Stuart, J.
Assumpsit on a policy of insurance on two flat-boats loaded with hay, owned by Grant and Walters, and bound from Lawrenceburgh to New-Orleans. Each boat contained ninety-five tons. The hay was worth 2,550 dollars. The defendant insured the whole cargo on one boat, and fifty tons on the other. The amount insured is valued in the policy at 2,175 dollars; premium paid 108 dollars and 75 cents. The defence, consisting of the general issue, and a special plea of limitation leading to an issue of fact, raises no question on the pleadings for our consideration. The trial by jury resulted in a verdict and judgment in favor of the insurance company.
The risk taken was for the voyage to New-Orleans and eight days thereafter.
Among the conditions it was stipulated that the boats should be manned with a competent number of hands; and that it might be lawful for them to touch at intermediate points, with the privilege of coasting, and transacting any lawful business connected with the voyage, provided the delays caused thereby should not exceed thirty days in all.
[25]*25There is a further stipulation in the policy in these words: “ And it is hereby agreed that this insurance company is not liable for loss or damage arising from, or caused by, the said flat-boats being unduly laden, nor for loss or damage during any time in which the said flatboats may be lashed or fastened to any other boat, either floating or landing therewith (except in the Ohio or Mississippi rivers), nor in any case if towed by a steamboat, or if more than two boats are lashed or fastened together.”
These cover the only points material to be considered in the present case.
The evidence is made part of the record. It appears that the boats reached Freeport, three miles above NeioOrleans,- on the 24th of Jime, 1846. There, three days after landing, all the hands but two were paid off and discharged. About the 1st of July, 1846, one of the boats was towed down to the flat-boat landing at New- Orleans by a steamer; the other still lay at Freeport. The object of hay-boats stopping at Freeport was to give time to make sale. At the flat-boat wharf at New- Orleans, it appears, they can only lie four days and then are compelled to sell. On the evening of the 3d of July, 1846, a violent storm came on, which destroyed both boats. The witnesses all agree that a removal of the hay from the boats during the storm would have been unavailing, even had it been possible, for that the torrents of rain falling at the time would have been equally destructive to the cargo.
The witnesses also agree that by means of pumps, &c., great exertions were made to save the boats; but that such was the violence of the storm that all reasonable exertions were in a great measure fruitless.
One of the witnesses says, that after the landing at Freeport, the same number of hands is not necessary; that hay-boats stop there to avoid paying wharfage; that such articles as hay, purchasers living in New- Orleans expect to find and contract for at Freeport. Another witness says, with all articles like hay it is the usage and custom to land at Freeport, and there remain till sales are made, and then drop down to flat-boat landing at New- Orleans. The [26]*26witness adds: “Hands on flat-boats have a right-at the end of three days after the flat-boat lands at any point in Louisiana, and remains at any one place that length of time, to demand their pay and leave the boat.” This seems to be the usual course of that trade on the river.
This cause was submitted here in December, 1851. In the only brief we could find among the papers, there are but two or three authorities cited, and these to a point of minor importance. It is, therefore, to be presumed, that in a cause of such intricacy and magnitude, elaborate briefs were filed, and that in the confusion incident to the coming in of the new Court, they have been mislaid. Such misfortunes throw upon us great additional labor, and consequently delay the business of the Court.
The grounds assumed by the insurance company against the recovery of Grant and Walters, as we gather them from the records, are,
1. That the landing at Freeport was, within the meaning of the policy, the town, city, or market-place of destination, and that eight days after reaching such marketplace, the risk terminated.
2. If the risk still continued at Freeport, was the discharge of the hands in contravention of the terms of the policy?
3. Were the boats from the beginning manned with a competent number of hands?
4. Was the towing of the boat from Freeport to New-Orleans by a steamer, a discharge of the insurers ?
There are several other questions suggested by the evidence and instructions which need not be noticed. For example, the issue formed on the delay to bring suit
Another preliminary consideration of vital moment is the rule of construction to be adopted in such cases. In Yeaton v. Fry, 5 Cranch 335, it is said, that policies of [27]*27insurance are generally the most informal instruments brought before the Courts; and that none are more liberally construed to carry out the real intention of the parties, if that intention can be discovered. But Judge Fuer, writing long after this decision, and no doubt fully aware of it, seems to hold to a different rule. Insurance policies are to be liberally construed in favor of the assured; and an exception is to be strictly construed against the under-; writers. 1 Duer on Ins. 161. The facts in the case ini; Cranch, supra, fully illustrate the strictness of the rule of! construction as to exceptions.
First, then, as to the termination of the voyage at Free-port. The risk was taken from Lawrencebwrgh to New-Orleans, and eight days thereafter, with privilege of thirty days coasting, &e. It has been seen from the evidence that Freeport is made in practice the New-Orleans hay market. This is for the convenience of all the parties, and to save the expense incurred at the New- Orleans wharf. The evidence shows that Freeport is a separate municipality, three miles above New- Orleans. Lafayette, also a separate municipality, intervenes. Nor does Freeport appear to be the place of landing hay, but only a place of exhibiting for the purpose of sale. The flat-boat wharf at New- Orleans is the place of landing and discharging the cargo. The latter is, therefore, the termination of the voyage. Freeport is no more New- Orleans, within the express terms of the policy, than Memphis, or any other town on the river. The stop at Freeport is clearly the “coasting and transacting lawful business connected with the voyage,” which the underwriters have expressly provided for and licensed. It is not contended that the delay caused thereby exceeded thirty days.
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Stuart, J.
Assumpsit on a policy of insurance on two flat-boats loaded with hay, owned by Grant and Walters, and bound from Lawrenceburgh to New-Orleans. Each boat contained ninety-five tons. The hay was worth 2,550 dollars. The defendant insured the whole cargo on one boat, and fifty tons on the other. The amount insured is valued in the policy at 2,175 dollars; premium paid 108 dollars and 75 cents. The defence, consisting of the general issue, and a special plea of limitation leading to an issue of fact, raises no question on the pleadings for our consideration. The trial by jury resulted in a verdict and judgment in favor of the insurance company.
The risk taken was for the voyage to New-Orleans and eight days thereafter.
Among the conditions it was stipulated that the boats should be manned with a competent number of hands; and that it might be lawful for them to touch at intermediate points, with the privilege of coasting, and transacting any lawful business connected with the voyage, provided the delays caused thereby should not exceed thirty days in all.
[25]*25There is a further stipulation in the policy in these words: “ And it is hereby agreed that this insurance company is not liable for loss or damage arising from, or caused by, the said flat-boats being unduly laden, nor for loss or damage during any time in which the said flatboats may be lashed or fastened to any other boat, either floating or landing therewith (except in the Ohio or Mississippi rivers), nor in any case if towed by a steamboat, or if more than two boats are lashed or fastened together.”
These cover the only points material to be considered in the present case.
The evidence is made part of the record. It appears that the boats reached Freeport, three miles above NeioOrleans,- on the 24th of Jime, 1846. There, three days after landing, all the hands but two were paid off and discharged. About the 1st of July, 1846, one of the boats was towed down to the flat-boat landing at New- Orleans by a steamer; the other still lay at Freeport. The object of hay-boats stopping at Freeport was to give time to make sale. At the flat-boat wharf at New- Orleans, it appears, they can only lie four days and then are compelled to sell. On the evening of the 3d of July, 1846, a violent storm came on, which destroyed both boats. The witnesses all agree that a removal of the hay from the boats during the storm would have been unavailing, even had it been possible, for that the torrents of rain falling at the time would have been equally destructive to the cargo.
The witnesses also agree that by means of pumps, &c., great exertions were made to save the boats; but that such was the violence of the storm that all reasonable exertions were in a great measure fruitless.
One of the witnesses says, that after the landing at Freeport, the same number of hands is not necessary; that hay-boats stop there to avoid paying wharfage; that such articles as hay, purchasers living in New- Orleans expect to find and contract for at Freeport. Another witness says, with all articles like hay it is the usage and custom to land at Freeport, and there remain till sales are made, and then drop down to flat-boat landing at New- Orleans. The [26]*26witness adds: “Hands on flat-boats have a right-at the end of three days after the flat-boat lands at any point in Louisiana, and remains at any one place that length of time, to demand their pay and leave the boat.” This seems to be the usual course of that trade on the river.
This cause was submitted here in December, 1851. In the only brief we could find among the papers, there are but two or three authorities cited, and these to a point of minor importance. It is, therefore, to be presumed, that in a cause of such intricacy and magnitude, elaborate briefs were filed, and that in the confusion incident to the coming in of the new Court, they have been mislaid. Such misfortunes throw upon us great additional labor, and consequently delay the business of the Court.
The grounds assumed by the insurance company against the recovery of Grant and Walters, as we gather them from the records, are,
1. That the landing at Freeport was, within the meaning of the policy, the town, city, or market-place of destination, and that eight days after reaching such marketplace, the risk terminated.
2. If the risk still continued at Freeport, was the discharge of the hands in contravention of the terms of the policy?
3. Were the boats from the beginning manned with a competent number of hands?
4. Was the towing of the boat from Freeport to New-Orleans by a steamer, a discharge of the insurers ?
There are several other questions suggested by the evidence and instructions which need not be noticed. For example, the issue formed on the delay to bring suit
Another preliminary consideration of vital moment is the rule of construction to be adopted in such cases. In Yeaton v. Fry, 5 Cranch 335, it is said, that policies of [27]*27insurance are generally the most informal instruments brought before the Courts; and that none are more liberally construed to carry out the real intention of the parties, if that intention can be discovered. But Judge Fuer, writing long after this decision, and no doubt fully aware of it, seems to hold to a different rule. Insurance policies are to be liberally construed in favor of the assured; and an exception is to be strictly construed against the under-; writers. 1 Duer on Ins. 161. The facts in the case ini; Cranch, supra, fully illustrate the strictness of the rule of! construction as to exceptions.
First, then, as to the termination of the voyage at Free-port. The risk was taken from Lawrencebwrgh to New-Orleans, and eight days thereafter, with privilege of thirty days coasting, &e. It has been seen from the evidence that Freeport is made in practice the New-Orleans hay market. This is for the convenience of all the parties, and to save the expense incurred at the New- Orleans wharf. The evidence shows that Freeport is a separate municipality, three miles above New- Orleans. Lafayette, also a separate municipality, intervenes. Nor does Freeport appear to be the place of landing hay, but only a place of exhibiting for the purpose of sale. The flat-boat wharf at New- Orleans is the place of landing and discharging the cargo. The latter is, therefore, the termination of the voyage. Freeport is no more New- Orleans, within the express terms of the policy, than Memphis, or any other town on the river. The stop at Freeport is clearly the “coasting and transacting lawful business connected with the voyage,” which the underwriters have expressly provided for and licensed. It is not contended that the delay caused thereby exceeded thirty days. And as will appear in the sequel, it is presumed that the underwriters were acquainted with this usage of the trade to which their policy related. Grant v. Paxton, 1 Taunt. 463.—Noble v. Kennoway, 2 Douglass 510. There is, therefore, nothing in the first objection.
2. If the risk still continued at Freeport, was the dis[28]*28charge of the hands in contravention of the terms of the policy?
Some evidence was given to show that such was the usage of the trade. The plaintiff offered to give further evidence on that point, but, upon objection being made, the Court refused to admit it. This ruling, and the evidence to the same effect, which was received without objection, as well as some instructions asked by the defendant and given by the Court, present the question just stated. The law is well settled both against the ruling and the instructions. In Noble v. Kewnoway, Lord Mansfield held, that the underwriter is bound to know the nature and peculiar circumstances of the branch of trade to which the policy relates. The insurance to which he referred was on cargoes of two ships, the Hope and the Ann, in the Labrador and New-Foundland trade. The one arrived safe on the 22d of June, 1778, and the other on the 14th of July following. The crews of these vessels were immediately employed in fishing. On the 13th of August following, an American privateer took both vessels, finding no one at the time on board. The action was brought to recover the value of the goods. The underwriters set up in defence tjiat there had been unnecessary delay in unloading the cargoes. The plaintiffs rested their case on the terms of the policy and the usage of trade. “If,” says the Court, “the underwriters do not know the usage, they ought to inform themselves. It is no matter if the usage has only been for a short period. But this trade has existed for several years. It is well known that fishing is the chief object of the voyage. The evidence as to the usage was properly admitted.” 2 Douglass R. 510. Accordingly, Grant v. Paxton, 1 Taunt. 463. —Moxon v. Atkins, 3 Campbell 200.—Salvador v. Hopkins, 3 Burr. 1707. —Buck v. The Chesapeake Insurance Company, 1 Pet. 151.—Hazard’s Adm’r. v. N E. Marine Insurance Company, 8 Pet. 537.—3 Wend. 283.—7 Johns. R. 385.— 3 Hill 250.
On the strength of these authorities, the evidence as to the usage of discharging the hands at Freeport should, [29]*29therefore, have been admitted. The case in Douglass is much stronger than the case at bar. The merchandise was insured till safely landed. It had lain on board four or five weeks. In consequence of that delay it was captured by the privateer. In the case at bar, the evidence shows that the risk was not affected by the discharge of the hands — that no reasonable exertions of a full and competent crew could have saved the hay. There is nothing in the second objection.
3. Were the boats, at the inception and during the voyage, manned with a competent number of hands?
The evidence conduces to prove that the One boat was eighty feet long; the other ninety or ninety-five feet long. The policy expressly requires that boats from seventy to ninety feet should have not less than four competent hands and a pilot; and boats from ninety to ninety-five feet, five competent hands and a pilot. The two boats, lashed together on the voyage, had eight hands, two pilots, and a cook. The question is, was this a competent number of hands, within the terms of the policy?
This was what the books call an executory stipulation, or promissory warranty, inserted in the policy, and which became a binding condition on the insured, and required strict performance. The breach of it, whether the thing warranted was material or not, renders the policy void from its inception. Bond v. Nutt, Cowp. 601.—De Hahn v. Hartley, 1 T. R. 343.—Hore v. Whitmore, Cowp. 784.—Pawson v. Watson, id. 785. In Goix v. Low, 1 Johns. Cases 341, and Barker v. The Phœnix Insurance Company, 8 Johns. R. 307, the vessels were respectively called “ American” in the policy; and this was held a warranty that they were American property, the proof of which was essential to a right to recover. So also, as to warranty, 6 Wend. 494.—15 id. 532.
If, therefore, there were not the requisite number of hands, according to the executory conditions of the policy, the assured has no right of action. It is objected that the cook was not a competent hand. But this case is clearly within the rule in Bean v. Stupart, 1 Douglass 11. There [30]*30the express stipulation was, “thirty seamen besides passengers;” the defence set up, that there were not thirty seamen on board. To make up that number it was necessary the steward, cook, surgeon, and some boys learning to be seamen, should be counted. But only twenty-six persons signed the ship’s articles. It was urged that the difference between seamen and boys was as well understood as that between clergymen and laymen; that seaman meant an able-bodied man, trained to maritime pursuits. But the Court, Lord Mansfield, held the terms of the policy substantially complied with. If the cook was a seaman in Mansfield’s time, he can not be much less than a competent flat-boat hand in our day. The large boat had a force of five hands and a pilot, and the small boat four hands and a pilot, which was a substantial compliance with the executory stipulation of the policy, and the dimensions of the boats as disclosed in evidence (2).
D. Macy and S. H. Spooner, for the plaintiffs.
P. L. Spooner and B. J. Spooner, for the defendants.
4 Did the towing of the hay-boat from Freeport to New- Orleans by a steamer, operate to discharge the underwriters?
If so, it could only be as to the boat thus towed in contravention of the policy. And whether as to that even must depend on the terms used. By reference to that particular clause above quoted, it appears that the insurance company was to be discharged only as to any loss accruing from such towing by a steamer. The loss in this case did not accrue from that cause. It was a common calamity, involving the destruction alike of the boat that had been so towed and that lying at Freeport, and resulted from one of the perils insured against.
We are clearly of opinion that upon the whole case made the insurance company is liable; The new trial should have been granted. The instructions of the Court upon the several points alluded to were erroneous, and well calculated to mislead the jury.
Per Curiam.—The judgment is reversed with costs. Cause remanded, &c.
The stipulation in the policy was as follows: “All claims under this policy are debarred unless prosecuted within one year from the date of the loss.”