Greenwood v. United States

131 Fed. Cl. 231, 2017 U.S. Claims LEXIS 294, 2017 WL 1315720

Opinion

Rails-to-Trails; Class Action; Final Approval . of Settlement Agreement; Attorneys’ Fees and Costs; Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970, 42 U.S.C. § 4654(c) (“URA”); Partial Final Judgment; RCFC 54(b)

ORDER GRANTING FINAL APPROVAL OF PARTIES’ PROPOSED SETTLEMENT AND GRANTING-IN-PART AND DENYING-IN-PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS

NANCY B. FIRESTONE, Senior Judge

Pending before the court in this rails-to-trails class action are the parties’ request for final approval of the proposed settlement agreement pursuant to Rule 23(e) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”), and plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees and costs under the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970, 42 U.S.C. § 4654(c) (“URA”). The court held a telephonic fairness hearing in this matter on March 24, 2017 at which 6 plaintiffs were on the call. During the hearing none of the plaintiffs spoke in opposition to the settlement nor had any plaintiffs filed objections to the settlement. 1

With regard to the parties’ request for final approval of the proposed settlement agreement, the court finds for the reasons discussed below that the proposed settlement agreement is fair, reasonable, and adequate and warrants approval.

With regard to plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees and costs, the court for the reasons discussed below grants-in-part and denies-in-part plaintiffs’ request. In this connection, the court also finds for the reasons discussed below that it may resolve plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees and costs without providing plaintiffs with any additional notice. As discussed further below, the court finds that the notice sent to plaintiffs regarding the settlement and request for fees met the requirements of RCFC 23(h). RCFC 23(h)(1) states that “[n'Jotice of the motion [for attorneys’ fees and costs in a certified class action] must be served on all parties and, for motions by class counsel, directed to class members in a reasonable manner.”

Accordingly, the parties’ proposed settlement is APPROVED and plaintiffs’ motion for fees and costs is GRANTED-IN-PART and DENIED-IN-PART.

I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This rails-to-trails case arises from the conversion of a railroad corridor in Lawrence County, Arkansas to a recreational trail. This action was brought on behalf of 53 landowners who collectively own 78 parcels of land along the 6.70-mile corridor. On March 5, 2013, upon agreement of the parties, the court certified this matter as a class action and adopted the parties’ proposed schedule for providing notice to class members and preparation of a claims book (EOF No. 30). Thereafter, the parties engaged in extensive discovery and settlement discussions.

The parties retained an expert real estate appraiser, Sara W. Stephens, ORE, MAI, who assisted in valuing the easements so that the parties could negotiate a compromise settlement of all of the claims. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval of Settlement, Approval of Notice to Class Members Regarding Proposed Class Action Settlement, and Req. to Set Date for Public Hr’g under RCFC 23(e) at 2-3 (“Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval”) (ECF No. 81); Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 2 (ECF No. 82); Joint Status Report filed Nov. 5, 2013 (ECF No. 36). The parties instructed Ms. Stephens to estimate the fair market value of representative parcels in their condition before and after the Notice of Interim Trail Úse was issued. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 2. In the “before” condition, the parcels were valued as unburdened by an easement, and in the “after” condition the parcels were valued subject to an easement for recreational trail use, with the possibility of future reactivation of rail service. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 2. The parties asked Ms. Stephens to prepare the appraisals in conformance with the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice and the Uniform Appraisal Standards for Federal Land Acquisitions. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 2. The parties also asked Ms. Stephens to assist in identifying representative parcels. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 2.

Counsel for the parties and Ms. Stephens conducted a site visit on February 20, 2014. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 2; Joint Status Report filed Mar. 24, 2014 (ECF No. 38). During the site visit, counsel for the parties and Ms. Stephens inspected the length of the corridor, and viewed all of the properties at issue in this case. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 2. In addition, class counsel called attention to unique parcels and legal and factual issues that class counsel believed should be addressed in the appraisal process. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim.. Approval 2. Ms. Stephens subsequently returned to view the properties at issue without counsel present. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 2.

The parties agreed to group similarly situated properties into seven categories based upon location, highest and best use, and other characteristics. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3, These included three residential categories, three commercial/industrial categories, and one agricultural category. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3. The parties and Ms. Stephens selected a representative parcel from each of the seven categories and Ms. Stephens prepared and provided an appraisal report for each representative parcel in August to October 2014. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3-4; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim, Approval 3. The parties reviewed and analyzed the appraisal reports and agreed to use those appraisals for settlement purposes. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 4; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3.

The parties also retained a mapping expert to measure the frontage for each of the parcels along the corridor to calculate the area of land allegedly taken. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 4; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3; Joint Status Report filed Mar. 24, 2014 (ECF No. 38). The frontage measurements were provided to the parties and Ms. Stephens. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim, Approval 4; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3. The appraised values of the representative parcels were applied to the remaining parcels using the frontage measurements to estimate the value of the easement allegedly taken from the remaining properties in each category. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 4; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 3.

Class counsel on October 26, 2016 mailed a letter to each class member informing each class member of the proposed settlement agreement and class counsel’s motion for URA fees. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 7.

Thereafter, on December 1, 2016, class counsel filed a motion for preliminary approval of the settlement, approval of notice to class members regarding the proposed class action settlement, and request for a public hearing under RCFC 23(e) (ECF No. 81). The parties’ proposed settlement agreement was filed with the court on December 1, 2016. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval Ex. B (ECF No. 81-2). Under the settlement, class members would receive a total of $1,026,696.00, of which $611,796.00 is principal for the value of the land allegedly taken and $413,800.00 is interest as of August 31, 2016. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval Ex. B ¶4. The amount of principal to be paid for each claim was set forth in Attachment A to the proposed settlement agreement and attached to plaintiffs’ motion. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval Ex. B Attach. A The government did not oppose preliminary approval of the class action settlement but asked the court to adopt different notice and forms than proposed by plaintiffs’ counsel (ECF No. 82).

On January 25, 2017, the court granted preliminary approval of the parties’ proposed settlement and scheduled a public fairness hearing for March 24, 2017 (ECF No. 86). With regard to the dispute over the notice and forms to be sent to the plaintiffs, the court rejected the government’s request that class counsel create a website for 53 plaintiffs to review the parties’ settlement methodology and motion for fees and costs. Instead, the court approved a notice that informed the plaintiffs of the terms of the settlement and provided them with the right and information needed to request copies of all relevant materials, including the motion for attorneys’ fees, from class counsel. In nearly all other respects, the court adopted the government’s proposed notice. The court determined that this approach satisfied the requirements of RCFC 23. The various notice provisions in the letter to be sent to plaintiffs stated as follows:

You may request additional information regarding the proposed settlement from Class Counsel, including: a copy of the representative appraisals applicable to the claims of class members, a spreadsheet identifying the properties in each appraisal group and the class member’s property and showing how the value of each property in that group was extrapolated or derived from the appraisal of the representative parcels, a copy of the proposed Settlement Agreement, and the Parties’ filings on Class Counsel’s motion for attorney’s fees.

ECF No. 87-1 at 2 (emphasis added).

The notice also specifically informed class members of them right to attend the March 24, 2017 fairness hearing and comment on the pending settlement and motion for attorneys’ fees and costs. The notice stated:

Members of the class, as well as members of the public, are invited to attend and participate in person or by telephone, in a public hearing on Friday, March 24, 2017 at 1:00 PM central time (2:00 PM eastern time) before the Honorable Nancy B. Firestone, United States Court of Federal Claims Judge.

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Any member of the class who would like an opportunity to comment on the proposed settlement or Class Counsel’s motion for an award of attorney’s fees at the hearing must advise the Court in writing at the address listed below by March 6, 2017.

Id. at 2-3 (emphasis in original).

Under a section titled “ATTORNEY’S FEES,” the notice to class members further stated: .

The Court will make a separate determination regarding the reimbursement of your attorney’s fees and costs. Because you will not pay any costs, Class Counsel will retain the reimbursement for costs which they have incurred as out-of-pocket expenses in this litigation. Class Counsel has requested that the Court award it reasonable fees pursuant to the Uniform Relocation Assis tance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970, 42 U.S.C. § 4654(a) (“URA”). The United States has agreed to reimburse the class for URA fees.

Your legal rights are affected whether you act or do not act. Read this notice carefully. If you do not take the opportunity to object to the proposed settlement either in writing or during the forthcoming hearing, you may be deemed to have waived your right to later object and to appeal from any court order approving the settlement and/or from any judgment that may be entered in this case.

You may obtain a copy of the proposed Settlement Agreement and the Parties’ filings on Class Counsel’s motion for attorney’s fees by requesting a copy from Class Counsel. These requests may be made by calling Class Counsel at 1-314-720-0220 or sending an email to Class Counsel at wald@swm.legal.

Id. at 8 (emphasis in original).

Under a section titled “YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS AND OPTIONS IN THIS CLASS ACTION,” the notice informed class members that they were not required to take any additional action as a class member at the time but “[a]s a member of the Class, you may approve of, object to, or comment on the proposed settlement and Class Counsel’s request for fees.” Id. at 4.

With regal’d to requesting additional information, the notice reiterated that:

This notice is intended to provide you with general information about the proposed settlement of this class action. You may request additional information about the terms of the proposed settlement, including information about how the settlement amount for your claim was determined, or information concerning Class Counsel’s request for fees, by contacting Class Counsel, Steven M. Wald of the law firm Stewart, Wald & MeCulley by telephone at 1-314-720-0220 or by sending an email to wald@swm.legal.

Id (emphasis added).

For class members who might want to participate in the fairness hearing, the notice stated:

As a class member, if you choose to provide written comments, you may (but are not required to) ask to speak in Court about the fairness of the proposed Settlement Agreement and Class Counsel’s request for fees. The space to request such permission is included in section “C” of the attached form. All forms must be sent to the address listed above and postmarked or faxed to the fax number listed above by March 6, 2017.

Id (emphasis removed).

Accompanying the notice for each class member were (1) a disclosure statement, and (2) a form titled “INDIVIDUAL CLASS MEMBER’S COMMENTS ON PROPOSED SETTLEMENT, CLASS COUNSEL’S REQUEST FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES AND/OR REQUEST TO ADDRESS THE COURT AT PUBLIC HEARING.” Id at 5-6. The form offered class members (a) the option of approving or rejecting the proposed settlement and requesting to appear at the fairness hearing, (b) a space to provide “COMMENTS / OBJECTIONS ON THE PROPOSED SETTLEMENT OR CLASS COUNSEL’S REQUEST FOR FEES,” and (c) the option of requesting to speak at the fairness hearing. Id. at 6-7. A note regarding this space for comments on the form explained:

If you do not intend to appear at the hearing to state your objections on the record, you must submit specific objections in writing, or risk waiving those objections for the purposes of an appeal. Attach additional sheets setting forth your comments/objections if needed.

Id.

As noted, the court held a hearing on March 24, 2017. The court received 40 notices of approval and 1 comment. The comment, as noted in footnote 1, related to the timing of the valuation of the property and was discussed at the hearing. None of the 6 plaintiffs who participated at the hearing made any comments. Only the government raised an issue at the hearing concerning the adequacy of the notice with regard to plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees and costs under RCFC 23(h) which the court has rejected.

II. DISCUSSION

A. The Settlement Agreement is Fair, Reasonable, and Adequate

Under RCFC 23(e), “[t]he claims, issues, or defenses of a certified class may be settled, voluntarily dismissed, or compromised only with the court’s approval.” The court may approve a proposed settlement “only after a hearing and on finding that it is fair, reasonable, and adequate.” RCFC 23(e)(2); see also Haggart v. Woodley, 809 F.3d 1336, 1348-49 (Fed. Cir. 2016), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 136 S.Ct. 2509, 195 L.Ed.2d 840 (2016). The court has discretion to accept or reject a proposed settlement, but it may not alter the proposed settlement, nor may it decide the merits of the case or resolve unsettled legal questions. Adams v. United States, 107 Fed.Cl. 74, 76-76 (2012) (citing Evans v. Jeff D., 475 U.S. 717, 726-27, 106 S.Ct. 1531, 89 L.Ed.2d 747 (1986); Nat’l Treasury Emps. Union v. United States, 54 Fed.Cl. 791, 797 (2002)).

There is no definitive list of factors that the court must apply in considering a class action settlement. Raulerson v. United States, 108 Fed.Cl. 675, 677 (2013). However, in determining whether a settlement agreement is “fair, reasonable, and adequate,” courts have found the following factors instructive:

1. The relative strengths of plaintiffs case compared to the proposed settlement;

2. The recommendation of the counsel for the class regarding the proposed settlement, taking into account the adequacy of class counsel’s representation of the class;

3. The reaction of the class members to the proposed settlement, taking into account the adequacy of notice to the class members of the settlement terns;

4. The fairness of the settlement to the entire class;

5. The fairness of the provision for attorney fees; and

6. The ability of the defendants to withstand a greater judgment, taking into account whether the defendant is a governmental actor or private entity.

E.g., Sabo v. United States, 102 Fed.Cl. 619, 627 (2011) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

As discussed in the court’s January 25, 2017 order granting preliminary approval of the proposed settlement agreement (EOF No. 86), the court does not find any evidence of collusive activity, preferential treatment, or other deficiencies in the proposed settlement. In this case, in reaching the proposed settlement agreement,'the parties conducted discovery, a thorough joint appraisal of the fair market value of class members’ property interests for the alleged taking, and negotiations indicating no preferential treatment or other deficiencies. Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 2-4; Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Mot. for Prelim. Approval 2-3.

In addition, consistent with the Federal Circuit’s decision in Haggart, 809 F.3d at 1359, the proposed agreement does not provide for plaintiffs’ attorneys’ fees to be paid out of the settlement proceeds under the “common fund” doctrine. See also Sabo, 102 Fed.Cl. at 630; Barnes v. United States, No. 04-1335C, 2010 WL 1904503, at *2 (Fed. Cl. May 7, 2010).

The court received forms approving the settlement from 40 of the 53 claimants. See Notice of Class Members Responses 1 (EOF No. 94, filed Mar. 17, 2017). As noted, only one class member, WRW Oil Co., Inc., through its president Douglas Wayland, commented on the settlement agreement. Mr. Wayland wrote: “The land was appraise[d] in 2004, land has taken a large jump in the last 13 years.” Id. Ex. A at 77-78. Mr. Way-land was a participant at the March 24, 2017 fairness hearing but did not speak. The court has considered WRW Oil’s comment and finds that it does not suggest that the settlement is unfair, unreasonable, or inadequate. Although WRW Oil might well be correct that the property taken has increased in value, as counsel discussed at the hearing, WRW Oil is entitled to' compensation based on the property’s value at the date of the taking and will receive an amount that is commensurate with the value at that time. See, e.g., Home v. Dep’t of Agric., — U.S. -, 135 S.Ct. 2419, 2432, 192 L.Ed.2d 388 (2015) (“The Court has repeatedly held that just compensation normally is to be measured by the market value of the property at the time of the taking.” (citation omitted)).

In view of the foregoing, the court finds that the parties’ settlement agreement is fair, reasonable, and adequate and warrants approval.

B. Attorneys’ Fees and Costs

RCFC 23(h) provides that “[i]n a certified class action, the court may award reasonable attorney’s fees and nontaxable costs that are authoráed by law or by the parties’ agreement.”

The URA, 42 U.S.C. § 4654(c), provides that:

The court rendering a judgment for the plaintiff in a proceeding brought under section 1346(a)(2) or 1491 of Title 28, awarding compensation for the taking of property by a Federal agency, or the Attorney General effecting a settlement of any such proceeding, shall determine and award or allow to such plaintiff, as a part of such judgment or settlement, such sum as will in the opinion of the court or the Attorney General reimburse such plaintiff for his reasonable costs, disbursements, and expenses, including reasonable attorney, appraisal, and engineering fees, actually incurred because of such proceeding,

The Federal Circuit has found that under a fee-shifting statute such as the URA, “the court calculates awards for attorney fees using the ‘lodestar method’ which is ‘the product of reasonable hours times a reasonable rate.’ ” Haggart, 809 F.3d at 1355 (quoting City of Burlington v. Dague, 505 U.S. 557, 559-60, 112 S.Ct. 2638, 120 L.Ed.2d 449 (1992)). “A fee award that is determined through the use of a lodestar calculation carries a ‘strong presumption’ that it represents a ‘reasonable’ attorney fee.” Biery v. United States, 818 F.3d 704, 710 (Fed. Cir. 2016), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 137 S.Ct. 389, 196 L.Ed.2d 295 (2016) (quoting Bywaters v. United States, 670 F.3d 1221, 1229 (Fed. Cir. 2012)). “Departures from the lodestar figure, once calculated, must be supported by ‘specific evidence’ justifying the award.” Id. (quoting Perdue v. Kenny A. ex rel. Winn, 559 U.S. 542, 553, 130 S.Ct. 1662, 176 L.Ed.2d 494 (2010). “Ultimately, a fee award must ‘be adequate to attract competent counsel,’ but must not “produce windfalls to attorneys.’” Id. (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 444, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983)).

1. Rates

Plaintiffs argue that they are entitled to reasonable compensation for class counsel at hourly rates of up to $475 for partners, $275 for associates, and $150-$175 for paralegals. Plaintiffs argue that this court has approved the requested rates as reasonable in other recent rails-to-trails class actions. See Thomas v. United States, No. 10-459L, 2014 WL 1347221, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Apr. 4, 2014) (awarding fees based on an hourly rate of $475 for Steven M. Wald and J. Robert Sears for work performed from 2009 through 2013); Adkins v. United States, No. 09-503L (Opinion on Fees and Costs, ECF No. 140, filed Jan. 30, 2014) (awarding fees based on hourly rates of $475 for Thomas S. Stewart and $375 for Elizabeth G. McCulley for work performed from 2009 through 2013); Gregory v. United States, 110 Fed.Cl. 400, 406 (2013) (awarding fees based on hourly rates of $475 for Mr. Stewart and other partners, and $375 for Ms. McCulley “to reflect her transition from associate to partner,” for work performed from 2009 through 2013). Plaintiffs also provide several affidavits from attorneys who state that they have personal knowledge and experience concerning prevailing billable hour rates or complex commercial litigation in Kansas City and St. Louis and that class counsel’s requested rates are reasonable. See Pis.’ Fees Mot. Exs. C-G (ECF No. 76).

Plaintiffs acknowledge that in contingent fee agreements between class counsel and 4 of the 53 class members, signed in 2009 and 2010, the class members agreed to pay the greater of (a) 35% of the “gross settlement or verdict,” or (b) “statutory attorneys’ fees as determined by the appropriate court and to be paid by the United States, which [the class members] understand and agree to be $375 per hour for [Partners], $350 per hour for Of Counsel attorneys, $225 to $275 per hour for associate attorneys, and $150 per hour for paralegals.” Def.’s Resp. to Pis.’ Fees Mot. Ex. 1 at 2-5 (ECF No. 83). The agreements further state that the class members “understand the statutory attorneys’ fees are based on the Law Firm’s hourly rate.” Id. Plaintiffs argue that these rates are not binding on the court on the grounds that the agreements expressly state that statutory attorneys’ fees will be “determined by the appropriate court” and in any case are only one factor the court may consider in determining whether a fee is reasonable. See Bywaters, 670 F.3d at 1231.

The government argues that plaintiffs should not be permitted to collect fees from the United States at higher rates than class counsel would have collected from its clients and thus the rates stated in the contingent fee agreements should serve as a ceiling for the hourly rates class counsel may be permitted to collect in this ease. The government also argues that plaintiffs’ requested, rates above $375 per hour are unreasonable as they are higher than rates awarded in other fee-shifting matters in the same location and timeframe for attorneys with comparable experience.

The court has examined plaintiffs’ affidavits and the attorneys’ fee award eases plaintiffs cite in support of the claimed rates and finds that the work of class counsel on this rails to trails case from 2009 to 2010 should be reimbursed at the rates stated in class counsel’s contingent fee agreements with class members and at the requested rates for later years. Plaintiffs are correct that the court is not bound by the fees quoted in the contingent fee agreements but may consider those rates. In Bywaters, 670 F.3d at 1231, the Federal Circuit found that a “fee agreement between [class members] and their counsel ... is not a proper basis for reducing the lodestar figure, though it may be taken into account in the lodestar calculation.” Id. The Federal Circuit and the Supreme Court have noted that contingent-fee agreements may “aid in determining reasonableness,” even if “such an agreement does not impose an ‘automatic ceiling* on an award of attorneys’ fees.” Id. at 1232 n.7 (quoting Blanchard v. Bergeron, 489 U.S. 87, 93, 109 S.Ct. 939, 103 L.Ed.2d 67 (1989)). The court finds that the contingent fee rate represented a reasonable rate when this litigation was first initiated in 2009 on the grounds that the contingent fee agreements state that the rates are based on the Jaw firm’s then current billing rates.

At the beginning of the litigation, when the agreements were signed, in 2009 and 2010, the quoted rates were consistent with partner, associate, and paralegal rates for Kansas City and St. Louis firms and those rates will be used to guide the court. Thus, for 2009 and 2010, the rates for plaintiffs’ attorneys’ fee award is $375 per hour for partners, $275 per hour for associates, and $150 per hqur for paralegals.

The court is persuaded by plaintiffs that the fees they seek for 2011 gnd later years are reasonable and consistent with fee awards in comparable eases for attorneys in and around Kansas City and St. Louis. See Tussey v. ABB, Inc., 746 F.3d 327, 340-41 (8th Cir. 2014) (affirming award of attorneys’ fees at “blended rate” of $514.60 per hour for partners and associates in ERISA action); Betton v. St. Louis Cty., Mo., 405 Fed.Appx. 101 (8th Cir. 2010) (per curiam) (affirming award of attorneys’ fees at $450 per hour for partners in Missouri Human Rights Act case); Exec. Affiliates, Inc. v. AAF-McQuay, Inc., No. 4:12-CV-175-CEJ, 2013 WL 6571595, at *3 (E.D. Mo. Dec. 13, 2013) (awarding attorneys’ fees at $450 per hour for partner in tort case); Albright v. Bi-State Dev. Agency of Missouri-Illinois Metro. Dist., No. 4:11-CV-01691-AGF, 2013 WL 4855304, at *8 (E.D. Mo. Sept. 11, 2013) (awarding attorneys’ fees at $500 per hour for lead counsel in class action under the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act); United States ex rel. Joe Liptine v. CDW-Govemment, Inc,, No. 3:05-CV-00033-DRH-PMF, 2013 WL 11267176, af *11 (S.D. Ill. May 17, 2013) (awarding attorneys’ fees at $525 per hour for senior partners in False Claims Act case); Holland v. City of Gerald, Mo., No. 4:08-CV-707-HEA, 2013 WL 1688300, at *4 (E.D. Mo. Apr. 18, 2013) (awarding attorneys’ fees at $450 per hour for partners in civil rights litigation); Wil- fong v. Rent-A-Center, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 28016, *1 (S.D. Ill. Oct. 4, 2002) (awarding attorneys’ fees at $400 per hour for partners in employment discrimination class action). The court is also mindful that this court has awarded the higher requested rates in similar cases. See Thomas, 2014 WL 1347221, at *4; Adkins, No. 09-503L (Opinion on Fees and Costs, ECF No. 140, filed Jan. 30, 2014); and Gregory, 110 Fed.Cl. at 406. Thus, the hourly rates awarded are $476 for partners, $275 for associates, and $160 to $175 for paralegals for time billed on January 1, 2011 forward.

2. Hours

Plaintiffs bear the burden of proving that the number of hours submitted'for payment is reasonable and should not include hours that are “excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434, 437, 103 S.Ct. 1933. Plaintiffs request an award of fees associated with more than 1,174.50 hours of attorney time, including: (1) 911.8 hours of work class counsel performed up to August 31, 2016, the date the parties filed a joint status report (ECF No. 70) requesting that the court set a briefing schedule for plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees; (2) 191.8 hours of work on plaintiffs’ initial fee motion and reply; (3) 70.9 hours of work class counsel performed after August 31, 2016 on other “matters necessary to the litigation,” including “additional class management and preparation of the recent motion and reply in support of preliminary approval of the class action settlement”; • and (4) additional hours class counsel spent or will spend closing this case. The government asserts that plaintiffs’ requested number of hours is unreasonable. Below the court addresses in turn each category of disputed hours.

a. Prior to Filing the Complaint

The government argues that the court should exclude 62.7 hours class counsel spent on what the government characterizes as -non-reimbursable client development and background research activities, consisting of 32.0 partner hours, 20.8 associate hours, and 9.9 paralegal hours.

Plaintiffs argue that they are entitled to reimbursement for all of the hours class counsel spent investigating and building the class members’ claims prior to the filing of the complaint in this case, which plaintiffs assert are not non-reimbursable “client development” activities.

The court agrees with plaintiffs that class counsel’s work investigating plaintiffs’ claims, establishing the facts necessary to file a case on behalf of a class, prior to the filing of the complaint was not client development but necessary to ensure proper property claims and critical to every plaintiff achieving an award in this case. Plaintiffs have provided the court with detailed entries regarding the work performed in order to file the complaint. This court has found that while hours spent on client development are not the type of hours that are typically billed to a paying client, and therefore should be excluded from a reimbursement request, the URA allows for reimbursement of a reasonable number of hours spent preparing a complaint. See Thomas, 2014 WL 1347221, at *2. The court finds the hours spent in preparing the complaint are reimbursable.

b. Vague Descriptions

The government objects to plaintiffs’ request for fees associated with 3.6 hours class counsel spent on vaguely described activities, consisting of 2 partner hours and 1.6 associate hours. Plaintiffs assert that the contested time entries related to case strategy and investigation are sufficiently detailed, even though no specific client is identified, and should be fully reimbursable.

“Where the documentation of hours is inadequate, the ... court may reduce the award accordingly.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933. After reviewing the time entries at issue, the court finds that plaintiffs may not be reimbursed for fees associated with the 2 hours class counsel spent on “[r]eview and planning” of the case and “[w]ork on strategy.” See Thomas, 2014 WL 1347221, at *4 (finding that hours represented by similar entries were not reimbursable because the entriés were too vague and appeared to be covered by other hours plaintiffs claimed). The remaining 1.6 hours for “[^Investigate and analyze class members’ claims” are reimbursable. Id.

c. Travel

The government contends that plaintiffs’ request for fees associated with travel time should be reduced. The government argues that 68.8 hours of travel time, consisting of 19 hours of partner time and 49.8 hours of associate time, should be reduced by 60% in light of case law reducing the amount a prevailing plaintiff can recover for an attorney’s travel time on the grounds that while traveling the attorney was not otherwise working on client-billable tasks. 2

Plaintiffs argue that because nearly all of the travel in this case was by car, foreclosing the possibility of class counsel doing any other work, those hours should be reimbursable in full.

The court agrees with plaintiffs that they are entitled to attorneys’ fees associated with hours class counsel spent traveling. Plaintiffs rely on Crumbaker v. Merit Systems Protection Board, 781 F.2d 191, 193 (Fed. Cir. 1986), modified on other grounds, 827 F.2d 761 (Fed. Cir. 1987), to support them position that class counsel’s travel time should be fully reimbursed. In Crumbaker, the Federal Circuit found that the appropriate billing rate for time spent traveling “is the same billing rate as would be appropriate for the other time the lawyers put in on the case.” Id. (quoting Henry v. Webermeier, 738 F.2d 188, 194 (7th Cir. 1984)). The Federal Circuit adopted the Seventh Circuit’s reasoning that “[w]hen a lawyer travels for one client he incurs an opportunity cost that is equal to the fee he would have charged that or another client if he had not been traveling.” Id. (quoting Henry, 788 F.2d at 194). However, the Federal Circuit noted that unnecessary or unreasonable travel time “should be subtracted out.” Id. (quoting Henry, 788 F.2d at 194). Therefore, attorney travel time may be fully compensable but plaintiffs must still show that the requested hours are reasonable. The court agrees with plaintiffs that the hours class counsel spent travelling were reasonable and therefore reimbursable. See id In this ease, because the transit time was spent driving, it would not have been possible for class counsel to work while in transit and thus they are entitled to their fees while in transit.

d. Hours Spent on Unsuccessful Arguments Regarding Plaintiffs’ Proposed Notice to Class Members and Plaintiffs’ Motion for Fees and Costs

The government asserts that plaintiffs’ request should be reduced by 11.9 hours on the grounds that the court did not adopt plaintiffs’ version of the notice to class members regarding the proposed class action settlement. The government also argues that plaintiffs should not be allowed to recover attorneys’ fees associated with any of the 191.8 hours class counsel spent on plaintiffs’ fees motion, or at least the time spent on unsuccessful arguments. The government identifies 11 additional hours it claims should be characterized as pertaining to plaintiffs’ fees motion and should be excluded on that basis.

The court agrees with the government that plaintiffs may not recover fees associated with time spent on unsuccessful arguments. This court may eliminate hours or reduce an award “based on the degree of success obtained.” Biery, 818 F.3d at 712. First, plaintiffs’ requested hours for time class counsel spent on plaintiffs’ fees motion and reply in support of the motion are not all reimbursable. Plaintiffs initially proposed that class counsel could collect contingent fees pursuant to agreements with four class members or treat the settlement as a common fund and recover an unspecified contingent fee. However, plaintiffs withdrew the request for contingent fees pursuant to the agreements with four class members. See Pis.’ Reply in Support of Fees Mot, 1 (ECF No. 85). Plaintiffs also initially requested that the court apply the “common fund doctrine,” which the court found was foreclosed by the Federal Circuit’s decision in Haggart, 809 F.3d at 1354-59. See Order on Plaintiffs’ “Notice Regarding Class Counsel’s Position” (ECF No. 89, filed Jan. 30, 2017). Therefore, plaintiffs’ requested hours for time class counsel spent on these arguments must be eliminated.

In addition, the court agrees with the government that plaintiffs’ requested hours should be reduced to reflect their partial success with regard to the parties’ disagreement about which notice and forms to use to inform class members of the proposed settlement in this case. The court approved the government’s version of the notice and forms with the exception of references to a proposed website and the references to class counsel’s request for contingent fees. See Order Granting Preliminary Approval to Parties’ Proposed Settlement and Notice Forms to Class Members and Scheduling a Public Fairness Hearing 3-5 (ECF No. 86, filed Jan. 25, 2017). Plaintiffs’ requested hours should be reduced by 50% for this work because class counsel could have objected only to the government’s proposal to create a website and thus saved time spent briefing other issues regarding the adequacy of their proposed notice. Plaintiffs are entitled to their fees and costs for this round of briefing on fees and costs for continuing litigation and the court understands that those amounts may need to be recalculated.

3. Notice was Directed to Class Members as Required by RCFC 23(h)

Finally, as discussed above, the court finds that the government’s contention raised for the first time at the fairness hearing regarding plaintiffs’ compliance with RCFC 23(h) must be rejected. RCFC 23(h) sets out the following procedures for approving a motion for attorneys’ fees and nontaxable costs;

(1) A claim for an award must be made by motion under RCFC 54(d)(2), subject to the provisions of this subdivision (h), at a time the court sets. Notice of the motion must be served on all parties and, for motions by class counsel, directed to class members in a reasonable manner.

(2) A class member, or party from whom payment is sought, may object to the motion.

(3) The court may hold a hearing and must find the facts and state its legal conclusions under RCFC 52(a).

RCFC 23(h).

At the hearing, plaintiffs’ counsel argued that RCFC 23(h) only requires that “[n]otice of the motion,” not actual copies of the motion and related filings, “must be served on all parties and; for motions by class counsel, directed to class members in a reasonable manner,” and that the notice sent to class members more than satisfied that requirement. The court agrees. As detailed above, the notice and forms provided to class members expressly identified plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees and costs and provided an opportunity to “request additional information regarding the proposed settlement from Class Counsel, including ... the Parties’ filings on Class Counsel’s motion for attorney’s fees.” E.g., ECF No. 87-1 at 2. In Haggart, the Federal Circuit noted that “[c]ourts have approved notices that did not contain some of the precise details of the settlement, such as the distribution or allocation plan, or the amount of attorney fees to be taken out, as long as sufficient contact information is provided to allow the class members to obtain more detailed information about those matters.” 809 F.3d at 1348 (quoting Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Settlement, Voluntary Dismissal, or Compromise of Class Actions — Settlement Notice, 7B Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 1797.6 (3d ed. 2004)). Similarly, the Advisory Committee notes regarding the analogous notice requirement under Rule 23(h)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure state:

Besides service of the motion on all parties, notice of class counsel’s motion for attorney fees must be ‘directed to the class in a reasonable manner.’ Because members of the class have an interest in the arrangements for payment of class counsel whether that payment comes from the class fund or is made directly by another party, notice is required in all instances. In cases in which settlement approval is contemplated under Rule 23(e), notice of class counsel’s fee motion should be combined with notice of the proposed settlement, and the provision regarding notice to the class is parallel to the requirements for notice under Rule 23(e). In adjudicated class actions, the court may calibrate the notice to avoid undue expense.

In this case, the notice and forms sent to class members regarding the proposed settlement, which were based on the government’s proposed notice and forms, expressly discussed plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees and costs. The notice and forms included information about plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees and costs and provided class members an opportunity to obtain copies of the parties’ filings from class counsel. The notice and forms also provided class members the opportunity to object or comment on plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees and costs in writing and at the fairness hearing. Therefore, the court finds that the requirements of RCFC 23(h) have been met and thus a ruling on attorneys’ fees and costs is appropriate.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons above, the parties’ proposed settlement is APPROVED. Because there is no just reason for delay, the clerk is directed to enter judgment pursuant to RCFC 54(b) in the amount of $611,795.00 in principal apportioned among the plaintiffs as shown in the table attached to this opinion. Interest shall be payable on these amounts at a rate of 4.3 percent, compounded annually, beginning on May 24, 2004, until the date the judgment is paid.

Plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees and costs is GRANTED-IN-PART and DENIED-IN-PART. The parties shall have until April 24, 2017 to fíle a joint status report with a final proposed judgment for attorneys’ fees and costs.

IS SO ORDERED.

1 . As discussed infra, the court received one comment to the effect that the plaintiff's property had increased in value since the date of the taking, but the comment did not object to the settlement amount based on the valuation as of the date of the taking.

2 . The government also argues that 6.8 partner hours for "[preparation for research at [the National Archives and Records Administration (“NARA”) ] and travel to College Parle, MD” on June 23, 2009 should be eliminated on the grounds that it was non-compensable client development and background research activity. Plaintiffs note that as part of the verification of individual claims and work with title documents and issues, class counsel identified and obtained "[v]aluation maps showing the original source conveyances ... from the National Archives in College Park, Maryland,” which "were then electronically digitized and overlain on parcel maps created by Plaintiffs’ Counsel.” Pis.’ Fees Mot. 10, For the reasons above, the court agrees with plaintiffs that this work prior to the filing of the complaint is reimbursable.