Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
January 5, 2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II GROUP HEALTH COOPERATIVE, No. 53381-2-II
Respondent,
v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION TERRI LYN HALL, a widow,
Appellant.
SUTTON, J. — This appeal arises from Terri Lyn Hall’s settlement of a personal injury
lawsuit and Group Health Cooperative’s efforts to investigate her claim to determine whether it
had a right of reimbursement after paying over $83,000 in medical expenses resulting from her
injuries. Hall asserted that Group Health had no right to reimbursement under well settled law
because her settlement did not make her whole. Group Health sued Hall for reimbursement,
claiming that she could not challenge the right to reimbursement because she had breached the
duty to cooperate under the Medical Coverage Agreement (MCA) by failing to provide Group
Health with information regarding her personal injury claim. Hall appeals the superior court’s
grant of summary judgment in favor of Group Health and the summary judgment dismissal of her
counterclaims.
Hall argues that (1) being made whole is a condition precedent to a duty to cooperate under
the MCA and because she was not made whole, a duty to cooperate never arose; (2) even if a duty
to cooperate did arise, there are questions of fact as to whether she failed to cooperate; (3) genuine
issues of material fact exist as to whether any breach of the cooperation provision prejudiced Group No. 53381-2-II
Health; and (4) the court erred by dismissing her counterclaims because Group Health acted in bad
faith and violated the Consumer Protection Act, chapter 19.86 RCW (CPA), in demanding
reimbursement of the medical expenses paid.
We hold that (1) Hall’s being made whole is not a condition precedent for a duty to
cooperate to arise under the MCA. We further hold that (2) Hall and her attorney breached the
duty to cooperate with Group Health in the MCA as a matter of law, and because that breach
rendered Group Health unable to investigate her claim, Group Health was prejudiced as a matter
of law. We also hold that (3) because Group Health properly pursued its right to reimbursement,
the superior court correctly dismissed her counterclaims. Therefore, we affirm the superior court’s
summary judgment orders.
FACTS
I. BACKGROUND
A. THE ACCIDENT
On September 18, 2012, Hall fractured her right leg and her left pinky finger when she fell.
On October 4, Hall informed Group Health of her fall and that she had filed a personal injury claim
with the building owner’s insurance company. On May 8, 2013, her attorney sent Group Health a
letter informing Group Health that Hall had retained his firm to represent her in all matters arising
from her fall.
B. THE MCA
Group Health is a Washington nonprofit corporation providing healthcare services in
Washington. Hall contracted for medical coverage with Group Health beginning in January 2012,
subjecting her to the provisions of the MCA.
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The MCA contains a subrogation and reimbursement provision that gives Group Health
the right to recover medical expenses paid on Hall’s behalf from any third-party settlement:
If [Group Health] provides benefits under this Agreement for the treatment of the injury or illness, [Group Health] will be subrogated to any rights that the Member may have to recover compensation or damages related to the injury or illness and the Member shall reimburse [Group Health] for all benefits provided, from any amounts the Member received or is entitled to receive from any source on account of such injury or illness, whether by suit, settlement or otherwise.
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 1269. However, the MCA also provided, “[Group Health]’s subrogation
and reimbursement rights shall be limited to the excess of the amount required to fully compensate
the Injured Person for the loss sustained, including general damages.” CP at 1269.
The MCA required Hall and her attorney to cooperate in Group Health’s efforts to collect
its medical expenses by, among other things, giving Group Health information regarding the cause
of her injuries or settlement:
The Injured Person and his/her agents shall cooperate fully with [Group Health] in its efforts to collect [Group Health]’s Medical Expenses. This cooperation includes, but is not limited to, supplying [Group Health] with information about the cause of injury or illness, any potentially liable third parties, defendants and/or insurers related to the Injured Person’s claim and informing [Group Health] of any settlement or other payments relating to the Injured Person’s injury.
CP at 1269 (emphasis added). In addition, the MCA stated:
If the Injured Person fails to cooperate fully with [Group Health] in recovery of [Group Health]’s Medical Expenses, the Injured Person shall be responsible for directly reimbursing [Group Health] for 100% of [Group Health]’s Medical Expenses.
CP at 1270 (emphasis added).
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The MCA also stated:
To the extent that the Injured Person recovers funds from any source that may serve to compensate for medical injuries or medical expenses, the Injured Person agrees to hold such monies in trust or in a separate identifiable account until [Group Health]’s subrogation and reimbursement rights are fully determined and that [Group Health] has an equitable lien over such monies to the full extent of [Group Health]’s Medical Expenses and/or the Injured Person agrees to serve as constructive trustee over the monies to the extent of [Group Health]’s Medical Expenses.
Finally, the MCA provided that “under certain conditions” Group Health would “reduce
the amount of reimbursement to [Group Health] by the amount of an equitable apportionment” of
attorney’s fees so long as Hall provided Group Health with “a list of the fees and associated costs
before settlement” and “the Injured Person’s attorney’s actions were reasonable and necessary to
secure recovery.” CP at 1270.
C. HALL’S PERSONAL INJURY SETTLEMENT AND GROUP HEALTH’S REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION
In a May 2013 letter, Group Health informed Hall’s attorney of its subrogation rights and
that it was “entitled to reimbursement for medical treatment given . . . where the patient obtains a
settlement or judgment against [a] third party.” CP at 1296. Group Health told Hall’s attorney
that Group Health “may be willing to pay a portion of your attorneys’ fees” and that he “should
contact us if you believe such an arrangement would be appropriate.” CP at 1297. Group Health
concluded by asking that Hall’s attorney “not take any action to prejudice the rights of Group
Health and also that you contact us prior to any settlement.” CP at 1297.
In December 2014, Hall filed suit against the owner of the building where she fell, Labor
1992 Corporation. Between August 2013 and February 2016, Group Health sent 11 letters to
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Hall’s attorney, reminding them of Group Health’s subrogation claim, providing an updated list of
providers that Group Health had paid on Hall’s behalf, and requesting that Hall’s attorney keep
Group Health informed of any settlement negotiations with Labor 1992 Corporation. Group
Health ultimately informed Hall that it had paid a total of $83,580.66 in medical expenses.
On March 18, 2016, Hall’s attorney informed Group Health’s third party specialist Pamela
Henley that Hall had a mediation with Labor 1992 Corporation set for March 23, and asked
whether Group Health would accept $5,000 to release its subrogation claim. Group Health rejected
this offer and asked Hall’s attorney to contact Group Health during the mediation. Hall’s attorney
failed to do so.
On March 30, Hall’s attorney called Henley to tell her that Hall intended to accept a post-
mediation settlement offer of $600,000, and that they did not think Hall had been fully
compensated because her special damages exceeded $600,000. Hall did not provide any details or
supporting documentation.
Hall’s economic damages expert’s report stated that Hall had nearly lost $484,199 in past
and future income as a result of the fall. The expert’s estimate was based on Hall’s representation
that, as a result of the fall, she was forced to retire from her position as a Department of Labor and
Industries (L&I) Workers’ Compensation Adjudicator, and that, but for the fall, she would have
worked until 2019. Hall had worked at L&I for almost 30 years when she fell, and turned 60 years
old two months after her fall.
On April 5, 2016, Hall executed a settlement agreement with Labor 1992 Corporation.
Hall accepted $600,000 in exchange for “releas[ing] and forever discharg[ing]” Labor 1992
Corporation from “all claims . . . resulting from the accident.” CP at 1172. Hall further agreed to
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hold Labor 1992 harmless from all subrogated claims and claims for reimbursement, and “to pay
and fully resolve all outstanding health care expenses, liens, attorney fees and expenses,
subrogation claims and claims for reimbursement, related to the described accident or event, from
money received in this settlement.” CP at 1172.
The same day, April 5, Group Health’s attorney sent Hall’s attorney a letter stating that he
was representing Group Health. The letter stated that Hall was “not authorized to release any of
the funds at issue [with] Group Health’s subrogation claim.” CP at 1201 (emphasis omitted).
Hall’s attorney responded immediately, denying that Group Health “has any right of
reimbursement,” withdrawing Hall’s previous offer of $5,000 to release any subrogation claim,
and threatening to sue Group Health under the CPA. CP at 1203.
On April 27, Group Health’s attorney again wrote to Hall’s attorney, asserting that Hall
had been fully compensated by the settlement and thus, Group Health was “entitled to be
reimbursed for the amounts it expended for Ms. Hall’s medical care.” CP at 1207. Group Health’s
attorney explained that its decision was based on Group Health’s claim file and “the information
made available to us to date,” and that if Hall disagreed with his determination, she should “provide
additional evidence,” including “a copy of your mediation statement, as well as all materials
provided to the mediator, copies of medical records, expert reports and any other information you
believe supports your position.” CP at 1207. That same day, Hall’s attorney disbursed the
settlement funds from his trust account to Hall, withholding only $45,002.91, the amount Hall’s
attorney asserted Group Health would be entitled to if it had a claim for reimbursement. Hall and
her attorney did not provide Group Health any additional information.
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On May 3, Hall’s attorney emailed Group Health’s attorney, asserting that the settlement
did not fully compensate Hall because “she had a long history of preexisting [injuries]” and “there
were facts supporting comparative fault.” CP at 1209. Hall’s attorney again threatened to sue
Group Health under the CPA, and to seek CR 11 sanctions against Group Health’s attorney. On
May 5, Group Health’s attorney again asked for the records specified in his April 27 letter. Hall
and her attorney again did not provide them.
On June 10, 2016, Group Health’s attorney again wrote to Hall’s attorney. The letter stated
that Hall’s failure to provide the requested information was a violation of her duty to cooperate
under the MCA, and therefore, under the MCA, Hall and her attorney were required to reimburse
Group Health for the full amount of any benefits paid. Group Health’s attorney asked that Hall’s
attorney contact him within a week to discuss Group Health’s reimbursement claim. Hall’s
attorney never responded or provided Group Health the requested information.
II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Group Health filed a complaint on September 16, 2016, seeking a declaratory judgment of
$83,580.66 to reimburse it for medical expenses it paid related to Hall’s personal injury claim.
The complaint alleged that Hall failed to cooperate, breached the MCA, and prejudiced Group
Health. Hall counterclaimed for breach of contract, bad faith, and violation of the CPA.
During discovery, Hall and her attorney produced her medical records and expert reports
addressing the injuries purportedly caused by her fall. Hall’s medical records disclosed that she
had a long history of problems with her right leg, including numerous knee surgeries as early as
1969.
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Hall also produced a CR 35 independent medical examination performed on February 12,
2016, by Dr. Sean Ghidella, a board certified orthopedic surgeon. The examination found that
“[Hall] could have resumed work.” CP at 1101. The examination found that she had “healed her
[leg] fracture, and this has contributed very little to her current symptomatology, if any at all,” and
that the fracture of her left pinky finger had healed and “would not require any restrictions
whatsoever.” CP at 1101. The examination also found that Hall did not “suffer from any
permanent partial disability due to any of the injuries sustained in [the] incident,” but rather that
her right leg “was already extremely compromised based on her prior surgeries,” and that “she has
had a complex history, and many very rare and unusual procedures.” CP at 1101. The examination
further found that the surgeries performed on Hall after her fall, which were the basis for the
majority of the expenses paid by Group Health, were “medically necessary and causally related to
the event in question.” CP at 1100.
Group Health filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that Hall breached her duty
to cooperate by refusing to provide any of the information Group Health requested, and thus, she
was required to reimburse Group Health for all of its medical expenses. It also requested dismissal
of Hall’s counterclaims. The superior court granted summary judgment ruling that “based on the
undisputed facts and the case law . . . Ms. Hall has not fully cooperated” and dismissed her claim
with prejudice and entered judgment for Group Health in the amount of $83.329.66. Verbatim
Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Nov. 2, 2018) at 76-77. The superior court also dismissed Hall’s
counterclaims. Hall appeals the superior court’s summary judgment orders.
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ANALYSIS
I. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
A. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD
We review summary judgment orders de novo. Mackey v. Home Depot USA, Inc., 12 Wn.
App. 2d 557, 569, 459 P.3d 371, review denied, 195 Wn.2d 1031 (2020). We review all evidence
and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Mackey, 12 Wn.
App. 2d at 569. But if there are genuine issues of material fact, then the order granting summary
judgment must be overturned. CR 56(c); Mackey, 12 Wn. App. 2d at 569. There is a genuine
issue of material fact when reasonable minds could disagree on the facts controlling the outcome
of the litigation. Mackey, 12 Wn. App. 2d at 569.
The party moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of demonstrating that
there is no genuine issue of material fact. Mackey, 12 Wn. App. 2d at 569. A moving defendant
can meet this burden by demonstrating that the plaintiff cannot support his or her claim with any
evidence. Mackey, 12 Wn. App. 2d at 569. After the defendant has made such a showing, the
burden shifts to the plaintiff to present specific facts that reveal a genuine issue of material fact.
Mackey, 12 Wn. App. 2d at 569. Summary judgment is appropriate if a plaintiff fails to show
sufficient evidence that creates a question of fact about an essential element on which he or she
will have the burden of proof at trial. Mackey, 12 Wn. App. 2d at 569.
When an appeal arises out of an order granting summary judgment, we engage in the same
inquiry as the trial court. Group Health Coop. v. Coon, 193 Wn.2d 841, 849, 447 P.3d 139 (2019).
Summary judgment is proper only when “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . .
the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” CR 56(c). “‘All facts and reasonable
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inferences are considered in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and all questions of
law are reviewed de novo.’” Coon, 193 Wn.2d at 849-50 (quoting Mountain Park Homeowners
Ass’n v. Tydings, 125 Wn.2d 337, 341, 883 P.2d 1383 (1994)).
B. FULL COMPENSATION RULE
Interpretation of an insurance contract is a question of law that we review de novo. Woo
v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 161 Wn.2d 43, 52, 164 P.3d 454 (2007).
In Coon, our Supreme Court reiterated that
while an insurer is entitled to be reimbursed to the extent that its insured recovers payment for the same loss from a [tortfeasor] responsible for the damage, it can recover only the excess which the insured has received from the wrongdoer, remaining after the insured is fully compensated for the loss.
193 Wn.2d at 850 (alteration in original) (quoting Thiringer v. Am. Motors Ins. Co., 91 Wn.2d
215, 219, 588 P.2d 191 (1978)). “This ‘made whole’ principle ‘embodies a policy deemed socially
desirable in this state.’” Coon, 193 Wn.2d at 850 (quoting Thiringer, 91 Wn.2d at 220). This rule
applies to health insurance policies. Coon, 193 Wn.2d at 854.
“Settlement for less than the tortfeasor’s policy limits does not create a presumption of full
compensation.” Coon, 193 Wn.2d at 855. “Instead, acceptance of a settlement is simply some
evidence that the insured has been full compensated.” Coon, 193 Wn.2d at 855. “An insurer is
entitled to an offset, setoff, or reimbursement when both: (1) the contract itself authorizes it and
(2) the insured is fully compensated by the relevant ‘applicable measure of damages.’” Sherry v.
Fin. Indem. Co., 160 Wn.2d 611, 619, 160 P.3d 31 (2007) (quoting Barney v. Safeco Ins. Co. of
Am., 73 Wn. App. 426, 429, 869 P.2d 1093 (1994)).
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If the insured breaches the contract, the insurer has a remedy, but only if there is prejudice
to the insurer from the insured’s breach. Coon, 193 Wn.2d at 858. The insurer has the burden of
proof to demonstrate prejudice by the insured’s actions. Coon, 193 Wn.2d at 857. “‘To establish
prejudice, the insurer must show concrete detriment . . . together with some specific harm to the
insurer caused thereby.’” Coon, 193 Wn.2d at 857 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting Pilgrim v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 89 Wn.2d 712, 724-25, 950 P.2d
479(1997)). “Determining prejudice from a policy breach is a question of fact for the jury and
‘will seldom be established as a matter of law.’” Coon, 193 Wn.2d at 857 (quoting Tran v. State
Farm Fire & Cas. Co, 136 Wn.2d 214, 228, 961 P.2d 358 (1998)).
II. BREACH OF DUTY TO COOPERATE
Hall argues that the superior court erred by granting summary judgment in favor of Group
Health based on a finding that she breached the duty to cooperate. She argues that full
compensation was a condition precedent to the duty to cooperate, she was not fully compensated,
there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether she breached the duty to cooperate, and
whether any breach of the duty to cooperate prejudiced Group Health. We disagree.
A. EXISTENCE OF DUTY TO COOPERATE
“[T]o determine the scope of [an insured’s] duty to cooperate with the insurer, we must
first look to the relevant policy language.” Tran, 136 Wn.2d at 225.
Here, the MCA expressly required Hall and her attorney to “cooperate fully with [Group
Health] in its efforts to collect [Group Health]’s Medical Expenses.” CP at 1269 (emphasis added).
This cooperation included providing information related to the cause of her injuries, any potential
third party liability and applicable insurance, promptly informing Group Health of any settlement,
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and not settling the claim without protecting Group Health’s interest. The MCA also required Hall
and her attorney to do nothing to prejudice Group Health’s right of subrogation or reimbursement,
and hold in trust any recovered monies as a constructive trustee.
We hold that the superior court correctly found that Hall and her attorney had a duty to
cooperate under the MCA. We next address whether the MCA requires that Hall be made whole
as a condition precedent to a duty to cooperate.
B. “MADE WHOLE” IS NOT A CONDITION PRECEDENT TO THE DUTY TO COOPERATE
Hall argues that being made whole is a condition precedent for a duty to cooperate to arise
under the MCA. We disagree because the MCA does not require that Hall be made whole prior to
a duty to cooperate with Group Health.
Whether an insured has been “made whole” is determined “by the relevant ‘applicable
measure of damages.’” Sherry, 160 Wn.2d at 619 (quoting Barney, 73 Wn. App. at 429). “A
condition precedent is an event occurring after the making of a valid contract which must occur
before a right to immediate performance arises.” Jones Assocs., Inc. v. Eastside Properties, Inc.,
41 Wn. App. 462, 466, 704 P.2d 681 (1985). “‘Whether a provision in a contract is a condition,
the nonfulfillment of which excuses performance, depends upon the intent of the parties, to be
ascertained from a fair and reasonable construction of the language used in the light of all the
surrounding circumstances.’” Jones, 41 Wn. App. at 466-67 (quoting Ross v. Harding, 64 Wn.2d
231, 236, 391 P.2d 526 (1964)). “‘An intent to create a condition is often revealed by such phrases
and words as “provided that,” “on condition,” “when,” “so that,” “while,” “as soon as,” and
“after.”’” Jones, 41 Wn. App. at 467 (quoting Vogt v. Hovander, 27 Wn. App. 168, 178, 616 P.2d
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660 (1979)). “Where it is doubtful whether words create a promise or an express condition, they
are interpreted as creating a promise.” Jones, 41 Wn. App. at 467.
The MCA requires that Hall and her attorney “shall cooperate fully with [Group Health] in
its efforts to collect [Group Health]’s Medical Expenses.” CP at 1708. Hall acknowledges that
assessing whether she was made whole is a prerequisite to Group Health determining whether it
has a right to reimbursement, and thus a necessary part of Group Health’s “efforts to collect or
recover its Medical Expenses.” Appellant’s Opening Br. at 22.
Construing Hall’s duty to cooperate as arising only after she has been fully compensated
would nullify the duty to cooperate clause and Group Health’s right to reimbursement. “‘An
interpretation which gives effect to all of the words in a contract provision is favored over one
which renders some of the language meaningless or ineffective.’” GMAC v. Everett Chevrolet,
Inc., 179 Wn. App. 126, 135, 317 P.3d 1074 (2014) (quoting Seattle–First Nat’l Bank v. Westlake
Park Assocs., 42 Wn. App. 269, 274, 711 P.2d 361 (1985)). If insureds are not required to
cooperate until an insurer proves they have been made whole, an insured’s duty of cooperation
would never arise because an insurer cannot prove the insured has been made whole without the
insured’s cooperation.
No language in the MCA conditions a duty to cooperate on Hall being made whole. Hall’s
argument would negate her duty to cooperate because, as the superior court recognized, Group
Health could not prove Hall had been “made whole” without the information Hall refused to
provide so that Group Health could assess her claim that she was not made whole. Accordingly,
Hall and her attorney were required to cooperate with Group Health’s efforts to gather information
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to evaluate whether Hall had been made whole including by providing “information about the
cause of injury.” CP at 1708.
The MCA contains no conditional qualifiers on a duty to cooperate, nor does it in any way
reference the language limiting Group Health’s reimbursement “to the excess of the amount
required to fully compensate” Hall. CP at 1708. Moreover, the MCA states that an insured who
“recovers funds from any source that may serve to compensate for medical injuries or medical
expenses” must “hold such monies in trust or in a separate identifiable account until [Group
Health]’s subrogation and reimbursement rights are fully determined.” CP at 1709. This language
underscores that a duty to cooperate arose when Hall received the settlement funds, and that it was
not conditioned on Group Health proving that she had been made whole.
The superior court correctly rejected Hall’s interpretation of the MCA because of the
impossible scenario it required Group Health to resolve in order to assert its right to
reimbursement: “how is it that Group Health meets its burden of showing that your client was not
fully compensated, if there is no obligation on your client’s part to cooperate with Group Health?”
VRP (Nov. 2, 2018) at 62.
We hold that the superior court correctly ruled that a duty to cooperate is not a condition
precedent of Hall being made whole by the settlement. We next address whether there was a
breach of the MCA.
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C. HALL’S BREACH OF THE DUTY TO COOPERATE
Hall argues that she did not breach the duty to fully cooperate under the MCA. We
disagree.
“The only limitation on the requirement that insureds cooperate with the insurer’s
investigation is that the insurer’s requests for information must be material to the circumstances
giving rise to liability on its part.” Tran, 136 Wn.2d at 224 (emphasis added). “Information is
material when it ‘concerns a subject relevant and germane to the insurer’s investigation as it was
then proceeding’ at the time the inquiry was made.” Tran, 136 Wn.2d at 224 (quoting Fine v.
Bellefonte Underwriters Ins. Co., 725 F.2d 179, 183 (2nd Cir. 1984)).
Our Supreme Court has held that a court at summary judgment can determine that an
insured breached its duty to cooperate as a matter of law. In Tran, our Supreme Court held that an
insured breached his duty to cooperate as a matter of law when he refused to provide his
homeowner’s insurer with requested personal and business financial records necessary to
investigate his claim seeking payment for stolen items. 136 Wn.2d at 226-28. The court reasoned
that “no reasonable juror could conclude that Tran substantially cooperated in the investigation or
settlement of his claim” and that his conduct “‘constitutes a breach of the cooperation clause as a
matter of law.’” Tran, 136 Wn.2d at 228 (quoting Pilgrim, 89 Wn. App. at 723).
Here, Hall’s contractual duty to cooperate must be interpreted in light of the “made whole”
provision of the MCA and Washington law governing an insurer’s subrogation rights. Under the
MCA, as soon as Hall settled her claim and recovered the amount of her loss, Group Health was
entitled to reimbursement from the excess over the amount necessary to make her whole. See CP
1708 (Group Health has reimbursement rights in “the excess of the amount required to fully
15 No. 53381-2-II
compensate the Injured Person for the loss sustained.”). After it has been determined that the
contract authorizes reimbursement, we address whether an insured has been “made whole” as
determined “by the relevant ‘applicable measure of damages.’” Sherry, 160 Wn.2d at 619 (quoting
Barney, 73 Wn. App. at 429).
Hall asserts that Group Health had enough information necessary to determine whether it
had a right of reimbursement. Hall’s argument that she was not made whole is based on her
preexisting disabilities before the September 18, 2012 fall, including prior knee surgeries. She
also claims that as a result of the fall, she could not work anymore and had to retire early from
L&I.
But Group Health was not required to simply accept Hall’s assertions without being able
to receive information from Hall and her attorney to properly evaluate whether she had been made
whole. Hall admitted that “she had a long history of preexisting injur[ies].” CP at 1209. Group
Health also questioned Hall’s expert’s projected economic loss in the amount of $484,199 in light
of her preexisting conditions and her claim that she had to retire early as a result of the fall. Once
notified of the settlement, Group Health reasonably requested that Hall produce information
related to the cause of her injuries, including her mediation statement, the materials provided to
the mediator, her medical records, and expert reports.
It is undisputed that Hall and her attorney refused to provide Group Health with any of the
requested information. Instead, Hall and her attorney denied that Group Health had any right to
reimbursement, threatened Group Health with litigation, and threatened Group Health’s counsel
and his law firm with CR 11 sanctions. Hall’s attorney disbursed all of the settlement funds except
for roughly half ($45,002.91) of the disputed settlement amount ($83,580.66), despite a duty to
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hold settlement funds “in trust . . . until [Group Health]’s subrogation and reimbursement rights
are fully determined.” CP at 1709.
While Hall and her attorney continued to assert that Group Health’s claim file “shows a
voluminous amount of information,” Hall and her attorney still had a duty to fully cooperate.
Appellants Opening Br. at 28. Group Health’s claim file shows only that Group Health was
generally aware Hall had a history of significant health problems, because her attorney “read off”
records to Group Health’s counsel when making Hall’s settlement offer to have Group Health
release its subrogation claim in exchange for $5,000. CP at 1806, 1883.
Between May 2013 and February 2016, Group Health sent numerous letters to Hall’s
attorney, seeking information about Hall’s injuries, the cause, and any potentially liable third party.
Hall did not respond to these letters. Consistent with her argument that she did not owe any duty
to cooperate until she was made whole, Hall and her attorney repeatedly refused to provide Group
Health any records, including the economic expert report based on her preexisting medical
conditions and her independent medical examination, which rebutted Hall’s claims. Thus, despite
requesting the information from Hall, Group Health did not have the information it needed to
evaluate Hall’s subrogation claim.
Group Health met its initial burden of production to show that it was undisputed that Hall
and her attorney failed to cooperate and breached the MCA. The burden then shifted to Hall to
present sufficient evidence to establish a genuine issue of material fact, which she failed to do.
Mackey, 12 Wn. App. 2d at 569. Hall’s bare allegations are insufficient to create a genuine issue
of material fact at summary judgment. Failla v. FixtureOne Corp., 181 Wn.2d 642, 657, 336 P.3d
1112 (2014).
17 No. 53381-2-II
Because Group Health met its initial burden of production, and Hall failed to present
sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to her failure to cooperate, we hold
that the superior court correctly determined that Hall breached the duty to cooperate as a matter of
law. We next address whether Group Health was prejudiced by Hall’s breach.
D. PREJUDICE FROM BREACH
Hall argues that the superior court erred by determining that Group Health was prejudiced
as a matter of law by the breach of the MCA.1 We disagree.
Prejudice can “be established as a matter of law” when, as here, the insurer shows “specific
harm” from the insured’s refusal to cooperate. Tran, 136 Wn.2d at 228; Pilgrim, 89 Wn. App. at
725. “An insured’s breach of a cooperation clause releases the insurer from its responsibilities if
the insurer was actually prejudiced by the insured’s breach.” Tran, 136 Wn.2d at 228. “Claims
of actual prejudice require ‘affirmative proof of an advantage lost or disadvantage suffered as a
result of the [breach], which has an identifiable detrimental effect on the insurer’s ability to
evaluate or present its defenses to coverage or liability.’” Tran, 136 Wn.2d at 228-29 (alteration
in original) (quoting Canron, Inc. v. Federal Ins. Co., 82 Wn. App. 480, 491-92, 918 P.2d 937
(1996)).
Although prejudice “will seldom be established as a matter of law,” Washington courts
have repeatedly held that a breach of the duty to cooperate prejudices an insurer as a matter of law
1 Hall argues for the first time in her reply brief that “Judicial estoppel prevents [Group Health] from now claiming it is prejudiced for not receiving information that it previously claimed to the trial court was ‘not relevant to the current subrogation claim.’” Appellant’s Reply Br. at 1 (emphasis removed) (quoting CP at 962-63). Arguments raised and argued for the first time in a reply brief are too late to warrant consideration. Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Bosley, 118 Wn.2d 801, 809, 828 P.2d 549 (1992). Accordingly, we decline to address this argument.
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when it “impede[s] [the insurer’s] ability to investigate the claim.” Tran, 136 Wn.2d at 228, 231.
In Tran, for example, our Supreme Court held that the insurer was prejudiced as a matter of law
because the lack of access to financial documents “prevent[ed] it from completing its investigation
to determine if its insured’s claim was fraudulent.” 136 Wn.2d at 233. The court explained the
impossible situation in which an insured places an insurer when it refuses to provide information
necessary to the insurer’s investigation:
Without being able to examine Tran’s financial records, State Farm . . . was faced with a Hobson’s choice of either denying a suspected fraudulent claim without an adequate investigation, which could expose it to claims of bad faith or violation of the [CPA], or paying a suspected fraudulent claim, which would be against public policy.
Tran, 136 Wn.2d at 230 (footnotes omitted).
Other cases also affirm the grant of summary judgment to a first party insurer where, as
here, the insured prejudiced the insurer by impeding its efforts to investigate the facts underlying
the insured’s claim. For example, we held that an insured’s refusal to provide financial records,
including tax returns and a list of debts and liabilities, prejudiced the insurer as a matter of law
because the insurer could not investigate whether the insured had the financial resources to
purchase the Rolls Royce he claimed was destroyed or whether he had “a financial motive for
making a false claim” in Keith v. Allstate Indem. Co., 105 Wn. App. 251, 256, 19 P.3d 1077 (2001).
Likewise in Pilgrim, the insured’s “refusal to disclose relevant financial information prejudiced
State Farm as a matter of law” because the insurer was unable “to complete its investigation of the
facts underlying the [insured’s] claim” that nearly $150,000 in personal property had been stolen.
89 Wn. App. at 725.
19 No. 53381-2-II
Here, it is undisputed that Hall and her attorney refused to provide information Group
Health requested regarding Hall’s claim, including mediation statements, medical reports related
to her preexisting conditions, whether any third party was liable, and information related to any
comparative fault by Hall. Group Health requested this information under the MCA to investigate
whether Hall was made whole as a result of the $600,000 settlement with Labor 1992 Corporation.
Later during discovery, Group Health discovered that the independent medical examination
obtained by Labor 1992 Corporation found that, contrary to Hall’s assertion that she was forced to
retire as a result of the fall, Hall “could have resumed work.” CP at 1101. It also discovered that
the independent medical examination found that Hall’s right leg was not disabled as a result of the
fall, but that her leg “was already extremely compromised based on her prior surgeries” which was
consistent with her preexisting conditions and medical history. CP at 1101.
Without access to this information, Group Health was unable to investigate Hall’s assertion
that she was not made whole and that Group Health had no “right of reimbursement based . . . [on]
the facts of this case.” CP at 1203. Had Hall produced any of the requested information, Group
Health could have evaluated Hall’s claim and had its questions about Hall’s claims answered,
including “why couldn’t she return to [work] ,” “was she planning on retirement anyways,” and
“[h]ow long is this forecasted for future wage loss?” CP at 1804.
As a matter of policy and equity, our courts have consistently rejected results that would
“encourag[e] insureds to not cooperate.” Tran, 136 Wn.2d at 231. The Supreme Court in Tran
rejected the notion that insurers should be forced to either forego their right to reimbursement or
sue their insureds based on limited information. 136 Wn.2d at 228-29. The court recognized that
20 No. 53381-2-II
doing so results in insurers incurring not only the costs of litigation but exposing them to claims
of bad faith and CPA violations which is exactly what happened here. Tran, 136 Wn.2d at 230.
Group Health could not evaluate whether Hall had been made whole by the settlement in
order to determine whether it had a right to reimbursement. The actions by Hall and her attorney
constitute prejudice as a matter of law. See Tran, 136 Wn.2d at 228-29.
At summary judgment, Group Health met its initial burden to show that there were no
genuine issues of material fact, and the burden shifted to Hall to rebut this evidence, which she
failed to do. Group Health established by undisputed facts that it was prejudiced by the actions of
Hall and her attorney.
Because Group Health was prejudiced as a matter of law, the superior court correctly held
that Hall is “responsible for directly reimbursing [Group Health] for 100 [percent] of [Group
Health]’s Medical Expenses” under the MCA. CP at 1270. We agree and hold that the superior
court correctly determined that Hall prejudiced Group Health as a matter of law and Group Health
was entitled to the entry of judgment for the amount it paid to Hall for her medical expenses.
III. DISMISSAL OF HALL’S COUNTERCLAIMS
Hall argues that the superior court also erred by dismissing her counterclaims on partial
summary judgment because Group Health acted in bad faith, which Hall claims is a “per se” CPA
violation. We disagree and hold that the superior court did not err.
To succeed in a bad faith claim, “the insured must show the insurer’s breach of the
insurance contract was ‘unreasonable, frivolous, or unfounded.’” Overton v. Consol. Ins. Co., 145
Wn.2d 417, 433, 38 P.3d 322 (2002) (quoting Kirk v. Mt. Airy Ins. Co., 134 Wn.2d 558, 560, 951
P.2d 1124 (1998). “Harm . . . is an essential element” of a bad faith claim and an insurer is entitled
21 No. 53381-2-II
to summary judgment “if a reasonable person could only conclude that the insured suffered no
harm.” Werlinger v. Clarendon Nat’l Ins. Co., 129 Wn. App. 804, 808, 120 P.3d 593 (2005).
To prevail in a CPA claim, a plaintiff must prove the following: “‘(1) unfair or deceptive
act or practice; (2) occurring in trade or commerce; (3) public interest impact; (4) injury to plaintiff
in his or her business or property; [and] (5) causation.’” Mellon v. Regional Trustee Services
Corp., 182 Wn. App. 476, 487-88, 334 P.3d 1120 (2014) (alteration in original) (quoting Hangman
Ridge Training Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 105 Wn.2d 778, 780, 719 P.2d 531 (1986)).
Hall first asserts that Group Health breached its duty to evaluate her $5,000 settlement offer
to resolve the reimbursement issue as though it “bore the entire risk,” ignoring that the duty to
cooperate applies in the context of defending and indemnifying an insured from a third party.
Appellant’s Opening Br. at 39 (citing Truck Ins. Exch. of Farmers Ins. Group v. Century Indem.
Co., 76 Wn. App. 527, 534, 887 P.2d 455 (1995)). Here, the settlement offer was from Hall, not
a third party, and Group Health did not act in bad faith by rejecting Hall’s settlement requiring it
to forfeit its contractual right to reimbursement.
Hall next claims that Group Health “misrepresented a pertinent fact” in its letter to her
attorney by informing her that it was “entitled to reimbursement for its medical treatment” because
it failed to also inform her that Group Health’s right to reimbursement arose after she was “fully
compensated.” Appellant’s Opening Br. at 40-41. But in a letter sent before the one cited by Hall,
Group Health told Hall that it would have the right to reimbursement “if the at-fault party is liable
and the at-fault party has sufficient assets to compensate you.” CP at 112. Hall fails to explain
how she was damaged by this alleged misrepresentation, given that her attorney was aware of the
“made whole” doctrine.
22 No. 53381-2-II
Hall then claims that Group Health acted in bad faith by “seeking reimbursement of the
entire $83,580.66” rather than reducing its claim to pay a portion of Hall’s attorney fees.
Appellant’s Opening Br. at 42-43. The MCA clearly provides that if Hall “fail[ed] to cooperate
fully with [Group Health] in recovery of [Group Health]’s Medical Expenses,” then she would be
“responsible for directly reimbursing [Group Health] for 100 [percent] of [its] Medical Expenses.”
CP at 1270. Further, under the MCA, Hall’s cooperation was a necessary prerequisite to any
apportionment of attorney fees. CP at 1297, 1709. Because Hall refused to cooperate, she had no
right to attorney fees under the MCA.
Hall’s assertion that she was forced to sue Group Health “in order to gain the benefits of
the contract” is also flawed. Appellant’s Opening Br. at 44. Group Health paid $83,580.66 for
Hall’s medical expenses promptly and without question. Group Health then requested that Hall
and her attorney provide it with information necessary for Group Health to determine whether Hall
had been fully compensated for her injuries. Hall and her attorney refused to provide that
information, forcing Group Health, not Hall, to sue for a declaratory judgment to gain the benefit
of its contract.
Hall claims bad faith is a “per se” violation of the CPA. Our courts have previously rejected
this argument. Villegas v. Nationstar Mortgage, LLC, 8 Wn. App. 2d 878, 895, 444 P.3d 14
(2019).
23 No. 53381-2-II
Hall next claims that Group Health engaged in deceptive “collection activities,” citing
Panag v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Wash., 166 Wn.2d 27, 65, 204 P.3d 885 (2009). The record does not
support Hall’s claim. Group Health never told Hall that Group Health had commenced a collection
proceeding against her; instead, Group Health requested that Hall’s attorney “please contact
[Group Health] . . . to discuss . . . reimbursement.” CP at 1218, 1213 (Group Health’s attorney
wrote, “I have not received any of the records I requested in my last letter . . . . When will you be
providing me the requested information?”).
Group Health did not act improperly by asking Hall to cooperate with its investigation of
its right to reimbursement or by filing this action when Hall and her attorney refused to cooperate.
Group Health did not act in bad faith because it was within its right to pursue its right to
reimbursement under the policy and to request information from Hall and her attorney in order to
investigate and determine whether Hall had been fully compensated. Because Hall fails to show
that Group Health violated the CPA, we hold that the superior court correctly dismissed Hall’s
counterclaims.2
CONCLUSION
We hold that (1) Hall’s being made whole is not a condition precedent for a duty to
cooperate to arise under the MCA. We further hold that (2) Hall and her attorney breached the
duty to cooperate with Group Health in the MCA as a matter of law, and because that breach
rendered Group Health unable to investigate her claim, Group Health was prejudiced as a matter
2 Hall requests an award of appellate attorney fees and costs under RAP 18.1, RCW 19.86.090, McRory v. N. Ins. Co. of New York, 138 Wn.2d 550, 980 P.2d 736 (1999), and Olympic S.S. Co., Inc. v. Centennial Ins. Co., 117 Wn.2d 37, 811 P.2d 673 (1991). Because Hall does not prevail on appeal, she is not entitled to an award of appellate fees and costs, and we deny her request.
24 No. 53381-2-II
of law. We also hold that (3) because Group Health properly pursued its right to reimbursement,
the superior court correctly dismissed her counterclaims. Therefore, we affirm the superior court’s
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
SUTTON, J. I concur:
LEE, C.J.
25 No. 53381-2-II
MAXA, J. (dissenting in part) – I agree with the majority opinion that Terri Lyn Hall did
have a duty to cooperate under Group Health Cooperative’s Medical Coverage Agreement
(MCA) and that her full compensation from her personal injury settlement was not a condition
precedent to that duty. I also agree that the trial court did not err in dismissing Hall’s
counterclaims. However, under the undisputed facts of this case, clear questions of fact exist as
to whether Hall breached her duty to cooperate and as to whether any such breach prejudiced
Group Health. Therefore, the majority opinion wrongly affirms the trial court’s grant of
summary judgment in favor of Group Health.
Group Health’s narrative on appeal regarding breach is that it repeatedly requested that
Hall provide information about her claim, and Hall refused. Group Health’s narrative on appeal
regarding prejudice is that it was unable to evaluate whether it had a right to reimbursement from
Hall’s settlement because of Hall’s failure to provide information about her claim. The evidence
presented in the trial court tells a different story.
1. Communications from Group Health
Following Hall’s notice that she intended to settle, Group Health’s attorney sent three
letters and one email to Hall’s attorney. None of those communications stated that Group Health
needed information from Hall in order to determine whether it had a right to reimbursement.
a. April 5, 2016 Letter
The first letter was dated April 5, 2016. In that letter, Group Health’s attorney stated that
he would review the file and would be in touch. The letter did not request any information from
Hall.
26 No. 53381-2-II
Significantly, Group Health’s attorney later claimed in a June 10, 2016 letter (discussed
below) that “[i]n my letter of April 5, 2016, I requested that you provide our office with certain
information in support of your claim for a reduction in Group Health’s subrogation claim.”
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 1217. That statement was false.
b. April 27, 2016 Letter
The second letter was dated April 27, 2016. The letter began by noting that Hall had
settled for less than available policy limits, and that such a settlement was evidence that she had
been fully compensated.3 The letter discussed two cases in which the courts ruled that an injured
person had been fully compensated by a settlement for less than policy limits. The letter then
stated, “[Y]ou and Ms. Hall were aware of Group Health’s subrogation claim, and also knew of
the attorney fees and costs that would have to be deducted from any settlement amount. If the
settlement offer did not reflect what you believed to be full compensation, then you did not have
to accept it. You could have, instead, had the question of full compensation decided through
trial.” CP at 1207 (emphasis added).
Finally, the letter expressly asserted that Group Health was entitled to reimbursement:
“Based on the information I have been provided and the above-cited case law, it is Group
Health’s position that Group Health is entitled to be reimbursed for the amounts it expended for
Ms. Hall’s medical care.” CP at 1207 (emphasis added).
In conclusion, the letter stated,
Our position is based upon the information made available to us to date. Should you wish to provide additional evidence to support your claim for a reduction in Group Health’s subrogation claim, we would, of course, be willing to review the
3 Hall’s settlement was for $600,000. The tortfeasor’s policy limits were $2 million.
27 No. 53381-2-II
same. Information which would be helpful in that review would be a copy of your mediation statement, as well as all materials provided to the mediator, copies of medical records, expert reports and any other information you believe supports your position.
CP at 1207 (emphasis added).
c. May 5, 2016 Email
On May 5, 2016, Group Health’s attorney sent an email to Hall’s attorney. The email
stated, “I have not received any of the records I requested in my last letter to you. When will you
be providing me the requested information?” CP at 1213. This email was somewhat misleading.
Group Health’s attorney did not specifically request records from Hall’s attorney in the April 27
letter. He stated that if Hall’s attorney wished to provide additional information, Group Health
would review it.
d. June 10, 2016 Letter
Group Health’s final letter before filing suit was dated June 10, 2016. The letter stated
that Group Health’s attorney had not received information requested in the April 5 letter and the
May 5 email. The letter quoted the cooperation provision in the MCA and related provisions,
and stated,
As a result of the foregoing, your client has failed to cooperate fully with Group Health in regard to this claim and is in violation of the terms of her policy. Said policy violations include, but are not limited to: 1. Failure to promptly notify Group Health of a tentative settlement; 2. Prejudicing Group Health’s rights to reimbursement; and 3. Failure to cooperate with Group Health and provide requested information. Accordingly, your client’s policy requires that you and your client directly reimburse Group Health for the full amount of any benefits paid on her behalf to date.
28 No. 53381-2-II
CP at 1218. The letter did not state that any additional information would change Group
Health’s position.
2. Breach of Duty to Cooperate
Group Health claims that Hall breached her duty to cooperate because Group Health
expressly requested that she provide information about her claim and she refused. But there is at
least a question of fact as to whether Group Health actually requested such information.
As noted above, the April 5 letter did not request any information despite Group Health’s
later claim that it did. And in the April 27 letter, Group Health did not request that Hall provide
any information. Instead, Group Health’s attorney took a firm position that Group Health was
entitled to reimbursement because Hall had settled for less than the tortfeasor’s insurance policy
limits. The letter then stated that if Hall’s attorney wished to provide additional information,
Group Health would review it. In other words, Group Health had made its decision. But if Hall
wanted Group Health to change its position, Hall would have to provide additional information.
The May 5 email asked when Hall’s attorney would be providing the requested
information. But this email must be read in light of the April 27 letter. Again, that letter did not
request any information; it merely invited Hall’s attorney to provide it if Hall wanted Group
Health to change its position.
The actual language of Group Health’s letters creates a question of fact as to whether
Group Health requested that Hall provide information and therefore whether Hall failed to
cooperate by disregarding that request. There is evidence that Hall merely declined Group
Health’s invitation to provide additional information, which a jury could find did not breach the
duty to cooperate.
29 No. 53381-2-II
3. Prejudice from Breach
Even if Hall breached the cooperation provision, Group Health is entitled to a remedy
only if the breach caused prejudice. Group Health Coop. v. Coon, 193 Wn.2d 841, 856-57, 447
P.3d 139 (2019). In insurance law, “ ‘not every breach discharges performance by the other
party.’ ” Id. at 856 (quoting Pilgrim v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Ins. Co., 89 Wn. App. 712, 724,
950 P.2d 479 (1997)). Significantly, the insurer has the burden of proving that it was prejudiced.
Coon, 193 Wn.2d at 857.
The majority opinion finds prejudice as a matter of law. However, the Supreme Court in
Coon emphasized that “[d]etermining prejudice from a policy breach is a question of fact for the
jury and ‘will seldom be established as a matter of law.’ ” Id. (quoting Dien Tran v. State Farm
Fire & Cas. Co., 136 Wn.2d 214, 228, 961 P.2d 358 (1998)).
Group Health now claims that it was prejudiced because Hall’s failure to provide
information about her claim prevented it from evaluating the right to reimbursement from Hall’s
settlement. Group Health now claims that it could not evaluate the right to reimbursement
because it did not have enough information to determine whether Hall had been fully
compensated. But there is at least a question of fact whether Group Health was prevented from
evaluating its right to reimbursement.
The undisputed evidence shows that Group Health did evaluate its right to reimbursement
without the need for any information from Hall. As noted above, the April 27 letter
unequivocally stated Group Health’s legal position that there was a right to reimbursement
because Hall settled for less than available policy limits. The only information Group Health
needed to make this decision was the amount of the settlement and the amount of the tortfeasor’s
30 No. 53381-2-II
policy limits, which Group Health already had. Additional information about Hall’s claim was
not relevant to that decision.
Group Health continued to assert this position in the trial court. In its summary judgment
brief, Group Health stated, “Because Defendant Hall did not exhaust the tortfeasor’s assets, the
full compensation rule upon which the Defendant relies does not apply.” CP at 1347. Later in
the brief, Group Health stated, “The question of whether an insured has not been fully
compensated, and therefore need not reimburse her insurer for its subrogated interest from third-
party settlement proceeds, arises only when the tortfeasor’s assets, or at least those assets readily
accessible through an insurance policy, have been exhausted.” CP at 1357.
Finally, Group health concluded, “An adequate pool of funds existed to satisfy Defendant
Hall’s and [Group Health’s] claims. Under these circumstances, [Group Health] is entitled as a
matter of law to reimbursement of its subrogation claim. In summary, Defendant Hall did not
exhaust the tortfeasor’s assets, so the question of full compensation does not arise.” CP at 1361-
62 (emphasis added).
In fact, the position Group Health took in the April 27 letter and the summary judgment
briefing was wrong. The Supreme Court in Coon stated, “Settlement for less than the
tortfeasor’s policy limits does not create the presumption of full compensation. Instead,
acceptance of a settlement is simply some evidence that the insured has been fully compensated.”
193 Wn.2d at 855 (citation omitted).
The fact that Group Health took a firm position that it was entitled to reimbursement
before requesting any information from Hall creates a question of fact regarding prejudice.
There is evidence that Group Health would have maintained that position even if Hall had
31 No. 53381-2-II
provided additional information, because it was based on an erroneous legal conclusion that
settlement for less than the tortfeasor’s policy limits established that Hall had been fully
compensated. Based on this evidence, a jury could find that any breach of the duty to cooperate
did not prejudice Group Health.
4. Summary
Group Health can point to some evidence showing that Hall breached her duty to
cooperate by disregarding its request for additional information and thereby caused prejudice.
But Hall can point to evidence showing that Group Health never requested additional
information, but only invited her to provide such information if she wanted Group Health to
reconsider its position that reimbursement was required. And Hall can point to evidence that
Group Health took the position that reimbursement was required without the need for any
additional information and would have continued to take that position even if she had provided
that information.
Because this case was decided on summary judgment, we must view all evidence and
reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Mackey v. Home
Depot USA, Inc., 12 Wn. App.2d 557, 569, 459 P.3d 371, review denied, 195 Wn.2d 1031
(2020). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Hall, genuine issues of fact exist
regarding breach of the duty to cooperate provision and prejudice to Group Health. Accordingly,
I dissent.
MAXA, J.