Gray v. BP Exploration & Production, Inc.

• Court: District Court, E.D. Louisiana
• Decided: January 25, 2023
• Docket: 2:17-cv-04336
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA

MICHAEL GRAY CIVIL ACTION

VERSUS NO. 17-4336

BP EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION, SECTION: D (1) INC., ET AL.

ORDER & REASONS

Before the Court is BP’s Daubert Motion to Exclude the Causation Testimony of Plaintiff’s Expert, Dr. Jerald Cook1 filed by Defendants BP Exploration & Production Inc., BP America Production Company, and BP p.l.c. as well as Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment.2 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., Transocean Holdings, LLC, Transocean Deepwater, Inc., and Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc. (collectively “Defendants”) have joined in both motions.3 Plaintiff Michael Gray (“Plaintiff”) opposes both Motions.4 Defendants have filed Replies in support of their Motions.5 After careful consideration of the parties’ memoranda, the record, and the applicable law, Defendants’ Motions are GRANTED. I. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND This case arises from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in

1 R. Doc. 45. 2 R. Doc. 46. 3 See R. Doc. 45 n.1; R. Doc. 46 n.1. 4 R. Doc. 47; R. Doc. 48. 5 R. Doc. 53; R. Doc. 54. 2010 and the subsequent cleanup efforts of the Gulf Coast. On January 11, 2013, United States District Judge Carl J. Barbier, who presided over the multidistrict litigation arising out of the Deepwater Horizon incident, approved the Deepwater

Horizon Medical Benefits Class Action Settlement Agreement (the “MSA”).6 However, certain individuals, referred to as “B3” plaintiffs, either opted out of or were excluded from the MSA.7 Plaintiff Michael Gray opted out of the MSA and, accordingly, is a B3 plaintiff.8 Plaintiff filed this individual action against Defendants on April 29, 2017 to recover for injuries allegedly sustained as a result of the oil spill.9 For approximately eighteen months in 2010 and 2011, Plaintiff worked as a beach cleanup worker,

tasked with cleaning up oil and oil-covered debris from the beaches and coastal areas near Gulfport, Pascagoula, Horne Island, Cat Island, and Ocean Springs, Mississippi.10 Plaintiff alleges that Defendants’ negligence and recklessness in both causing the Gulf oil spill and subsequently failing to properly design and implement a clean-up response caused him to suffer myriad injuries including allergic rhinitis, cough, nasal congestion, chest congestion, URI, hypertension, rash, dizziness,

headaches, decreased vision, blurriness, digestive problems, and nausea.11 Specifically, Plaintiff seeks to recover economic damages, personal injury damages—

6 See Brown v. BP Expl. & Prod. Inc., Civ. A. No. 18-9927, 2019 WL 2995869, at *1 (E.D. La. July 9, 2019) (citation omitted) (Africk, J.). 7 See In re Oil Spill by Oil Rig “Deepwater Horizon” in Gulf of Mexico, on Apr. 20, 2010, No. MDL 2179, 2021 WL 6053613, at *2 (E.D. La. Apr. 1, 2021). 8 R. Doc. 1 at ¶ 5. 9 Id. 10 R. Doc. 45-2 at p. 5. 11 See R. Doc. 45-3. including damages for past and future medical expenses and for pain and suffering— punitive damages, and attorneys’ fees, costs, and expenses.12 To help support his claims that exposure to the chemicals present in the oil

spilled by Defendants caused his particular health symptoms, Plaintiff offers the report (“Report”) and testimony of Dr. Jerald Cook.13 Dr. Cook is a retired Navy physician with expertise specifically as an occupational and environmental physician.14 Dr. Cook’s Report is not tailored directly to Plaintiff’s claims; rather, Dr. Cook’s generic causation Report has been utilized by numerous B3 plaintiffs, including many plaintiffs currently before this Court as well as in other cases before other sections of this court.15 Accordingly, Dr. Cook’s Report pertains only to general

causation and not to specific causation. Defendants filed the instant Motion in limine and Motion for Summary Judgment on November 28, 2022. In their Motion in limine, Defendants contend that Dr. Cook should be excluded from testifying due to, inter alia, Dr. Cook’s failure to identify the harmful level of exposure capable of causing Plaintiff’s particular injuries for each chemical that Plaintiff alleges to have been exposed to. Because Dr. Cook

should be excluded from testifying, Defendants argue, the Court should grant their Motion for Summary Judgment as Plaintiff is unable to establish general causation through expert testimony, a necessary requirement under controlling Circuit

12 R. Doc. 1 at pp. 5–6. 13 R. Doc. 45-4. 14 Id. at p. 8. 15 See Johns v. BP Expl. & Prod. Inc., No. CV 17-3304, 2022 WL 1811088, at *2 (E.D. La. June 2, 2022) (Ashe, J.) (“Cook issued an omnibus, non-case specific general causation expert report that has been used by many B3 plaintiffs.”). precedent. In response, Plaintiff argues that Dr. Cook’s Report satisfies the Daubert standards for reliability and relevancy and, therefore, that summary judgment is inappropriate.

II. LEGAL STANDARD A. Motion in Limine The district court has considerable discretion to admit or exclude expert testimony under Fed. R. Evid. 702,16 and the burden rests with the party seeking to present the testimony to show that the requirements of Rule 702 are met.17 Rule 702 provides that an expert witness “qualified . . . by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education may testify in the form of an opinion” when all of the following

requirements are met: (a) The expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) The testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c) The testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) The expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.18

Rule 702 codifies the Supreme Court’s opinion in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., which charges district courts to act as “gatekeepers” when determining the admissibility of expert testimony.19 “To be admissible under Rule

16 See Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 138–39 (1997); Seatrax, Inc. v. Sonbeck Int’l, Inc., 200 F.3d 358, 371 (5th Cir. 2000); Tajonera v. Black Elk Energy Offshore Operations, LLC, Civ. A. No. 13- 0366 c/w 13-0550, 13-5137, 13-2496, 13-5508, 13-6413, 14-374, 14-1714, 2016 WL 3180776, at *8 (E.D. La. June 7, 2016) (Brown, J.) (citing authority). 17 Moore v. Ashland Chem. Inc., 151 F.3d 269, 276 (5th Cir. 1998). 18 Fed. R. Evid. 702; Tajonera, 2016 WL 3180776, at *8. 19 United States v. Fullwood, 342 F.3d 409, 412 (5th Cir. 2003) (citing Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993)). 702, the court must find that the evidence is both relevant and reliable.”20 According to the Fifth Circuit, reliability is determined by assessing whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically valid, while relevance depends

on whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony can be properly applied to the facts at issue.21 The purpose of the reliability requirement is to exclude expert testimony based merely on subjective belief or unsupported speculation.22 To satisfy the reliability prong of the Daubert/Rule 702 analysis, a “party seeking to introduce expert testimony must show (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the

facts of the case.”23 To prove reliability, the proponent of the expert testimony must present some objective, independent validation of the expert’s methodology.24 The objective of this Court’s gatekeeper role is to ensure that an expert “employs in the courtroom the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant field.”25

20 United States v. Ebron, 683 F.3d 105, 139 (5th Cir. 2012) (citing United States v. Valencia, 600 F.3d 389, 423 (5th Cir. 2010)). 21 Ebron, 683 F.3d at 139 (citing Pipitone v. Biomatrix, Inc., 288 F.3d 239, 244 (5th Cir. 2002)). 22 Tajonera, 2016 WL 3180776, at *8 (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590). 23 Recif Res., LLC v. Juniper Cap. Advisors, L.P., Civ. A. No. H-19-2953, 2020 WL 5623982, at *2 (S.D. Tex. Sept. 18, 2020) (quoting Huss v. Gayden, 571 F.3d 442, 452 (5th Cir. 2009)) (internal quotation marks omitted). 24 Recif Res., LLC, 2020 WL 5623982, at *2 (citing Brown v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 705 F.3d 531, 536 (5th Cir. 2013)). 25 Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999); Hodges v. Mack Trucks Inc., 474 F.3d 188, 194 (5th Cir. 2006). B. Summary Judgment Summary judgment is appropriate under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”26 When assessing whether a genuine dispute regarding any material fact exists, the Court considers “all of the evidence in the record but refrain[s] from making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence.”27 While all reasonable inferences must be drawn in favor of the nonmoving party, a party cannot defeat summary judgment with conclusory allegations, unsubstantiated assertions or “only a scintilla of evidence.”28 Instead, summary judgment is appropriate if a reasonable jury could not return a verdict for

the nonmoving party.29 If the dispositive issue is one on which the moving party will bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving party “must come forward with evidence which would entitle it to a directed verdict if the evidence went uncontroverted at trial.”30 The non-moving party can then defeat summary judgment by either submitting evidence sufficient to demonstrate the existence of a genuine dispute of material fact, or by

“showing that the moving party’s evidence is so sheer that it may not persuade the reasonable fact-finder to return a verdict in favor of the moving party.”31 If, however,

26 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56; Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). 27 Delta & Pine Land Co. v. Nationwide Agribusiness Ins. Co., 530 F.3d 395, 398–99 (5th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). 28 Id. (quoting Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994)) (internal quotation marks omitted). 29 Delta & Pine Land Co., 530 F.3d at 399 (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248). 30 International Shortstop, Inc. v. Rally’s, Inc., 939 F.2d 1257, 1264–65 (5th Cir. 1991). 31 Id. at 1265. the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial on the dispositive issue, the moving party may satisfy its burden by merely pointing out that the evidence in the record is insufficient with respect to an essential element of the nonmoving

party’s claim.32 The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party who must go beyond the pleadings and, “by her own affidavits, or by the ‘depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,’ designate ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’”33 III. ANALYSIS A. Motion in limine The burden of proof is on the B3 plaintiffs to prove that “the legal cause of the

claimed injury or illness is exposure to oil or other chemicals used during the response.”34 To prove causation, the B3 plaintiffs are required to provide reliable expert testimony.35 “A plaintiff in such a case cannot expect lay fact-finders to understand medical causation; expert testimony is thus required to establish causation.”36 Courts use “a two-step process in examining the admissibility of causation

evidence in toxic tort cases.”37 First, a court must determine whether general causation exists.38 “General causation is whether a substance is capable of causing a

32 See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322–23. 33 Id. at 324 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)). 34 In re Oil Spill, 2021 WL 6053613, at *11. 35 See, e.g., Seaman v. Seacor Marine, LLC, 326 Fed. Appx. 721, 723 (5th Cir. 2009). 36 Id. (citing Allen v. Penn. Eng’g Corp., 102 F.3d 194, 199 (5th Cir. 1996)). 37 Knight v. Kirby Inland Marine, Inc., 482 F.3d 347, 351 (5th Cir. 2007). 38 Id. particular injury or condition in the general population.”39 Second, if the court finds that there is admissible general-causation evidence, “the district court must determine whether there is admissible specific-causation evidence.”40 “[S]pecific

causation is whether a substance caused a particular individual’s injury.”41 If the court finds that there is no admissible general causation evidence, it need not consider the issue of specific causation.42 To establish general causation, a causation expert must identify “the harmful level of exposure to a chemical” at which physical symptoms manifest.43 As explained by Dr. Cook, nearly every chemical on Earth may be toxic or even fatal at a certain level of exposure.44 Thus, causation experts determine not only whether a chemical

is capable of causing certain health effects, but at what level of exposure do those health affects appear. Experts, such as Dr. Cook, refer to this inquiry with the maxim, dosis sola facit venenum, or “the dose determines the poison.”45 This analysis is also referred to in the Bradford Hill factors as the dose-response relationship.46 In recognition of the importance of this step of the causation analysis, the American Medical Association’s Guide to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury

39 Id. (quoting Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 714 (Tex. 1997)). 40 Id. 41 Id. 42 Id. (“Evidence concerning specific causation in toxic tort cases is admissible only as a follow-up to admissible general-causation evidence.”). 43 Allen, 102 F.3d at 199. 44 R. Doc. 45-4 at p. 32; see also English v. BP Expl. & Prod. Inc., No. CV 13-1033, R. Doc. 48-6 (Deposition of Dr. Jerald Cook) at 150:14–16 (E.D. La. September 26, 2022) (Vitter, J.) (“Like I said, something not very harmful, such as water, can become harmful at a high enough dose.”). 45 R. Doc. 45-4 at p. 32. Such knowledge dates back to at least the time of Paracelsus, the great sixteenth-century Swiss philosopher and scientist, who remarked that “[s]olely the dose determines that a thing is not a poison.” See Joseph Borzelleca, Paracelsus: Herald of Modern Toxicology, 53 Toxicological Scis. 2, 4 (1999). 46 R. Doc. 45-4 at p. 32. Causation states that determining “whether the estimated dose was sufficient to explain observed clinical effects known to be associated with the agent in question” is the “most critical phase of the hazard evaluation process.”47 Relatedly, the Fifth

Circuit states that this detail is one of the “minimal facts necessary to sustain the plaintiff’s burden in a toxic tort case.”48 Plaintiffs must provide reliable expert testimony establishing the requisite level of exposure necessary to cause each alleged physical harm.49 Accordingly, failure to properly identify the level of exposure to a particular chemical at which harmful effects occur necessarily renders a general causation opinion unreliable and, thus, inadmissible.50 This Court has previously considered the June 21, 2022 version of Dr. Cook’s

Report offered here by Plaintiff, finding that the Report fails to meet the Daubert standards for reliability and helpfulness to the trier of fact.51 For the same reasons set forth in detail in that Order and Reasons, the Court determines that Plaintiff has failed in his burden of establishing the reliability and relevance of his expert’s report

47 R. Doc. 45-6 at pp. 6–7. Dr. Cook testified that he regularly consults the AMA Guide. See English, R. Doc. 48-6 (Deposition of Dr. Jerald Cook) at 59:22–60:1. 48 Allen, 102 F.3d at 199; accord McGill v. BP Expl. & Prod., Inc., 830 Fed. Appx. 430, 433 (5th Cir. 2020) (affirming exclusion of expert’s opinions where “none [of the studies on which the expert relied] provide conclusive findings on what exposure level of Corexit is hazardous to humans.”). 49 Allen, 102 F.3d at 195; see also McGill, 830 Fed. Appx. at 433 n.1 (excluding expert testimony where the studies relied upon by expert “did not address what level of exposure would be unsafe for humans or what specific illnesses that exposure may cause.”) (emphasis added). 50 See Dawkins v. BP Expl. & Prod., Inc., No. CV 17-3533, 2022 WL 2315846, at *6 (E.D. La. June 28, 2022) (Vance, J.), reconsideration denied, No. CV 17-3533, 2022 WL 4355818 (E.D. La. Sept. 20, 2022) (“Accordingly, if the Court finds that plaintiff cannot ‘prove, at [a] minimum, that exposure to a certain level of a certain substance for a certain period of time can cause a particular condition in the general population,’ then the Court’s inquiry into general causation is complete.” (quoting Williams v. BP Expl. & Prod., Inc., No. 18-9753, 2019 WL 6615504, at *8 (E.D. La. Dec. 5, 2019) (Morgan, J.)). 51 See Kaoui v. BP Expl. & Prod., Inc., No. CV 17-3313, R. Doc. 68 (E.D. La. Jan. 12, 2023) (Vitter, J.). and finds it appropriate to grant Defendants’ Motion in limine to exclude Dr. Cook’s Report.

B. Motion for Summary Judgment For the above reasons, Plaintiff lacks expert testimony on general causation. Without expert testimony, which is required to prove general causation,52 Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate a genuine dispute of material fact regarding his claims that his injuries were caused by exposure to oil. “When a plaintiff has no expert testimony to prove his medical diagnosis or causation at trial, the plaintiff’s suit may be dismissed at the summary judgment stage.”53 Thus, Defendants’ Motion for

Summary Judgment must be granted as Defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law due to Plaintiff’s failure to establish general causation.

IV. CONCLUSION IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants’ Daubert Motion to Exclude the Causation Testimony of Plaintiff’s Expert, Dr. Jerald Cook54 is GRANTED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment55 is GRANTED.

52 See, e.g., Perkins v. BP Expl. & Prod., No. 17-4476, 2022 WL 972276, at *2 (E.D. La. Mar. 31, 2022) (Milazzo, J.) (“In a toxic tort suit such as this one, the plaintiff must present admissible expert testimony to establish general causation as well as specific causation.”). 53 Williams, 2019 WL 6615504, at *11. 54 R. Doc. 45. 55 R. Doc. 46. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiffs claims against Defendants are DISMISSED with prejudice. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 25, 2023.

—E Vette WENDY B. VITTER United States District Judge