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E),ATIE-173 -Ito EA% C.Tcau GREATER CINCINNATI/NORTHERN KENTUCKY APARTMENT ASSOCIATION, INC., FOX CHASE SOUTH, LLC, WESTERN BOULDERS, LLC, VISTA WILDER, LLC, VAIL, L.L.C., D/B/A ASPEN PINES APARTMENT HOMES, GLEN HOLLOW APARTMENTS, LLC, JOSLIN ENTERPRISES, LTD. CO ., CHURCHILL PROPERTY GROUP, LLC, COLD SPRING HOUSING ASSOCIATES, LLC, AND VIANNA GOINS
ON APPEAL FROM CAMPBELL CIRCUIT COURT V. HONORABLE FRED A. STINE, V, JUDGE NO. 13-CI-00956
CAMPBELL COUNTY FISCAL COURT, APPELLEES HON. STEVE PENDERY, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS CAMPBELL COUNTY JUDGE EXECUTIVE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE -CUNNINGHAM
AFFIRMING
Our 911 emergency telephone service has become one of the most
critical of all local public services. It provides instant access for all
Kentuckians in times of need. But dispatching these emergency calls cannot
occur without cost. We hold that the fee imposed by the Campbell County
Fiscal Court to fund this indispensable service is a constitutional and
statutorily valid exercise of its authority. Background
Historically, the emergency 911 service in Campbell County—like much
of the Commonwealth—was funded by imposing a monthly subscriber fee per,
landline telephone. Needless to say, the number of landline phones is
decreasing rapidly. As such, the increase in wireless telephones and other
technologies has rendered the landline subscriber fee an inadequate source of
funding.
On August 7, 2013, the Campbell County Fiscal Court ("County")
adopted Ordinance 0-04-13 ("Ordinance"). The Ordinance replaced the
landline subscriber charge with an annual service fee of $45.00 levied upon
each occupied individual residential and commercial unit within Campbell
County. The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Apartment Association
("Association") filed a declaratory action in Campbell Circuit Court alleging that
the Ordinance was an unconstitutional and invalid exercise of the County's
authority. The trial court disagreed and ruled in favor of the County, thus
affirming the Ordinance. The Association appealed that judgment and moved
pursuant to CR 74.02 for an order transferring this case from the Court of
Appeals to this Court. Given the statewide importance of this case, we granted
transfer. Having reviewed the record and the law, we affirm the circuit court's
ruling, but on different grounds.
Analysis
Although the Association challenged the constitutionality of the
Ordinance before the trial court, it has failed to raise a direct constitutional
2 argument before this Court. In any event, state constitutional provisions
concerning local government's taxing authority are irrelevant here. As
subsequently discussed, the Ordinance provides for a fee, not a tax. In
accordance with the parties' arguments, we will limit our analysis to whether
the Ordinance is a statutorily valid exercise of the County's authority.
Statutory Validity
The Ordinance was adopted pursuant to KRS 65.760(3) which provides
in pertinent part:
The funds required by a city, county, or urban-county government to establish and operate 911 emergency telephone service, or to participate in joint service with other local governments, may be obtained through the levy of any special tax, license, or fee not in conflict with the Constitution and statutes of this state. The special tax, license, or fee may include a subscriber charge for 911 emergency telephone service that shall be levied on an individual exchange-line basis, limited to a maximum of twenty-five (25) exchange lines per account per government entity. (Emphasis added).
In construing statutes, we must give effect to the intent of the General
Assembly. Maynes v. Commonwealth, 361 S.W.3d 922, 924 (Ky. 2012). "We
derive that intent, if at all possible, from the language the General Assembly
chose, either as defined by the General Assembly or as generally understood in
the context of the matter under consideration." Id. (citing Osborne v.
Commonwealth, 185 S.W.3d 645 (Ky. 2006)).
It is undisputed that the funds collected by the County are not a form of
special tax or license; rather, the Ordinance clearly provides that the charge is
a service fee. The plain language of KRS 65.760(3) indicates that funds
3 required to establish and operate 911 telephone services "may be obtained
through the levy of any . . . fee not in conflict with the Constitution and
statutes of this state." (Emphasis added). There is no term provided in KRS
65.760(3) that qualifies the nature or scope of the term "fee." Thus, the only
express limitation provided in the statute is that the fee not conflict with our
state Constitution or statutes.
The Association argues that the fee imposed under the Ordinance
constitutes an impermissible user fee that violates KRS 91A.510. That statute
defines a user fee as a "fee or charge imposed by a local government on the
user of a public service for the use of any particular service not also available
from a nongovernmental provider." The Association contends that the
Ordinance is invalid because it imposes a user fee that is not based on actual
use of the benefit received. As such, the Association submits that the
Ordinance levies an unauthorized flat-rate tax.
In support of their respective arguments, both parties cite extensive case
law, none of which is directly on point. See, e.g., Barber v. Comm'r of Revenue,
674 S.W.2d 18 (Ky. App. 1984) (holding that a fire protection service charge
was unconstitutional where enabling statute only authorized funding through
use of property taxes); Kentucky River Authority v. City of Danville, 932 S.W.2d
374, 377 (Ky. App. 1996) ("The fee in this case is based upon the actual use by
the city of the Kentucky River water basin.") (emphasis added). In fact, this is
the first occasion upon which this Court has had the opportunity to interpret
KRS 65.760(3) or KRS 91A.510. We recognize that we must construe all
4 applicable statutes together in an attempt to harmonize and give effect to the
provisions of each. See Commonwealth v. Phon, 17 S.W.3d 106, 108 (Ky. 2000)
(citations omitted). However, there is no need to harmonize the two statutes
presented here. KRS 91A.510 is entirely inapplicable to the present issue.
The Association's argument is premised on the erroneous assumption
that the term fee must mean user fee. To the contrary, "[v]arious fees exist and
are used to implement programs deemed desirable by the Commonwealth."
Kentucky River Authority, 932 S.W.2d at 377. In addition, KRS 65.760(3) was
enacted in 1984, thus predating KRS 91A.510 by two years. Therefore, the
statutory definition of user fee now embodied by KRS 91A.510 did not exist
when KRS 65.760(3) was enacted.
Furthermore, the subsequent enactment of KRS 91A.510 did not modify
or qualify the term fee included in KRS 65.760(3). It is critical to note that
these statutes appear in entirely different Chapters of the KRS and contain no
references or citations to each other. Moreover, while KRS 91A.510 is a general
provision, KRS 65.760(3) is a specific provision that expressly authorizes the
use of fees to fund 911 emergency telephone services. Cf. Long Run Baptist
Ass'n, Inc. v. Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District, 775
S.W.2d 520,, 523 (Ky. App. 1989) ("since Chapter 76 clearly gives MSD express
authority to impose a service charge . . . we affirm the trial court's ruling that
the charge is not a tax."). Similarly, KRS 65.760(3) demonstrates the General
Assembly's specific intent to permit local governments to fund 911 telephone
5 services through the imposition of fees. It is also clear that nothing in that
provision requires that the fee be based on use.
Accordingly, we need not analyze whether the fee imposed by the
Ordinance is a valid user fee. However, this does not mean that the
unqualified term "fee" used in KRS 65.760(3) is unencumbered by reason or
restraint. While analogy to cases discussing user fees, service charges, or
similar forms of statutory assessments may prove instructive, our analysis is
not dictated by KRS 91A.510 or any Kentucky decision interpreting statutes
that are not at issue here. As a matter of first impression, the following
analysis applies only to the nature and scope of fees authorized by KRS
65.760(3).
Fees Authorized Under KRS 65.760(3)
Fees authorized by KRS 65.760 must bear some reasonable relationship
to the benefit received. This nexus is similar, but not necessarily identical, to
that required by other statutory assessments, charges, and fees. See Kentucky
River Authority, 932 S.W.2d at 376 ("The validity of special fee assessments and
users fees depends on an analysis of the charge and the benefits received.");
Curtis v. Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District, 311
S.W.2d 378, 382 (Ky. 1958) (affirming property assessment that funded surface
drainage project due to the "general improvement of conditions of health,
comfort and convenience in the area ) "
Here,. the 911 emergency service fee is levied upon occupied residential
and commercial properties. In the narrow context of KRS 65.760(3), occupied
6 properties are an exceedingly logical and practical object of the fee revenue
authorized by that provision. Common sense dictates that Campbell County
residents engaged in either labor or leisure spend a significant amount of their
time at residential and commercial properties located within Campbell County.
It naturally follows that demand for this 911 emergency telephone service
derives significantly from residents' occupation and use of those properties.
We must keep ever in mind that these are safety and life saving services. Fire
protection, ambulance assistance, law enforcement, and other first responders
are all critical to the well being of people who occupy properties covered by the
ordinance in question.
While the scope of benefits received from the 911 emergency telephone
service is incapable of precise measure, it is uncontroverted that all citizens
benefit from that service. Cf. Long Run Baptist, 775 S.W.2d at 524 (affirming
service charge where the court determined that all property owners benefited
from the service rendered). To assess payment upon only those citizens
actually telephoning 911 is not, nor has it ever been, the policy of our counties
or our Commonwealth.
Even the old landline fee expressly outlined in KRS 65.760 would offend
the Association's overly restrictive interpretation requiring actual use of 911
telephone services. In fact, a system that is based entirely on actual use would
be insufficient to sustain this service. Fortunately, many, if not most
Kentuckians go through life and never encounter an emergency requiring the
use of the 911 service. Thus, accepting the Association's interpretation of the
7 word "fee" provided in KRS 65.760 to mean "user fee" would require this Court
to presume that the General Assembly intended an unpalatable and absurd
result. This we cannot do. See Maynes, 361 S.W.3d at 924.
We must clarify that the nexus required to sustain a fee imposed under
KRS 65.760(3) need not necessarily be direct. Rather, a fee that bears a
reasonable relationship to the benefit received is sufficient. This approach
comports with the General Assembly's specific intent to provide a functional
system of fee based funding for one of the most vital services offered by our
local governments. Therefore, we hold that the fee imposed by the County to
fund this indispensable service is a constitutional and statutorily valid exercise
of its authority.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we hereby affirm the judgment of the
Campbell Circuit Court.
All sitting. Abramson, Barber, Keller, and Noble, JJ., concur. Venters,
J., dissents by separate opinion in which Minton, C.J., joins.
VENTERS, J., DISSENTING: I respectfully dissent. With candor only
judges can fully appreciate, Counsel for the Campbell County Fiscal Court
(Campbell County) acknowledged in his oral argument before this Court that
fitting the "service fee" created by Ordinance 0-04-13 within the available
statutory framework was like trying to drive a square peg into a round hole.
The majority has opted, for better or worse, to chisel off the corners of the
square peg so that what is in reality a flat-rate tax on real estate can be
8 jammed into the round hole provided by statute for service fees. The better
approach would be to call out the so-called "service fee" for what it is: a tax on
real property ownership. The so-called "service fee" fits within none of the
criteria recognized for the imposition of a governmental fee and bears all the
hallmarks of a tax. And, because it is a tax on property that is not assessed on
an ad valorem basis, it violates Section 174 of the Kentucky Constitution.
A major premise of the majority opinion is that the ordinance does not
impose a "user fee" as defined in KRS 91A.510, but is instead some other kind
of "fee." That will come as news to Appellee, Campbell County, since it argues
in its brief that "[t]he Ordinance does not create a 'Property Charge,' but a
valid user fee that is in harmony with KRS 91A.510-530." (emphasis
added.) Campbell County also says in its brief that it "chose to replace the
Subscriber Charge [of its former Ordinance] with a user fee which is one of
four ways for funding the 911 service." (emphasis added.) Appellee's entire
argument is predicated upon their claim that their 911 "service fee" is valid
because it is a "user fee." However, calling something a "user fee" does not
make it one.
A. The "service fee" assessed under Ordinance 0-04-13 is not a "fee." Fees properly assessed by governmental entities are characterized as
either regulatory and license fees, or user fees. I am not aware of any other
kind of fee. Regulatory and license fees are paid by those who choose to engage
in a state-regulated activity. Often, but not necessarily, the activity is
commercial in nature, like engaging in a licensed profession or working with a
9 regulated material. Other regulatory license fees are imposed upon those who
choose to participate in regulated recreational activities, like hunting and
boating. 84 C.J.S. Taxation § 3 (2015) ("A 'regulatory fee' is an imposition that
funds a regulatory program. Regulatory fees are authorized by the state's
police power to regulate particular businesses or activities and serve regulatory
purposes[.]") (internal citations omitted). See Klein v. Flanery, 439 S.W.3d 107,
114 n.6 (Ky. 2014) NA] 'tax' in the strict sense of monies levied to meet the
general expenses of government has been distinguished in a variety of contexts
from more particularized exactions, such as fines, user fees—tolls, for
example—infrastructure assessments, or regulatory fees[.]")
Campbell County's 911 emergency service is not a regulatory program; it
does not police the practice of any commercial or recreational activities.
Annual payment of the assessed fee does not entitle the fee-payers to
participate in a regulated profession or activity. Therefore, by definition, the
Campbell County 911 "service fee" is not a regulatory fee.
The other category of government fees is a user fee. That is what
Appellees claim to have created in Ordinance 0-04-13. A "user fee" is a fee or
charge "imposed by a local government on the user of a public service for the
use of any particular service not also available from a nongovernmental
provider." KRS 91A.510 (emphasis added). Payment of the "user fee" entitles
the payer to use the particular service. That is, after all, the effect of the word
"for" in the statutory definition. The fee is exchanged for the right to use the
service. Typical examples of user fees are toll bridge fares and court costs, but
10 also included are things like the admission fee to a government-owned facility
such as a public park or swimming pool. As reported in Corpus Juris
Secundum, "A true fee benefits the party paying the fee in a manner not shared
by other members of society." 84 C.J.S. Taxation § 3.
Our case law teaches that the constitutional "validity of special
assessments and users fees depends on an analysis of the charge and the
benefit received." Kentucky River Authority v. City of Danville, 932 S.W.2d 374,
376 (Ky. App. 1996). "Assessments and fees charged without a relationship to
a benefit received by the payor are arbitrary and capricious and violate due
process and the constitutional prohibition against the taking of private
property without just compensation." Id. (citations omitted).
Appellees concede what the Majority asserts: "[I]t is uncontroverted that
all citizens benefit from the [911] service." Of course they do — access to 911
emergency service is universally available to everyone in the community
regardless of whether they own real estate and pay the "service fee." It equally
serves pedestrians injured in vehicular accidents; persons threatened by
domestic violence; victims of crime; anyone that needs an emergency medical
response. Landowners paying the fee get no benefit not otherwise available to
everyone. There is no relationship between the fee charged and the benefit
received. Consequently, the "service fee" cannot be justified as a "user fee."
Being neither a regulatory fee nor a user fee, the "service fee" created by
Ordinance 0-04-13 is exactly what it appears to be: it is a tax. There is
nothing wrong or illegal about taxing real estate owners to pay for government
11 services at a rate disproportionate to the benefit they receive. That is quite
common; it is generally accepted, and even expected. That is how Kentuckians
pay for their school systems and public libraries; property taxes also provide
the general funding for running city and county governments. Paying for 911
service with a tax on real estate would be entirely appropriate provided it was
done in compliance with Section 174 of the Kentucky Constitution, which
provides: "All property, whether owned by natural persons or corporations,
shall be taxed in proportion to its value, unless exempted by this Constitution."
B. Ordinance 0-04-13 imposes a flat-rate tax on property. The "service fee" described in Ordinance 0-04-13 has none of the
attributes of a legitimate fee. Moreover, it has all of the indicia of a tax.
Dickson v. Jefferson County Board of Education, 225 S.W.2d 672, 675 (Ky.
1949) provides:
There is a marked difference between a fee in its true concept and a tax. As said in 51 Am.Jur., Fees, Section 12:
'The distinction between a fee and a tax is one that is not always observed with nicety in judicial decisions, but any payment exacted by the state or its municipal subdivisions as a contribution toward the cost of maintaining governmental functions, where the special benefits derived from their performance is merged in the general benefit, is a tax.'
On the other hand, a fee is generally regarded as a charge for some particular service . . . . [T]he Legislature has the power to impose fees for official duties performed by county officers and to direct that the fees be paid into the State Treasury.
We noted in Klein that "[t]he classic 'tax' is 'imposed by a legislature upon
many, or all, citizens. It raises money, contributed to a general fund, and
spent for the benefit of the entire community[.]"' 436 S.W.3d at 114 n.6
12 (citation omitted). As described in Klein, the "service fee".imposed by
Ordinance 0-04-13 is a tax.
Not only does Campbell County's annual "service fee" for 911 service look
and feel like a tax, it is actually assessed, billed, and collected as a tax. Just
like any other tax on real estate, payers liable for the so-called "service fee" are
identified by the Campbell County Property Valuation Administrator, which is
Kentucky's tax assessor. The charge is placed on the property tax bills by the
county clerk in the performance of her duty under KRS 133.220(2) to prepare a
bill showing the taxpayer "the total amount of taxes due the state, county,
school district, and any other taxing district for which the sheriff collects
taxes." Then, the "service fee" is collected by the sheriff performing his duty as
the county tax collector. The 911 service fee is assessed by the tax assessor,
billed by the tax billing office, and collected by the tax collector.
In City of Bromley v. Smith, 149 S.W.3d 403 (Ky. 2004), this Court did
not flinch when we were confronted with a flat-rate assessment on real
property in Kenton County to pay for "life squad and other nonfire-related
emergency services." Id. at 404. Despite the unquestioned value of the
services provided to the citizens, we unanimously struck down the ordinance
because it violated Section 174 of the Kentucky Constitution. City of Bromley
holds:
The annual flat-rate tax assessed per unit of real property and imposed for life squad purposes is not authorized under the Kentucky Constitution in the form that has been chosen by the City. In Kentucky, local real property taxes must be ad valorem, that is, based on assessed value. The term "ad valorem" literally means "according to worth." A flat tax is unrelated to value. As 13 correctly observed in Barber,[1 ] other than special assessments for municipal improvements and user charges for the provision of measurable services such as waste collection and sewer service, charges that may be based in part on the amount of waste or water consumption which could be reasonably calculated to burden the system, all property taxes must be based on assessed value or ad valorem. A flat-rate life squad tax is not based on value, and it cannot be deemed to be either a license fee, special assessment or user fee. The taxes are of a type that is not recognized by Kentucky law. 'Consequently, they are invalid and unconstitutional. It is of interest to note that the legislature has specified an ad valorem tax as a method of financing emergency ambulance services in KRS 75.040.
Id. at 405-406 (emphasis added).
In Barber v. Commissioner of Revenue, 674 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Ky. App.
1984), the City of Silver Grove (which is in Campbell County) attempted to levy
a "fire protection service charge," which was in effect a one-time flat-rate tax on
occupied property. The ordinance provided that the assessment would be
added to the property owner's ad valorem tax bill. The Court of Appeals struck
the ordinance as an unlawful tax on real estate, stating: "The proper way [to
fund such services] is to charge all real and personal property to be benefited
by the fire protection with a rate times the assessed value of the property." Id.
at 21 (emphasis added). The assessment used to fund such services was thus
held to be an illegal flat-rate tax; the circumstances here are identical to the
Barber case, and we should follow the cogent assessment of the issue as
charted in that decision.
1 Barber v. Comm'r of Revenue, 674 S.W.2d 18 (Ky. App. 1984).
14 CONCLUSION
The "service fee" involved here has none of the attributes of a legitimate
regulatory fee or user fee. When something looks like a duck, walks like a
duck, and quacks like a duck, we can be certain of one thing: it is a duck. The
Campbell County 911 "service fee" looks like a tax, it is assessed like a tax, and
it is collected like a tax. It is a tax. Driving square pegs into round holes is
bad carpentry; skirting the Kentucky Constitution by calling a flat-rate tax on
real estate a "service fee" is bad law.
KRS 67.760 permits the Campbell County Fiscal Court to finance its 911
emergency system by any of the following ways: "the levy of any special tax,
license, or fee not in conflict with the Constitution and statutes of this state."
Campbell County's chosen method of funding 911 emergency service violates
KRS 67.760 because it conflicts with the Constitution. It is a tax imposed on
real estate, and just like the taxes imposed in City of Bromley and Barber, it
should be stricken because it violates the ad valorem requirement of Section
174 of the Constitution.
Our role in these matters is not to whittle out a quick fix so that an
invaluable public service can be maintained without exposing local officials to
the unpleasant business of creating or increasing a tax. This Court's function
in the grand scheme of things is to point out the legal infirmity of the matter so
that the legislative and executive branches of state and local governments can
craft enduring solutions that protect, not only invaluable public benefits like
911 emergency services, but also the integrity of the law itself. Securing
15 essential public services does not require citizens or political subdivisions to
drive square pegs into round holes.
Therefore, I respectfully dissent. Minton, C.J., joins.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANTS:
Richard L. Norton Erica Lynn Horn Jeffrey Jay Greenberger Timothy Joseph Eifler Stephen A. Sherman Madonna E. Schueler
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEES:
Steven J. Franzen Robert Edward List Thomas Edison Edge