Henry, C. J.
This action was commenced in the Jackson county special law and equity court to compel a settlement of an alleged partnership between plaintiff and defendant in the construction of the Kansas City water works. The petition alleges that defendant entered into a contract-with the National Water Works Company, of New York, for furnishing the materials and doing said, work at certain stipulated prices, and subsequently by a written agreement between him and the plaintiff the latter became’ defendant’s partner in the work. It then alleges the completion of the work. That the actual cost including materials was $109,020, but that at the contract prices it amounted to $214,-109.61. That defendant received payments as the work progressed and on a final settlement received $51,000 instead of $102,000 then due. That the settlement was made with Mastín, the financial agent of the company, between whom and defendant it was then .fraudulently agreed for the purpose of cheating and defrauding plaintiff that Mastín should retain $51,000 which was to be concealed and was concealed from plaintiff for a long time after. That defendant on receipt of said $51,000 [366]*366gave Mastín a receipt in full to enable Mastín to charge the full amount of $102,000 in his settlement with the water works company. That subsequently Mastín settled with that company and with this defendant on that basis, etc. Plaintiff claims one-half as his share of said $51,000 and also one-half of $50,000 alleged to have been previously received by the defendant with interest, which .he charges were the net profits on the contract.
The defendant’s answer contains a specific denial of .all the material facts alleged in the petition. States that the net profits received by him did not exceed $20,000. That plaintiff, as attorney for the water works company, fixed the prices to be paid for the work. And that those prices were unreasonable. That he was forced to make the deduction of $51,000 from contract prices by reason of plaintiff’s advice to the company ; and for .a further defence admitted the execution of the agreement relied upon by plaintiff as a partnership agreement, but alleges that it was illegal and void because Green was then the attorney of the water works company, and his duty to that company forbade his making such a ■contract. That it was his duty to advise that company whether the contract between’Corrigan and that company was wise and prudent in its provisions and details, and 'that in making said contract plaintiff acted without the knowledge or consent of said company. The replication was a specific denial of all the allegations in the .answer. On a hearing of the cause before a special judge there was a finding for plaintiff and a judgment in his favor for $30,-285.71.
On the trial plaintiff introduced in evidence the written agreement between him and Corrigan. Also testimony tending to prove that he aided and assisted in the work ; various payments made to Corrigan on account of the work. Denied.in his own testimony that ■he was the attorney of the w'ater works company. And .generally testimony was introduced by plaintiff tending [367]*367to establish the facts alleged in the petition. In his own testimony he stated that the water works company, in fact, had no interest in the work, and never pnt anything into them, but permitted certain parties to build the works' in its name. That those parties were himself, John J. and Thomas Mastín, of Kansas City, and Donnell, Lawson & •Company, of New York. Plaintiff read in evidence the •deposition of defendant in which he testified that he had .an understanding with Mastín as soon as the water works ■ordinance was passed by Kansas City, that he, Corrigan, should have the work and that Green told the defendant that he wanted him to make $25,000, which was less than he usually made on such contracts. That Green told him that ‘ ‘ the understanding was, he Avas to stand in with me, Donnell, Lawson & Company were to make their profits by commissions on the sale of first mortgage “bonds, and the Mastins by loaning- the money at two percent, per month.” “Green said this was the understanding among all the parties. Green said he thought he could control the fixing of prices.”
Corrigan also testified that he supposed the profits, •as he settled with Mastín, vrere from $36,000 to $37,000. Mr. Green did not, in his testimony, contradict the above statement made by Corrigan as to his representation to •Corrigan. And in his written argument filed in this court he says: “The prices in the contract were fixed •on consultation at what they were for the express purpose and with the understanding among all partners that in consequence of the risk taken, and a large ■margin to be carried for the company the contractor Avas to have liberal prices. And the great. reduction in the prices of labor and material which took place during the spring and summer of 1874 left the margin of profit larger than it otherwise would have been. The company •approved the prices -with full knowledge, nothing about them being concealed or misrepresented,” etc.
Mr. John J. Mastín contradicted Mr. Green; testi[368]*368fied that he had nothing to do with fixing the prices for the work. That Green, the engineer and Corrigan fixed the prices. That when Corrigan came for a settlement he told Corrigan that the contract was fraudulent and he did not intend to pay it. That he did not know that Corrigan and Green were partners until long after they became partners. Mr. Mahan testified that “J. J. Mastin, Green and himself were by resolution constituted a local board at Kansas City with power to make all contracts for the construction of the water works. Col. Green was a little more liberal in his contracts than he should have been, and I objected to some of the prices in contracts let by him and they were sometimes modified and lowered. The letting of most of the contracts at Kansas City was left to him, as he was better acquainted with prices than I was. Having co-authority with him he made most of the contracts which were sometimes modified and afterwards approved by the local board. Col. Green made the contract with Corrigan, as one of the executive committee ; stated that he knew the prices of work in Kansas City better than I did as I was a stranger there, and that he would make the contract with Corrigan and submit it, which he did, with prices for the different characters of work, all made up. I objected to some of the prices and stated to him that they were entirely too high. After considerable discussion he stated that at those prices Corrigan would not make over $25,000 on the whole contract. I was satisfied that with a contract of that magnitude a man ought to make $25,000, and, therefore, consented to a ratification of the contract.”
That the other parties, associated as partners with Mr. Green in the water works enterprise, were ignorant of the arrangement he had made with Corrigan is clearly established by the evidence. To this effect is the testimony of Mastin and Corrigan; and Green, in a letter to Corrigan July 4, 1876, with respect to the contract [369]*369Corrigan had with the water works company to construct the works, used the following language: “ There is a still more dangerous question going to the validity of the entire contract as against the company. That I will call your attention to when I see yon.” Again in the same letter: “The company are not at present aware of the facts, but may at any time discover them.” What facts are these alluded to 1
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Henry, C. J.
This action was commenced in the Jackson county special law and equity court to compel a settlement of an alleged partnership between plaintiff and defendant in the construction of the Kansas City water works. The petition alleges that defendant entered into a contract-with the National Water Works Company, of New York, for furnishing the materials and doing said, work at certain stipulated prices, and subsequently by a written agreement between him and the plaintiff the latter became’ defendant’s partner in the work. It then alleges the completion of the work. That the actual cost including materials was $109,020, but that at the contract prices it amounted to $214,-109.61. That defendant received payments as the work progressed and on a final settlement received $51,000 instead of $102,000 then due. That the settlement was made with Mastín, the financial agent of the company, between whom and defendant it was then .fraudulently agreed for the purpose of cheating and defrauding plaintiff that Mastín should retain $51,000 which was to be concealed and was concealed from plaintiff for a long time after. That defendant on receipt of said $51,000 [366]*366gave Mastín a receipt in full to enable Mastín to charge the full amount of $102,000 in his settlement with the water works company. That subsequently Mastín settled with that company and with this defendant on that basis, etc. Plaintiff claims one-half as his share of said $51,000 and also one-half of $50,000 alleged to have been previously received by the defendant with interest, which .he charges were the net profits on the contract.
The defendant’s answer contains a specific denial of .all the material facts alleged in the petition. States that the net profits received by him did not exceed $20,000. That plaintiff, as attorney for the water works company, fixed the prices to be paid for the work. And that those prices were unreasonable. That he was forced to make the deduction of $51,000 from contract prices by reason of plaintiff’s advice to the company ; and for .a further defence admitted the execution of the agreement relied upon by plaintiff as a partnership agreement, but alleges that it was illegal and void because Green was then the attorney of the water works company, and his duty to that company forbade his making such a ■contract. That it was his duty to advise that company whether the contract between’Corrigan and that company was wise and prudent in its provisions and details, and 'that in making said contract plaintiff acted without the knowledge or consent of said company. The replication was a specific denial of all the allegations in the .answer. On a hearing of the cause before a special judge there was a finding for plaintiff and a judgment in his favor for $30,-285.71.
On the trial plaintiff introduced in evidence the written agreement between him and Corrigan. Also testimony tending to prove that he aided and assisted in the work ; various payments made to Corrigan on account of the work. Denied.in his own testimony that ■he was the attorney of the w'ater works company. And .generally testimony was introduced by plaintiff tending [367]*367to establish the facts alleged in the petition. In his own testimony he stated that the water works company, in fact, had no interest in the work, and never pnt anything into them, but permitted certain parties to build the works' in its name. That those parties were himself, John J. and Thomas Mastín, of Kansas City, and Donnell, Lawson & •Company, of New York. Plaintiff read in evidence the •deposition of defendant in which he testified that he had .an understanding with Mastín as soon as the water works ■ordinance was passed by Kansas City, that he, Corrigan, should have the work and that Green told the defendant that he wanted him to make $25,000, which was less than he usually made on such contracts. That Green told him that ‘ ‘ the understanding was, he Avas to stand in with me, Donnell, Lawson & Company were to make their profits by commissions on the sale of first mortgage “bonds, and the Mastins by loaning- the money at two percent, per month.” “Green said this was the understanding among all the parties. Green said he thought he could control the fixing of prices.”
Corrigan also testified that he supposed the profits, •as he settled with Mastín, vrere from $36,000 to $37,000. Mr. Green did not, in his testimony, contradict the above statement made by Corrigan as to his representation to •Corrigan. And in his written argument filed in this court he says: “The prices in the contract were fixed •on consultation at what they were for the express purpose and with the understanding among all partners that in consequence of the risk taken, and a large ■margin to be carried for the company the contractor Avas to have liberal prices. And the great. reduction in the prices of labor and material which took place during the spring and summer of 1874 left the margin of profit larger than it otherwise would have been. The company •approved the prices -with full knowledge, nothing about them being concealed or misrepresented,” etc.
Mr. John J. Mastín contradicted Mr. Green; testi[368]*368fied that he had nothing to do with fixing the prices for the work. That Green, the engineer and Corrigan fixed the prices. That when Corrigan came for a settlement he told Corrigan that the contract was fraudulent and he did not intend to pay it. That he did not know that Corrigan and Green were partners until long after they became partners. Mr. Mahan testified that “J. J. Mastin, Green and himself were by resolution constituted a local board at Kansas City with power to make all contracts for the construction of the water works. Col. Green was a little more liberal in his contracts than he should have been, and I objected to some of the prices in contracts let by him and they were sometimes modified and lowered. The letting of most of the contracts at Kansas City was left to him, as he was better acquainted with prices than I was. Having co-authority with him he made most of the contracts which were sometimes modified and afterwards approved by the local board. Col. Green made the contract with Corrigan, as one of the executive committee ; stated that he knew the prices of work in Kansas City better than I did as I was a stranger there, and that he would make the contract with Corrigan and submit it, which he did, with prices for the different characters of work, all made up. I objected to some of the prices and stated to him that they were entirely too high. After considerable discussion he stated that at those prices Corrigan would not make over $25,000 on the whole contract. I was satisfied that with a contract of that magnitude a man ought to make $25,000, and, therefore, consented to a ratification of the contract.”
That the other parties, associated as partners with Mr. Green in the water works enterprise, were ignorant of the arrangement he had made with Corrigan is clearly established by the evidence. To this effect is the testimony of Mastin and Corrigan; and Green, in a letter to Corrigan July 4, 1876, with respect to the contract [369]*369Corrigan had with the water works company to construct the works, used the following language: “ There is a still more dangerous question going to the validity of the entire contract as against the company. That I will call your attention to when I see yon.” Again in the same letter: “The company are not at present aware of the facts, but may at any time discover them.” What facts are these alluded to 1 Evidently, the facts that Green had become a co-partner with Corrigan in the work, and in the interest of himself and Corrigan,, was mainly instrumental in fixing the prices for the work. That the relations between him and Corrigan were studiously concealed from his co-partners the testimony leaves no doubt. That he controlled the prices Corrigan was to receive for the work is expressly testified to by Mahan. That those prices were enormously excessive is apparent from the claim he makes in his petition, and that it was a fraud upon his company does not admit of question. He testified that he was not the attorney of the National Water Works Company, except nominally ; and yet he claimed against that company for services as its attorney $5,000 to June, 1874, $5,000 additional for each of the years 1874, 1875, 1876, and $5,000 for extra or special services in 1877, aggregating $25,000, certainly a very liberal allowance to a mere nominal attorney. But the water works company was, in the construction of the Kansas City water works, but a nominal party, as-Mr. Green testified. Nothing that it had, but the name, was used, and in making those charges and performing the professional services for which they were made, it is likely that they were in fact rendered to his co-partners who were his real, while the water works company was his nominal, client. The evidence in this case is very voluminous and it would fill a volume of our reports. I cannot, therefore, do much more than state conclusions fairly to be drawn from it. '
[370]*370The contract bétween Corrigan and Green was made in fraud of Green’s co-partners (the Mastins and Donnell & Lawson) if made without their consent. Spinks v. Davis, 32 Miss. 152; Valentine v. Stewart, 15 Cal. 387. Green stood to them in the double relation of co-partner and counsellor a,nd attorney. It is a rale of. law recognized by this court that where parties to a contract .ar sin pari delicto, one of them shall not avail himself of the fraud in the contract to prevent the other from recovering his share of the profits, after the contract is ■executed, if the other £ £ can make out his case otherwise than through the medium and by the aid of the illegal transaction to which he hipiself was a party.” Broom’s Legal Max. 645 ; Kitchen v. Greenabaum, 61 Mo. 116 ; Hunter v. Whitehead, 42 Mo. 524. But, “in cases where both parties are in delicto, concurring in an illegal- act, it does not always follow they stand in pari ■delicto, for there may be and often are very different ■degrees in their guilt.” Story’s Eq., sec. 300. The maxim, “ in pari delicto potior est conditio defenclentis et possidentis,” is not of' universal prevalence. Another exception arises where the parties to the transaction, although concurring in the illegal act, are regarded as not equally guilty in consequence of fraud, oppression, imposition or hardship practiced by one party upon the' other, thereby attaining an unconsciozzable advantage.” Kitchen v. Geenabaum, supra.
In the case at bar, the parties are not in pari delicto. ■ Green’s conduct was not only a fraud upon his co-partners, but by false and fraudulent representations, that it was understood betwixt him and his co-partners that he might stazid in with Corrigan, he indzzeed the latter to admit him to share in the profits of the contract Corrigan had with the water works company, Green having fixed prices for the work which would yield enormous profits ; and fixed them, it is fairly inferable from the evidence, with a view to his sharing with Cor[371]*371rigan in the profits. But when Corrigan fiad a settlement with. Mastín, tfie financial agent of Green’s company, Mastin having discovered tfie fraud repudiated tfie ■contract and paid to Corrigan $50,000 less than tfie contract price for tfie work. Can it be said on tfie above state of facts that Green and Corrigan are in pari ■delicto ? If tfie facts were as represented to Corrigan by Grfeen, Corrigan neither perpetrated nor participated in any fraud. If Green’s associates were willing to let him stand in with Corrigan, Green was guilty of no fraud; but when it is shown that there was no such agreement between Green and fiis partners fie is tfie only .guilty party to tfie contract fie seeks to enforce. Corrigan committed no fraud in admitting Green to share in fiis profits, unless fie confederated with Green to procure by fraud enormous prices for tfie work, and the only evidence of such confederacy ¿re tfie facts that fie admitted Green to share tfie profits, and Green •did obtain exorbitant prices for tfie work. It is to be borne in mind, however, in this connection, that there is no charge in tfie pleadings of such fraud against Corrigan.
If it is true, and tfie testimony leads me' to that ■conclusion, that Green induced Corrigan to believe that fie fiad tfie consent of fiis co-partners to stand in with Corrigan, I cannot see where, either in fiis contract with the water works company or with Green, fie committed or participated in a fraud. Tfie main features of this case distinguish it from all those cited by respondent in fiis brief; nor is it like any of tfie cases cited by appellant’s counsel. We do not now controvert tfie ■doctrine announced in tfie cases cited by respondent, with which Kitchen v. Greenabaum and Hunter v. Whitehead, supra, are in line, although some of them ■carry it so far as almost to amount to judicial sanction and protection of fraud. Those cases' are, however, inapplicable to tliis.- I am satisfied that no* case [372]*372can be found with such features as are presented in this, where the defendant has been denied the right to set up the fraud of the plaintiff as a defence to his action. Corrigan had the right to get the highest prices for his work in a contract with a company which had undertaken it. He sustained no relation to the water works company, or the parties who were using its name, which made it a fraud for him to procure the best prices he could induce them to give him for his work, and there is no charge in the pleadings, or testimony on the trial, proving that he used any other unfair means to get exorbitant prices, except his association of Green with him in the contract, and that was not a fraud on his part upon Green’s partners if they were-consenting to it as Green represented, or if Corrigan believed Green’s statement that they were consenting to-it. It is not alleged by plaintiff that Corrigan participated in any fraud upon the company. The only fraud alleged against Corrigan relátesete his final settlement with John J. Mastín, the -financial agent of the water works-company, or, rather, the financial agent of the company composed of the Mastins, Green and Donnell, Lawson & Company. Fraud, if proved, cannot affect the contract between Corrigan, and the water works company, or the-contract between Green and Corrigan.
But respondent contends that the question of whether the parties were in pari delicto was not raised, either by the pleadings or the evidence. Defendant in his answer averred the relations existing between Green and the water works company, and alleged the invalidity of the contract made between him and Corrigan. All the evidence in relation to Green’s fraud in making that contract and all that relating to his conduct in fixing the prices for the work was admitted without objection. Plaintiff read Corrigan’s deposition in his own behalf, in. chief, in which the testimony first appears as to Green’», representations to .him that he “ Green was to stand. in. [373]*373with him,” etc. Corrigan testified as a witness at the trial and repeated it without objection, and no evidence •offered to prove fraud against Green was, objected to by him. The representations madé by Green to induce Corrigan to mate the alleged partnership agreement were a part of the res gestae, admissible in evidence as a circumstance to show Green’s fraud in the transaction, and, while admissible for that purpose, it also shows that, e\en if Green, under the pleadings, could introduce evidence to prove Corrigan guilty of any other fraud than that specifically charged, with regard to Corrigan’s settlement with Mastín, he was far less guilty than Green.
It is true that Corrigan did not specifically plead that he was not in pari delicto with Green. If he had, he would have admitted his guilt when he was charged with none. No fraud was charged against Corrigan by Green, either in his contract with Green, or in that with the water works company. Green denied, throughout-Ms pleading, and in his testimony that there was any fraud in either contract. The only charge of fraud was made against Green and on that Green took issue and the evidence on that issue was relevant. The testimony which shows that Corrigan was not equally guilty with Green, if it shows any fraud on the part of Corrigan ■ at all, was inseparably connected with the proof of fraud against Green, was not objected to at the trial, and was fairly before the court for its consideration. '
The issues and testimony in this cause are of a character which compel the use of terms which are disparaging to the party to whom they are applied', and we would abstain from using them if possible, and only • employ them in the light of the pleadings and the testimony.
The judgment is reversed.
Norton and Ray, JJ., concur. Sherwood, J., concurs in the result. Black, J., having been of counsel, not sitting.