IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS PD-0738-14
JOSEPH LESTER GREEN, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW FROM THE FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS MEDINA COUNTY
R ICHARDSON, J., filed a dissenting opinion in which H ERVEY, J., joined.
DISSENTING OPINION
I agree with the majority that the trial court erred by including in the jury charge a
detailed definition of “female sexual organ” and an explicit instruction regarding what
constitutes “penetration.” Instructing the jury on those terms exceeded what is allowed by
Article 36.141 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and under this Court’s holding in Kirsh v.
1 T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. art. 36.14. Green Dissenting Opinion — 2
State.2 However, I disagree with the majority’s harm analysis. Because I believe that these
jury charge errors did cause some harm to the defendant, I would affirm the decision of the
Fourth Court of Appeals. Respectfully, I dissent.
Trial courts are limited in what they are permitted to include in the jury charge.
Article 36.14 allows the court to give the jury only “the law applicable to the case.” In
Kirsch, this Court held that “if a jury-charge instruction ‘is not derived from the [penal] code,
it is not ‘applicable law’ under art. 36.14.”3 I believe that combining the detailed definition
of “female sexual organ” that was included in the jury charge, with the instruction regarding
what evidence would constitute “penetration” of a “female sexual organ,” impermissibly
guided the jurors in their decision.
In Brown v. State,4 this Court held that, despite the legal accuracy of an instruction,
if it improperly “singles out a specific type of evidence and tells the jury that it may infer an
element of the crime” from that evidence, then such instruction is erroneous.5 These
definitions requested by the State—the terms “female sexual organ” and “penetration”—were
not derived from any statute, treatise, or dictionary, but were crafted by the State using case
2 357 S.W.3d 645, 651 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). 3 Id. (quoting Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 214 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). 4 122 S.W.3d 794 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). 5 Id. at 800-01 cited with approval in Kirsch, 357 S.W.3d at 652. Green Dissenting Opinion — 3
law. The record reflects that, during the jury charge conference, the State’s requested
definition of “female sexual organ” came from an unpublished 2001 Dallas court of appeals
decision, Ralph v. State.6 In Ralph the definition of “female sexual organ,” was slightly less
detailed, which indicates that the State in this case embellished the “legal” definition of that
term for submission to the jury because it benefitted its case. Vernon v. State,7 is mentioned
by the trial court as the source for the penetration instruction. Although the defense
presented the trial court with a more commonly used penetration instruction that some courts
have held not to be a comment on the weight of the evidence—“penetration is complete,
however slight,”8 —the trial court agreed to include the more detailed penetration language
from Vernon. As this Court holds today, the trial court erred in doing so.9
Our rule with regard to jury charge instructions and definitions, as set out in Kirsch,
6 No. 05-00-00706-CR, 2001 WL 522009, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 17, 2001, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). 7 841 S.W.2d 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). 8 Wilson v. State, 905 S.W.2d 46, 48 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1995) (citing to Henry v. State, 103 S.W.2d 377, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1937)); Galloway v. State, 716 S.W.2d 556, 557 (Tex. App —Waco 1986) (citing to Henry v. State, 103 S.W.2d 377, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1937); Rawlings v. State, 874 S.W. 2d 740, 744 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1994) (citing to Henry v. State, 103 S.W.2d 377, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1937); Wilson v. State, 905 S.W.2d 46, 48-49 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1995) (citing to Henry v. State, 103 S.W.2d 377, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1937). 9 The State was not without the ability to guide the jury on the meaning of these terms. As we said in Kirsch, “[it is] the responsibility of the advocates to argue or refute that the evidence supports [the elements] of the offense.” 357 S.W.3d at 652. Green Dissenting Opinion — 4
is a good one and provides guidance to the bench and bar. Subject to limited exceptions,10
terms that are included within the statutory definition of an offense and set forth in the jury
charge should not be further defined in the charge unless such terms are defined by statute
or code. In this case, the State’s requested definitions, which had no legitimate legal or
technical source, improperly impinged on the jury’s fact-finding authority by limiting the
jurors’ understanding of what evidence could constitute “penetration” of the “female sexual
organ.” Therefore, I agree with the Court that the trial court erroneously included these
instructions in the jury charge.
However, I do not agree that such error was harmless. I would hold that these jury
charge errors caused “some harm” under Almanza v. State.11 “Some harm” must be found
if the error was “calculated to injure the rights of the defendant.”12 A defendant is entitled
to be convicted upon a correct statement of the law.13 When the trial court fails to correctly
charge the jury on the applicable law, “the integrity of the verdict is called into doubt.” 14
10 Such as in Celis v. State, 416 S.W.3d 419, 433-34 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“foreign legal consultant”) and Medford v. State, 13 S.W.3d 769, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (“arrest”). 11 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (In analyzing whether appellant was harmed, the reviewing court must examine (1) the jury charge as a whole; (2) the arguments of counsel; (3) the entirety of the evidence; and (4) any other relevant factors present in the record.). 12 Id. 13 Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 174 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by Gelinas v. State, 398 S.W.3d 703 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). 14 Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). Green Dissenting Opinion — 5
“Some harm” under the Almanza analysis means any harm.15 In this case, the presence of
any harm, regardless of degree, which results from a charging error that has been preserved
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IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS PD-0738-14
JOSEPH LESTER GREEN, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW FROM THE FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS MEDINA COUNTY
R ICHARDSON, J., filed a dissenting opinion in which H ERVEY, J., joined.
DISSENTING OPINION
I agree with the majority that the trial court erred by including in the jury charge a
detailed definition of “female sexual organ” and an explicit instruction regarding what
constitutes “penetration.” Instructing the jury on those terms exceeded what is allowed by
Article 36.141 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and under this Court’s holding in Kirsh v.
1 T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. art. 36.14. Green Dissenting Opinion — 2
State.2 However, I disagree with the majority’s harm analysis. Because I believe that these
jury charge errors did cause some harm to the defendant, I would affirm the decision of the
Fourth Court of Appeals. Respectfully, I dissent.
Trial courts are limited in what they are permitted to include in the jury charge.
Article 36.14 allows the court to give the jury only “the law applicable to the case.” In
Kirsch, this Court held that “if a jury-charge instruction ‘is not derived from the [penal] code,
it is not ‘applicable law’ under art. 36.14.”3 I believe that combining the detailed definition
of “female sexual organ” that was included in the jury charge, with the instruction regarding
what evidence would constitute “penetration” of a “female sexual organ,” impermissibly
guided the jurors in their decision.
In Brown v. State,4 this Court held that, despite the legal accuracy of an instruction,
if it improperly “singles out a specific type of evidence and tells the jury that it may infer an
element of the crime” from that evidence, then such instruction is erroneous.5 These
definitions requested by the State—the terms “female sexual organ” and “penetration”—were
not derived from any statute, treatise, or dictionary, but were crafted by the State using case
2 357 S.W.3d 645, 651 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). 3 Id. (quoting Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 214 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). 4 122 S.W.3d 794 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). 5 Id. at 800-01 cited with approval in Kirsch, 357 S.W.3d at 652. Green Dissenting Opinion — 3
law. The record reflects that, during the jury charge conference, the State’s requested
definition of “female sexual organ” came from an unpublished 2001 Dallas court of appeals
decision, Ralph v. State.6 In Ralph the definition of “female sexual organ,” was slightly less
detailed, which indicates that the State in this case embellished the “legal” definition of that
term for submission to the jury because it benefitted its case. Vernon v. State,7 is mentioned
by the trial court as the source for the penetration instruction. Although the defense
presented the trial court with a more commonly used penetration instruction that some courts
have held not to be a comment on the weight of the evidence—“penetration is complete,
however slight,”8 —the trial court agreed to include the more detailed penetration language
from Vernon. As this Court holds today, the trial court erred in doing so.9
Our rule with regard to jury charge instructions and definitions, as set out in Kirsch,
6 No. 05-00-00706-CR, 2001 WL 522009, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 17, 2001, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). 7 841 S.W.2d 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). 8 Wilson v. State, 905 S.W.2d 46, 48 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1995) (citing to Henry v. State, 103 S.W.2d 377, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1937)); Galloway v. State, 716 S.W.2d 556, 557 (Tex. App —Waco 1986) (citing to Henry v. State, 103 S.W.2d 377, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1937); Rawlings v. State, 874 S.W. 2d 740, 744 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1994) (citing to Henry v. State, 103 S.W.2d 377, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1937); Wilson v. State, 905 S.W.2d 46, 48-49 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1995) (citing to Henry v. State, 103 S.W.2d 377, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1937). 9 The State was not without the ability to guide the jury on the meaning of these terms. As we said in Kirsch, “[it is] the responsibility of the advocates to argue or refute that the evidence supports [the elements] of the offense.” 357 S.W.3d at 652. Green Dissenting Opinion — 4
is a good one and provides guidance to the bench and bar. Subject to limited exceptions,10
terms that are included within the statutory definition of an offense and set forth in the jury
charge should not be further defined in the charge unless such terms are defined by statute
or code. In this case, the State’s requested definitions, which had no legitimate legal or
technical source, improperly impinged on the jury’s fact-finding authority by limiting the
jurors’ understanding of what evidence could constitute “penetration” of the “female sexual
organ.” Therefore, I agree with the Court that the trial court erroneously included these
instructions in the jury charge.
However, I do not agree that such error was harmless. I would hold that these jury
charge errors caused “some harm” under Almanza v. State.11 “Some harm” must be found
if the error was “calculated to injure the rights of the defendant.”12 A defendant is entitled
to be convicted upon a correct statement of the law.13 When the trial court fails to correctly
charge the jury on the applicable law, “the integrity of the verdict is called into doubt.” 14
10 Such as in Celis v. State, 416 S.W.3d 419, 433-34 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“foreign legal consultant”) and Medford v. State, 13 S.W.3d 769, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (“arrest”). 11 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (In analyzing whether appellant was harmed, the reviewing court must examine (1) the jury charge as a whole; (2) the arguments of counsel; (3) the entirety of the evidence; and (4) any other relevant factors present in the record.). 12 Id. 13 Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 174 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by Gelinas v. State, 398 S.W.3d 703 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). 14 Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). Green Dissenting Opinion — 5
“Some harm” under the Almanza analysis means any harm.15 In this case, the presence of
any harm, regardless of degree, which results from a charging error that has been preserved
at trial, is sufficient to require reversal of appellant’s conviction.
In analyzing harm, the majority seems to focus only on the terms at issue—“female
sexual organ” and “penetration.” After first holding that the trial court erred in instructing
the jury on those terms, in finding no harm the majority effectively says, not really, because
the definitions used by the court were just common meanings of those terms. This seems
incongruous with the Court’s decision that giving the instructions in the first place was
erroneous. The jury was given the option of convicting appellant of the lesser-included
offense of indecency with a child by sexual contact, which involves only touching, but not
penetration. Since the jury was given the option of convicting appellant of either aggravated
sexual assault of a child (penetration), or indecency with a child (touching), and the jury
chose to convict him of the greater offense, the issue of penetration was clearly the key to the
jury’s decision.16 Therefore, I would hold that providing the jury with an explanation of what
they should consider when deciding guilt or innocence, and whether to convict on the greater
15 Hutch, 922 S.W.2d at 171, overruled on other grounds by Gelinas v. State, 398 S.W.3d 703 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Arline v. State, 721 S.W. 2d 348, 351 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). 16 Indecency with a child is a second-degree offense, with a maximum punishment of 20 years. Aggravated sexual assault of a child is a first-degree offense with a maximum punishment of life. Appellant was given a 24-year sentence. Therefore, it could not be said that he was sentenced within the range of the indecency offense. Green Dissenting Opinion — 6
offense (penetration) or the lesser-included offense (touching), caused some harm to
appellant.
The majority also notes that the testimony of a police officer, and the testimony of a
SANE nurse, support a finding of no harm, since the jury instructions of “female sexual
organ” and “penetration” simply repeat the information that was before the jury through these
witnesses. However, an instruction from the trial court that essentially echos witness
testimony is exactly the type of instruction that constitutes a comment on the weight of the
evidence.
I believe the Fourth Court of Appeals correctly held that including the definitions of
“female sexual organ” and “penetration” in the court’s charge to the jury focused the jury’s
attention on the specific type of evidence that would support a finding of the contested
element of penetration, and, in doing so, had an “influence in determining the jury’s
verdict.”17 I would affirm the decision of the Fourth Court of Appeals. Therefore,
respectfully, I dissent.
FILED: December 16, 2015 PUBLISH
17 Green v. State, 434 S.W.3d 734, 738 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014) (quoting Trevino v. State, 100 S.W.3d 232, 243 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)).