West, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This writ of error is to a judgment sentencing Charles H. Groety, the accused, to the pentitentiary for two years for voluntary manslaughter. He assigns error.
He complains that the record does not show a true bill of indictment was found against him.
It is true that no man can be considered as indicted for a felony unless it appear of record that an indictment against him was delivered in open court and the fact recorded. Simmons v. Commonwealth, 89 Va. 156, 15 S. E. 386. But it plainly appears from the record that a special grand jury returned into court and presented an indictment for murder against Charles H. .Groety, a true bill, and that he was tried on that indictment.
This assignment is without merit.
Another assignment of error is the action of the court in admitting testimony of Mrs. R. L. Holland.
Mrs. Holland was a file clerk and shorthand reporter in the Norfolk police department. The accused had testified in his own behalf in the corporation court, stating in detail how the shooting occurred and claiming to know nothing about what he had said in the pres[511]*511ence of the dectives. Mrs. Holland was sworn in rebuttal to prove that just after the shooting he testified at the office of the detectives that he had no recollection of being at Jackson’s shop at the time of the shooting. She read to the jury a stenographic report of his evidence showing he stated before the detectives that he did not know anything about the shooting or throwing away the pistol after the shooting. She further testified that at the time the accused was questioned by the detectives he was apparently sober and spoke very intelligently.
It is always permissible to prove the statements voluntarily made by the accused as to his connection with the crime of which he stands indicted. The testimony complained of was proper evidence tending to contradict his testimony on the trial. Besides, the accused having testified in regard to his statements at the office of the detectives, thereby waived his objection to the testimony of Mrs. Holland. Moore Lumber Corp. v. Walker, 110 Va. 775, 67 S. E. 374, 19 Ann. Cas. 314.
In addition, the court instructed the jury that Mrs. Holland’s evidence should not be accepted as proving a substantive fact but merely for the purpose of impeaching the credibility of the accused.
This assignment is likewise without merit.
The accused also contends that the court erred in giving the jury the following instruction:
“The court instructs the jury that every unlawful homicide in Virginia is presumed in law to be murder in second degree, and in order to elevate the offense to murder in the first degree the burden of proof is on the Commonwealth, and to reduce the offense to manslaughter the burden of proof is on the prisoner.”
It is urged that this instruction is erroneous and calculated to mislead the jury, because it tells them that [512]*512the homicide was unlawful and imposes a burden upon the accused to lower the grade of the offense to manslaughter, when, as a matter of fact, the law imposes no such burden upon him.
The instruction does not tell the jury the homicide in question was unlawful, but simply informs them that every unlawful homicide is presumed to be murder in the second degree; and lays down a principle of law in language which has been approved and applied by this court for more than fifty years, without objection or complaint from any person charged with crime. Observation and experience convince us that its application has worked no hardship upon those accused of murder, for where the juries have been instructed as to reasonable doubt, they have given the accused the benefit of that doubt, notwithstanding what was said in the Commonwealth’s instructions as to a presumption of malice and the burden of proof being on the accused to reduce the offense to manslaughter. When the evidence is all in, if the evidence for both the Commonwealth and the accused, regardless of whether his defense be an alibi, or self-defense, or what not, leaves a reasonable doubt as to his guilt, the jury must find the prisoner not guilty.
The following is a partial list of the cases in which the doctrine has been approved:
Hill’s Case (1845), 2 Gratt. (43 Va.) 595; MeWhirt’s Case, 3 Gratt. (4 Va.) 594, 46 Am. Dec. 196; Bristow’s Case, 15 Gratt. (56 Va.) 634; Honesty’s Case, 81 Va. 282; Hodges’ Case, 89 Va. 265, 15 S. E. 513; Horton’s Case, 99 Va. 848, 38 S. E. 184; Bryan’s Case, 131 Va. 709, 109 S. E. 477; Jacob’s Case (1922), 132 Va. 681, 111 S. E. 90, and Sims v. Commonwealth, hereinafter referred to.
In the recent case of Sims v. Commonwealth, 134 Va. [513]*513736, 115 S. E. 382, Judge Burks, speaking for the court, in discussing the same question, said: “This statement of the law is hoary with age * * * . When it is said that ‘the burden of proof is upon the prisoner’ to reduce the offense from murder in the second degree to manslaughter or excusable homicide, all that is meant is that it is incumbent upon the prisoner to introduce sufficient evidence to raise a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury as to whether the offense is murder in the second degree.”
The possibility of injustice to those accused of crime, from the application of this doctrine, is so remote that we are unwilling to overrule a long line of decisions of this court, and decline to hold that the giving of the instruction is error, when, as in the instant case, it is accompanied by a proper instruction on reasonable doubt.
The remaining assignment of error to be considered, is that the court erred in refusing to set aside the verdict as contrary to the law and the evidence.
The accused, in his petition for the writ of error, does not point out in what respect the verdict was contrary to the law and the evidence, or contend that there was no evidence to support it.
The material facts shown in evidence are these:
A. R. Jackson conducted a paper hanging establishment on Bute street in the city of Norfolk. On August 25, 1920, policeman Green was informed of trouble at Jackson’s place and upon arriving there met J. N. Willis, Jr., coming out. He entered and found no one except Jackson, who was lying on the floor mortally wounded by a pistol shot in the breast, from which he died a few minutes later.
Carl Murray, Alfred Dixon and the accused were partners, conducting an automobile repair business on Dunmore street in Norfolk. The day of the shooting [514]*514these three drank a quart of whiskey and at 5:30 p.'m. left their shop in an automobile owned by' Murray’s brother. Dixon got out of the ear at Hopkins “Fish Place” and the accused and Murray proceeded to Jackson’s place on Bute street. Murray called and said: “Jack, haven’t you got a drink?” and he replied, “haven’t you got one?” Murray replied, “I have a quart at my shop,” and Jackson said, “Let’s go up to the shop.”
Murray, Jackson and the accused went immediately to the repair shop where they drank another quart of whiskey, and then returned to Jackson’s place. The accused and Jackson went in, while Murray went to carry his brother’s car home.
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West, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This writ of error is to a judgment sentencing Charles H. Groety, the accused, to the pentitentiary for two years for voluntary manslaughter. He assigns error.
He complains that the record does not show a true bill of indictment was found against him.
It is true that no man can be considered as indicted for a felony unless it appear of record that an indictment against him was delivered in open court and the fact recorded. Simmons v. Commonwealth, 89 Va. 156, 15 S. E. 386. But it plainly appears from the record that a special grand jury returned into court and presented an indictment for murder against Charles H. .Groety, a true bill, and that he was tried on that indictment.
This assignment is without merit.
Another assignment of error is the action of the court in admitting testimony of Mrs. R. L. Holland.
Mrs. Holland was a file clerk and shorthand reporter in the Norfolk police department. The accused had testified in his own behalf in the corporation court, stating in detail how the shooting occurred and claiming to know nothing about what he had said in the pres[511]*511ence of the dectives. Mrs. Holland was sworn in rebuttal to prove that just after the shooting he testified at the office of the detectives that he had no recollection of being at Jackson’s shop at the time of the shooting. She read to the jury a stenographic report of his evidence showing he stated before the detectives that he did not know anything about the shooting or throwing away the pistol after the shooting. She further testified that at the time the accused was questioned by the detectives he was apparently sober and spoke very intelligently.
It is always permissible to prove the statements voluntarily made by the accused as to his connection with the crime of which he stands indicted. The testimony complained of was proper evidence tending to contradict his testimony on the trial. Besides, the accused having testified in regard to his statements at the office of the detectives, thereby waived his objection to the testimony of Mrs. Holland. Moore Lumber Corp. v. Walker, 110 Va. 775, 67 S. E. 374, 19 Ann. Cas. 314.
In addition, the court instructed the jury that Mrs. Holland’s evidence should not be accepted as proving a substantive fact but merely for the purpose of impeaching the credibility of the accused.
This assignment is likewise without merit.
The accused also contends that the court erred in giving the jury the following instruction:
“The court instructs the jury that every unlawful homicide in Virginia is presumed in law to be murder in second degree, and in order to elevate the offense to murder in the first degree the burden of proof is on the Commonwealth, and to reduce the offense to manslaughter the burden of proof is on the prisoner.”
It is urged that this instruction is erroneous and calculated to mislead the jury, because it tells them that [512]*512the homicide was unlawful and imposes a burden upon the accused to lower the grade of the offense to manslaughter, when, as a matter of fact, the law imposes no such burden upon him.
The instruction does not tell the jury the homicide in question was unlawful, but simply informs them that every unlawful homicide is presumed to be murder in the second degree; and lays down a principle of law in language which has been approved and applied by this court for more than fifty years, without objection or complaint from any person charged with crime. Observation and experience convince us that its application has worked no hardship upon those accused of murder, for where the juries have been instructed as to reasonable doubt, they have given the accused the benefit of that doubt, notwithstanding what was said in the Commonwealth’s instructions as to a presumption of malice and the burden of proof being on the accused to reduce the offense to manslaughter. When the evidence is all in, if the evidence for both the Commonwealth and the accused, regardless of whether his defense be an alibi, or self-defense, or what not, leaves a reasonable doubt as to his guilt, the jury must find the prisoner not guilty.
The following is a partial list of the cases in which the doctrine has been approved:
Hill’s Case (1845), 2 Gratt. (43 Va.) 595; MeWhirt’s Case, 3 Gratt. (4 Va.) 594, 46 Am. Dec. 196; Bristow’s Case, 15 Gratt. (56 Va.) 634; Honesty’s Case, 81 Va. 282; Hodges’ Case, 89 Va. 265, 15 S. E. 513; Horton’s Case, 99 Va. 848, 38 S. E. 184; Bryan’s Case, 131 Va. 709, 109 S. E. 477; Jacob’s Case (1922), 132 Va. 681, 111 S. E. 90, and Sims v. Commonwealth, hereinafter referred to.
In the recent case of Sims v. Commonwealth, 134 Va. [513]*513736, 115 S. E. 382, Judge Burks, speaking for the court, in discussing the same question, said: “This statement of the law is hoary with age * * * . When it is said that ‘the burden of proof is upon the prisoner’ to reduce the offense from murder in the second degree to manslaughter or excusable homicide, all that is meant is that it is incumbent upon the prisoner to introduce sufficient evidence to raise a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury as to whether the offense is murder in the second degree.”
The possibility of injustice to those accused of crime, from the application of this doctrine, is so remote that we are unwilling to overrule a long line of decisions of this court, and decline to hold that the giving of the instruction is error, when, as in the instant case, it is accompanied by a proper instruction on reasonable doubt.
The remaining assignment of error to be considered, is that the court erred in refusing to set aside the verdict as contrary to the law and the evidence.
The accused, in his petition for the writ of error, does not point out in what respect the verdict was contrary to the law and the evidence, or contend that there was no evidence to support it.
The material facts shown in evidence are these:
A. R. Jackson conducted a paper hanging establishment on Bute street in the city of Norfolk. On August 25, 1920, policeman Green was informed of trouble at Jackson’s place and upon arriving there met J. N. Willis, Jr., coming out. He entered and found no one except Jackson, who was lying on the floor mortally wounded by a pistol shot in the breast, from which he died a few minutes later.
Carl Murray, Alfred Dixon and the accused were partners, conducting an automobile repair business on Dunmore street in Norfolk. The day of the shooting [514]*514these three drank a quart of whiskey and at 5:30 p.'m. left their shop in an automobile owned by' Murray’s brother. Dixon got out of the ear at Hopkins “Fish Place” and the accused and Murray proceeded to Jackson’s place on Bute street. Murray called and said: “Jack, haven’t you got a drink?” and he replied, “haven’t you got one?” Murray replied, “I have a quart at my shop,” and Jackson said, “Let’s go up to the shop.”
Murray, Jackson and the accused went immediately to the repair shop where they drank another quart of whiskey, and then returned to Jackson’s place. The accused and Jackson went in, while Murray went to carry his brother’s car home. Not finding Ms brother at home, Murray returned to Jackson’s place of business and found Jackson, the accused, and J. N. Willis, Jr., in the back room, and all present took another drink. There was some talk about who was a good man and Murray told Willis he thought he could hold Mm. Willis was seated on the couch near the door when Murray stood over Mm and put Ms head under Ms arm. Just then three pistol shots were fired and when Murray looked around Jackson was falling over a. chair at the foot of the desk. As Murray let go Ms hold on Willis another shot was fired. Murray and Groety left the bmlding immediately and got in Murray’s-brother’s car and drove away. As they drove off Murray asked the accused, “Why did you shoot Jackson,” and the accused replied, “I did not hurt Mm, I shot at-the floor.” The accused then remarked he had a pistol and had better do away, with it, and thereupon tossed it into a lot on Duke street. Shortly after the shooting’ the' accused called at the home of Dixon and told him that Jackson started to Mt Murray with a vase and he-shot but pointed at the floor, and did not tMnk it hurt. [515]*515him. No vase or flower pot was found in the room where the shooting took place. The pistol was found on the lot on Duke street and had four empty shells and one loaded shell in it. At the time of the shooting-there was no one in the back room except Murray, Willis, Jackson and the accused, all of whom were under the influence of liquor. There was no pistol on or near the deceased. A pistol was found in the desk drawer,, but had no cartridges in it.
The testimony of the accused as to what transpired prior to the shooting does not materially differ from that of witnesses for the Commonwealth.
The following is the statement of the accused as to what he did just after the shooting: “I jumped in the car and after I jumped in that car I have no recollection whatever of what happened. I have a faint recollection of talking to Mr. Dixon and the next thing I remember was my sister coming in my-room at home screaming, “Charlie, you shot a man.” Several witnesses for the accused testified that he bore a good reputation for peace, truth and veracity.
A further consideration of the testimony would be unprofitable. It plainly appears that the judgment is amply supported by the evidence and it must be affirmed.
Affirmed.