-custodial detention because it is brief and relatively non-coercive.”); Dowthitt, 931
S.W.2d at 255–57 (observing that “the length of interrogation” was indicative in
4Appellant maintains on appeal that the latter led him to believe “an investigation beyond a traffic stop was underway and that he was in custody.”
7 determining whether the interrogation was custodial); see also Schmude v. State, No. 13-
12-00320-CR, 2014 WL 3926749, at *10 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg May 29,
2014, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“Questioning during a traffic
stop mitigates the danger presented under Miranda because traffic stops are
presumptively brief and temporary.”); Thompson v. State, No. 10-12-00279-CR, 2013 WL
2399147, at *5 (Tex. App.—Waco May 30, 2013, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (finding that appellant was not under custodial detention where, in part,
“appellant was not placed in handcuffs, nor did the officers tell appellant that he could not
leave”); Nicholson v. State, No. 05-00-01401-CR, 2001 WL 515919, at *3 (Tex. App.—
Dallas May 16, 2001, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding
officers were “not required to give appellant the Miranda warning” though “officers pulled
their squad cars in behind appellant, blocking him in the driveway,” because “[n]o
evidence shows [the officer] pointed his gun at appellant or that he had handcuffed or
otherwise physically restrained appellant”).
Ragan testified he initiated the conversation with appellant by notifying appellant
of the reason for the stop. “While I was speaking with [appellant,] getting his identification
and stuff, I mentioned that we had received a narcotics complaint for himself and his
residence and asked him about the validity of it,” testified Ragan. See Ortiz, 382 S.W.3d
at 374; see also Schmude, 2014 WL 3926749, at *10 (“[T]he mere fact that the suspect
becomes the focus of a criminal investigation does not convert a roadside stop into an
arrest.”); Estrada v. State, No. 04–12–00136–CR, 2012 WL 6720655, at *3 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio Dec. 28, 2012) (mem. op., not designated for publication), aff’d, No. PD–
0106–13, 2014 WL 969221 (Tex. Crim. App. Mar. 12, 2014) (“[Q]uestioning outside of a
8 custodial environment is not prohibited, even if it is likely to provoke an incriminating
statement.”)). At that point, Ragan stated appellant was forthcoming about the drugs in
the home, and Ragan requested permission to enter the home to retrieve the drugs.
Appellant does not dispute that Ragan’s line of questioning was brief; appellant moreover
testified he “enter[ed] the home on [his] own free will,” and he “couldn’t say that [he] was
forced in there”—which is demonstrative of how unrestricted appellant’s movements were
at the time. See United States v. Reyes, 963 F.3d 482, 490 (5th Cir. 2020); compare
McCraw v. State, 117 S.W.3d 47, 53–54 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. ref’d)
(concluding that appellant was “in custody” for Miranda purposes when officers blocked
appellant’s vehicle in the driveway, ordered him out of the vehicle at gunpoint, and
directed him to step to the rear of the vehicle) with State v. Waldrop, 7 S.W.3d 836, 839
(Tex. App.—Austin 1999, no pet.) (concluding that appellant was not “in custody” for
Miranda purposes when he was removed from his truck and questioned by an officer)
and Nicholson, 2001 WL 515919, at *3.
Further, Ragan never indicated to appellant that he could not leave or made
statements indicating that appellant was under arrest. See Saenz, 411 S.W.3d at 496;
Hawkins, 592 S.W.3d at 610; see also Thompson, 2013 WL 2399147, at *5. To the
contrary, Ragan testified appellant had committed no arrestable offense at the time of the
encounter. We additionally note that there was only one patrol car at the scene and only
two officers present, which is also consistent with a routine, non-custodial investigation.
See Ortiz, 382 S.W.3d at 374; see also Schmude, 2014 WL 3926749, at *10.
In light of the foregoing combined facts, eschewing a divide-and-conquer or
piecemeal approach, we cannot conclude that the circumstances here were such that a
9 reasonable person in appellant’s position would have believed he was restrained to the
degree associated with a formal arrest as opposed to a mere investigative detention. See
Ortiz, 382 S.W.3d at 372–73; Saenz, 411 S.W.3d at 496; see also State v. Woodard, 341
S.W.3d 404, 410 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (“[C]ourts afford the prevailing party ‘the
strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn
from that evidence.’” (quoting State v. Garcia–Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 241 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2008))). Appellant’s first issue is overruled.
IV. WARRANTLESS SEARCH
Appellant next contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress
the evidence obtained as a result of the warrantless search of his home because there
was no basis for Andrews to conduct a protective sweep of the residence, and he did not
provide consent to search the residence.
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, § 9 of the
Texas Constitution protect against unreasonable searches and seizures. See U.S.
CONST. amend. IV; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 9. A criminal defendant who files a motion to
suppress challenging the admissibility of evidence under the Fourth Amendment bears
the burden of producing some evidence that rebuts the presumption of proper police
conduct. White v. State, 549 S.W.3d 146, 155 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). This burden is met
when it is established that a search occurred without a warrant. Id. The burden then shifts
to the State to prove that the search and seizure was nonetheless reasonable under the
totality of the circumstances. Id.
10 We presume that a warrantless police entry into a person’s home is unreasonable
unless the entry falls within an exception to the warrant requirement. See State v.
Rodriguez, 521 S.W.3d 1, 10 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (listing out widely recognized
exceptions to the warrant requirement). Voluntary consent is one such exception, 5 and
the State must establish that a warrantless search falls under the exception. Id.; Valtierra
v. State, 310 S.W.3d 442, 448 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Johnson v. State, 226
S.W.3d 439, 443 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 165–
66 (1974) (“[T]he search of property, without a warrant and without probable cause, but
with proper consent voluntarily given, is valid under the Fourth Amendment.”)). Consent
may be given orally or by action, or shown by circumstantial evidence. Valtierra, 310
S.W.3d at 448. The validity of an alleged consent to search is a question of fact to be
determined from the totality of the circumstances. State v. Weaver, 349 S.W.3d 521, 526
(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). The “standard for measuring the scope of a suspect’s consent
under the Fourth Amendment is that of ‘objective’ reasonableness—what would the
typical reasonable person have understood by the exchange between the officer and the
suspect?” Id. Because issues of consent are necessarily fact-intensive, a trial court’s
finding of voluntariness must be accepted on appeal unless it is clearly erroneous. See
Meekins v. State, 340 S.W.3d 454, 460 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
Further, a third-party can consent to a search to the detriment of another’s privacy
interest if the third party has actual or common authority over the place or thing to be
5 Another exception is the “protective sweep.” Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 327 (1990); Reasor
v. State, 12 S.W.3d 813, 815 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). A protective sweep is a “quick and limited search of premises, incident to an arrest and conducted to protect the safety of police officers or others.” Buie, 494 U.S. at 327. The sweep must not be a “full search of the premises” and the searching officers must possess “a reasonable belief based on specific and articulable facts that the area to be swept harbors an individual posing a danger to those on the arrest scene.” Reasor, 12 S.W.3d at 816.
11 searched. State v. Rodriguez, 521 S.W.3d 1, 19 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (citing Hubert v.
State, 312 S.W.3d 554, 560–61 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)). Actual or common authority,
however, is “not necessarily a prerequisite for a valid consensual search,” provided that
“an officer reasonably, though mistakenly, believes that a third party purporting to provide
consent has actual authority over the place or thing to be searched.” Id. “Apparent
authority is judged under an objective standard: ‘Would the facts available to the officer
at the moment warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the consenting party
had authority over the premises?’” Id. (quoting Limon v. State, 340 S.W.3d 753, 756 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2011). Reasonableness in this context hinges on “widely shared social
expectations” and the “commonly held understanding about the authority that co-
inhabitants may exercise.” Id. at 19–20; see also, e.g., State v. Ramos-Davila, No. 13-18-
00670-CR, 2019 WL 4866043, at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Oct. 3, 2019,
no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (finding that, where a visitor had been
sharing a hotel room with the defendant for several days, although the visitor was not a
“joint occupant,” “a person of reasonable caution would believe, under these
circumstances, that [the visitor] had authority over the premises”); Bartie v. State, No. 14-
16-00674-CR, No. 14-16-00675-CR, 2017 WL 3272286, *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2017, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (finding that officers
received consent from appellant’s “common-law” wife even though there was conflicting
testimony as to whether she lived at the home).
12 B. Monroe’s Consent
Appellant acknowledges that his then-common law spouse gave her consent for
Andrews to enter the home and conduct a “protective sweep”; however, appellant
contends that her consent was not valid.
The facts are largely uncontroverted: Monroe was residing at the residence as
appellant’s common-law wife or long-term partner, 6 and she provided consent for
Andrews to enter the residence for the limited purpose of ensuring there were no other
persons inside the home. We conclude that a person of reasonable caution would believe,
under these circumstances, that Monroe had apparent authority over the premises, and
Andrews validly received consent to enter the home. See Rodriguez, 521 S.W.3d 19–20;
Limon, 340 S.W.3d at 756; see also Miller v. State, 393 S.W.3d 255, 266 (Tex. Crim. App.
2012) (providing that a person who consents to law enforcement entry “may specifically
limit or revoke his consent”); Ramos-Davila, 2019 WL 4866043, at *3.
Although appellant focuses on Andrews’s categorization of the entry as a
“protective sweep,” we need not render an analysis of whether Andrew’s actions fit under
the protective sweep exception because Andrews obtained explicit, albeit limited, consent
to conduct a search of the residence. See Rodriguez, 521 S.W.3d 19–20; Miller, 393
6 The following exchange occurred during the State’s cross-examination of appellant: Q. Do you remember telling Detective Ragan in the interview that we listened to that Ashley Monroe was your wife and you had been together ten years? A. I never said she was my wife. Q. You don’t remember telling them you consider her your wife? A. I consider her, but we don’t have a license. Q. You consider her your wife, that’s what you told them; is that correct? A. Yes, sir, I would say so.
13 S.W.3d at 266. Thus, the trial court properly concluded Andrews’s entry into the residence
was lawful. See Rodriguez, 521 S.W.3d at 10.
C. Appellant’s Consent
We next turn to the issue of appellant’s consent of Ragan’s entry into the
residence. We observe that the record contains conflicting testimony. Ragan testified
appellant was forthcoming about the marijuana located inside the residence, offered to
retrieve the marijuana, permitted Ragan into the residence, handed Ragan the marijuana,
and only revoked his consent after Ragan requested permission to search the entire
residence for additional narcotics. According to appellant, although he told Ragan about
the marijuana inside the home, he could not recall whether he divulged that information
before or after Andrews told Ragan he observed “‘roaches in plain view.’” Appellant
additionally maintained he never offered to go inside the house to retrieve the marijuana,
and Ragan never asked him for consent to enter the house. Appellant testified he was
not asked for his consent to search the residence until after he had handed over the
marijuana.
Under the circumstances of this case, because appellant denies ever providing
consent, the validity of appellant’s consent was a factual determination that turned on
witness credibility. See Arellano, 600 S.W.3d at 57; Hutchins v. State, 475 S.W.3d 496,
500 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d) (finding that, where a defendant
denies consent was provided in contravention to officer testimony, the trial court’s
determination turns on witness credibility). In accordance with the established standard
of review on a motion to suppress, we afford “almost total deference” to the court’s factual
determination that appellant validly consented to the search, and that determination was
14 supported in the record by the officer’s unequivocal testimony that appellant gave verbal
consent to enter the premises. See Arellano, 600 S.W.3d at 57; Hutchins, 475 S.W.3d at
500; Uriel-Ramirez v. State, 385 S.W.3d 687, 693 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2012, no pet.)
(finding that appellant consented to a search where detectives testified appellant said
“‘Go ahead,” and “the trial court was free to disbelieve” appellant’s testimony that he did
not provide consent). The court’s finding is not “clearly erroneous” when viewed in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, and we defer to it on appeal. See Ruiz, 581
S.W.3d at 785; Meekins, 340 S.W.3d at 459 n. 24, 460.
Having found that Monroe and appellant consented to the officers’ respective
entries into the home, we overrule appellant’s second issue.
VI. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
GREGORY T. PERKES Justice
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the 3rd day of December, 2020.