Walker, J.
Chambers recovered a judgment against Grant: by default on the fifth day of May, 1870-, before the, Hon. -N. Hart, Davis, a district judge under the provisional government.
Grant sued out an injunction to restrain the collection of the judgment. In his petition he stated a meritorious defense to the action, which he had declined to make on the original trial, together with his. reasons for not doing so.
Chambers, answered by general and special demurrer, and also-plead to the merits, and during the vacation of the court moved to dissolve the injunction and dismiss the bill.
Judge Burnett, before whom the cause was pending, on¡ hearing of the motion, dismissed the bill a,ncL rendered a judgment for-damages. The judgment was against the appellant as- the maker of a promissory note dated February 1Q>, 1858.
The appellant insists that injustice has been done him by the dismissal of his bill; that he- has offsets against the payee and indorsers o-f the note, which ha- “ did not deem it necessary to [581]*581plead,” because, in his judgment, the presiding judge had no authority to render a valid judgment.
It is urged that after the acceptance of the Constitution of 1869, by the Congress of the United States, the provisional courts ceased to have any legal existence, and that we had no courts in Texas until they were organized under the present Constitution.
This question is one of great importance, and we should treat it as such were it now for the first time before this court. But it is in reality res adjudicata. The case of Johnson v. The State, decided at the Tyler term, 1870, held at Austin, was a case involving this question; and inasmuch as the opinion of the court in that case has not been reported, but was delivered by the same member of the court to whose lot it has fallen to write the opinion of the court in the case at bar, we shall simply reiterate that opinion, adding to it some additional authorities, which were omitted at the time, not because they had not been examined and regarded as of material weight in the case, but because it was considered by the court, as then constituted, that the opinion might rest rather upon the force of reason than upon the weight of authority:
“ On the first exception to the jurisdiction it is contended that the court before whom the case was tried had no legal existence. It was a court created by the Legislature of 1866. Reference is made to the act of Congress passed March 2, 1867, and the preamble to the act is thus cited:
“ Whereas, no legal State governments, or adequate protection for life or property now exist in the rebel States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Florida, Texas and Arkansas; and whereas, it is necessary that peace and good order should be enforced in said States, until loyal and Republican State governments can be established, therefore,’ etc.
“ The first and second sections of the act go on to provide a mode [582]*582of governing the rebel- States by the military authority of the government. The third section reads in part as follows: ‘"And be it further enacted, that it shall be the duty of each officer, assigned as aforesaid, to protect all persons in their rights of person and property; tó suppress insurrection, disorder and violence, and to punish, or cause to be punished, all disturbers of the public peace, and criminals; and to this end he may allow local civil tribunals to take jurisdiction of and to try offenders,’ etc.
“This section clearly recognizes the existence of local civil tribunals, with competent jurisdiction to try offenders and criminals ; and it is, perhaps, useless to say that the military commanders, as well as this court, have never doubted the legal existence of these civil tribunals. The military commanders were fully authorized, in certain cases, to adopt other modes of trial; but, we believe, they have uniformly preferred that persons accused of crime should be tried by the civil courts, when there was even a remote probability of the ends of justice being met, and have used the military authority with great reluctance and moderation. The acts df Congress, passed March 2 and March 23, and July 13, in 1867, gave to the rebel States provisional governments which were intended to make as few innovations upon the civil authorities, and to do as little violence to the popular ideas of State government, as possible under all existing circumstances.
“ The national legislature used its legitimate powers with moderation and magnanimity, endeavoring to encourage the formation of republican governments in these States, and bring the people back to a due appreciation of law and the liberty which had been secured to the free enjoyment of every citizen under the Constitution of the United States.
“The court in which the appellant was tried was one of the local civil tribunals found in existence at the timp the reconstruction laws were passed, and was was not abolished by them, nor by [583]*583any order of the commanding generals. • It derived its existence from the same source from which the legal existence of this court emanates, and from which we were allowed to call a convention to frame a constitution. The people were called upon to vote upon its adoption, to elect a Governor and choose members of the Legislature and other officers. We have no officer in any department of our present government chosen under the Constitution of 1869. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor,-heads of departments, members of the; Legislature and local officers, all owe their official existence to the law's of Congress before referred to.
“ The courts, which have been recognized by these laws, and the officers appointed to administer them, had an existence prior to the enactment of these laws themselves, and the judiciary of the State, to-day, is the only branch of the government which owes its existence to laws enacted by the people of Texas ; whilst, at the same time, the judges have, in perhaps every instance, been appointed by the military commander of the Fifth Military District, yet they have been appointed in pursuance of laws already existing at the time of the passage of the reconstruction laws, which have never been set aside by Congress, or repealed by any authority, to affect the legal existence of the courts. It is very true that we have adopted a new Constitution, and under it have been readmitted to our former position in the Union ; but we have elected no Legislature, no Governor, ,no officers of any kind under it, but under the reconstruction acts we elected all these officers, expecting them to go forward and, by necessary legislation, organize a government for the State under it, and under the Constitution, laws a'nd treaties of the Unitbd States.
“The first section of the bill of rights in the constitution of 1869, reads thus:
“‘The Constitution of the United States, and the laws and treaties made and to be made in pursuance thereof, are acknowledged to be the supreme law; that this Constitution is framed in [584]*584harmony therewith, and in subordination thereto, and that the fundamental principles embodied herein. caii only be changed subject to the national authority.’
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Walker, J.
Chambers recovered a judgment against Grant: by default on the fifth day of May, 1870-, before the, Hon. -N. Hart, Davis, a district judge under the provisional government.
Grant sued out an injunction to restrain the collection of the judgment. In his petition he stated a meritorious defense to the action, which he had declined to make on the original trial, together with his. reasons for not doing so.
Chambers, answered by general and special demurrer, and also-plead to the merits, and during the vacation of the court moved to dissolve the injunction and dismiss the bill.
Judge Burnett, before whom the cause was pending, on¡ hearing of the motion, dismissed the bill a,ncL rendered a judgment for-damages. The judgment was against the appellant as- the maker of a promissory note dated February 1Q>, 1858.
The appellant insists that injustice has been done him by the dismissal of his bill; that he- has offsets against the payee and indorsers o-f the note, which ha- “ did not deem it necessary to [581]*581plead,” because, in his judgment, the presiding judge had no authority to render a valid judgment.
It is urged that after the acceptance of the Constitution of 1869, by the Congress of the United States, the provisional courts ceased to have any legal existence, and that we had no courts in Texas until they were organized under the present Constitution.
This question is one of great importance, and we should treat it as such were it now for the first time before this court. But it is in reality res adjudicata. The case of Johnson v. The State, decided at the Tyler term, 1870, held at Austin, was a case involving this question; and inasmuch as the opinion of the court in that case has not been reported, but was delivered by the same member of the court to whose lot it has fallen to write the opinion of the court in the case at bar, we shall simply reiterate that opinion, adding to it some additional authorities, which were omitted at the time, not because they had not been examined and regarded as of material weight in the case, but because it was considered by the court, as then constituted, that the opinion might rest rather upon the force of reason than upon the weight of authority:
“ On the first exception to the jurisdiction it is contended that the court before whom the case was tried had no legal existence. It was a court created by the Legislature of 1866. Reference is made to the act of Congress passed March 2, 1867, and the preamble to the act is thus cited:
“ Whereas, no legal State governments, or adequate protection for life or property now exist in the rebel States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Florida, Texas and Arkansas; and whereas, it is necessary that peace and good order should be enforced in said States, until loyal and Republican State governments can be established, therefore,’ etc.
“ The first and second sections of the act go on to provide a mode [582]*582of governing the rebel- States by the military authority of the government. The third section reads in part as follows: ‘"And be it further enacted, that it shall be the duty of each officer, assigned as aforesaid, to protect all persons in their rights of person and property; tó suppress insurrection, disorder and violence, and to punish, or cause to be punished, all disturbers of the public peace, and criminals; and to this end he may allow local civil tribunals to take jurisdiction of and to try offenders,’ etc.
“This section clearly recognizes the existence of local civil tribunals, with competent jurisdiction to try offenders and criminals ; and it is, perhaps, useless to say that the military commanders, as well as this court, have never doubted the legal existence of these civil tribunals. The military commanders were fully authorized, in certain cases, to adopt other modes of trial; but, we believe, they have uniformly preferred that persons accused of crime should be tried by the civil courts, when there was even a remote probability of the ends of justice being met, and have used the military authority with great reluctance and moderation. The acts df Congress, passed March 2 and March 23, and July 13, in 1867, gave to the rebel States provisional governments which were intended to make as few innovations upon the civil authorities, and to do as little violence to the popular ideas of State government, as possible under all existing circumstances.
“ The national legislature used its legitimate powers with moderation and magnanimity, endeavoring to encourage the formation of republican governments in these States, and bring the people back to a due appreciation of law and the liberty which had been secured to the free enjoyment of every citizen under the Constitution of the United States.
“The court in which the appellant was tried was one of the local civil tribunals found in existence at the timp the reconstruction laws were passed, and was was not abolished by them, nor by [583]*583any order of the commanding generals. • It derived its existence from the same source from which the legal existence of this court emanates, and from which we were allowed to call a convention to frame a constitution. The people were called upon to vote upon its adoption, to elect a Governor and choose members of the Legislature and other officers. We have no officer in any department of our present government chosen under the Constitution of 1869. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor,-heads of departments, members of the; Legislature and local officers, all owe their official existence to the law's of Congress before referred to.
“ The courts, which have been recognized by these laws, and the officers appointed to administer them, had an existence prior to the enactment of these laws themselves, and the judiciary of the State, to-day, is the only branch of the government which owes its existence to laws enacted by the people of Texas ; whilst, at the same time, the judges have, in perhaps every instance, been appointed by the military commander of the Fifth Military District, yet they have been appointed in pursuance of laws already existing at the time of the passage of the reconstruction laws, which have never been set aside by Congress, or repealed by any authority, to affect the legal existence of the courts. It is very true that we have adopted a new Constitution, and under it have been readmitted to our former position in the Union ; but we have elected no Legislature, no Governor, ,no officers of any kind under it, but under the reconstruction acts we elected all these officers, expecting them to go forward and, by necessary legislation, organize a government for the State under it, and under the Constitution, laws a'nd treaties of the Unitbd States.
“The first section of the bill of rights in the constitution of 1869, reads thus:
“‘The Constitution of the United States, and the laws and treaties made and to be made in pursuance thereof, are acknowledged to be the supreme law; that this Constitution is framed in [584]*584harmony therewith, and in subordination thereto, and that the fundamental principles embodied herein. caii only be changed subject to the national authority.’
“ This Constitution, then, did not pretend to abrogate the authority of the laws under which it was framed, and without which it would have had no existence, but it is intended, in due time and under proper initiatory legislation, to furnish the people a permanent law for their government, paramount, except as to the Constitution and laws of the United States; and to them, by its own terms, it is in subordination.
“ General Orders -No. 74, dated Headquarters Fifth Military District, April 6, 1870, section four, reads thus, All civil officers will continue in the discharge of their present duties until relieved by qualified successors, to whom they will turn over all records and public property pertaining to their respective offices.’
“ But this is no new principle of lawf On the other hand, it is the universal rule, founded in the necessities of governments, that there shall be no void, hiatus, or interregnum, in the offices of government; that the king may dio, or be dethroned, or cease to reign, are all facts admitted in monarchies, but none admit that the office of king can lapse; and upon this principle the office of governor, of legislators, and of judges will always exist. Tet the incumbents may and often do change, the old officer holding until his successor is prepared to take his place, except when vacancies occur unexpectedly, and when it is frequently provided that the office shall devolve upon some other designated person, as in the case of the presidency, and the gubernatorial office of the different States.
“ We are therefore clearly of opinion that the court in which appellant was tried was a legal tribunal, of competent jurisdiction to try such cases; and that the plea to the jurisdiction was properly overruled.”
[585]*585In 1st Texas, in the case of Aulanier v. The Governor, 653, it was held that a person acting as an officer, under color of a commission, is de facto such officer until ejected by a proceeding having that object directly in view, and his authority cannot be question in a collateral way. His official acts, until ejected, are valid.
In 13th Texas, 631, Trevino v. Fernandez, the learned Chief Justice delivering the opinion of the court says: “ The acts of the Mexican authorities, in the territory adjacent to the Rio Grande, while that territory remained de facto under their control, although subsequent to the declaration of her boundary by the Republic of Texas, in the ordinary administration of the laws and municipal affairs, so far as individuals are concerned, were as valid and binding as if done by the government de jure as well as de facto. Principles analogous are recognized in the case of the United States v. Rice, 4 Wheaton. The court say, by the conquest and military occupation of a portion of the territory of the United States by a public enemy, that portion is to be deemed a foreign country, so far as respects our revenue laws.
Goods imported into it are not imported into the United States, and are subject to such duties on-y as the conqueror may impose.
The subsequent evacuation of conquered territory by the enemy, and resumption of authority by the United States, cannot change the character of past transactions. The jus postlimirm does not apply to 'the case; and goods previously imparted do not become liable to pay duties to the United States, by the resumption of their sovereignty over the conquered territory.
In the matter of the Grape Shot, reported first in T Wallace, 563, the Supreme Court of the United States recognized the act of the Provisional Court of Louisiana, a court established by the President of the United States during the rebellion.
The case had been transferred from this court to the Circuit Court of the United States. The Supreme Court said that in a matter of an appeal, the, decree of the provisional court must be [586]*586regarded as the decree of the circuit court, which took the place of this provisional court, on the restoration of peace.
This ease is again reported in 9 Wallace, 129, and Chief Justice Chase, in delivering the opinion of the court, again sustains the President and the provisional court, remarking “ that the late rebellion, when it assumed the character of civil war, was attended ty general incidents of a .regular, war, has been so frequently declared here that nothing further need be said on that point.
“The object ef the national government, indeed, was neither conquest nor subjugation, but the overthrow of the insurgent organization, the suppression of insurrection, and the re-establishment of legitimate authority. But in the attainment ef these ends through military force it became the duty of the national government, wherever the insurgent power was overthrown, and the territory which had been dominated by it was occupied by the national forces, to provide, as far as possible, so long as the war continued, for the security of persons and property, and for the administration of justice.
“ The duty of the national government in this respect was no other than that which devolves upon the government of a régular belligerent,.occupying, during war, the territory of another belligerent. It was a military duty, to be performed by the President as commander-in-chief, and intrusted as such with the direction of the military force by which the oecnpation was held.
“ What that duty is, when the territory occupied by the national forces is foreign territory, has been declared by this court in several cases arising from such occupation during the late war in Mexico.
“In the case of Leitensdorfer v. Webb, 20 Howard, 176, the authority of the officer holding possession for the United States to establish a provisional government was sustained; and the reasons by which that judgment was supported aj)ply directly to the establishment of the provisional court in Louisiana. The case of [587]*587Jecker v. Montgomery, 13 Indiana, 498, and 18 Id., 110, and Cross v. Harrison, 16 Indiana, 164; also United States v. Rice, 4 Wheaton, 246, and Texas v. White, 7 Wallace, 700, may also-be cited in illustration of the principles, applicable to military occupation.
“We have no doubt that the pro-visional court of Louisiana was. properly established by the President in the exercise of his constitutional authority during war; or that Congress had power,, upon the close of the war, and the dissolution of the provisional court, to provide- for the transfer of cases pending in that court, and of its judgments and decrees, to the proper courts of the United States.”
We have no doubt that it was the true intent of Congress that the reconstruction laws should remain in full force in TeSas until such time as she should fully assume the functions-of a republican government, under her own Constitution and laws. When, in 1815, the Duke of Wellington declared martial law in France, he directed that the civil tribunals should continue to discharge their functions in all matters arising between the citizens of the country,, and after the withdrawal of the allied armies the same courts were recognized under the reformed government; and no question was-ever raised as to their legal existence, or the validity of their acts during the military occupation of the country, although, some of the judges had been appointed by the commander in chief of the allied armies.
When, in 1867, the- United States saw proper, from whatever reasons, to place the State of Texas- under military government, it expressly recognized the existence of “ local civil tribunals-,” and authorized the military commander to refer to their jurisdiction all matters which the then existing condition of the country rendered it safe and expedient should be so referred.
Now, these “local civil tribunals” were created by the people of Texas; they were honorably recognized by Congress; no one [588]*588of them was ever legislated out of existence, nor ordered out by any military commander. They were kept alive as the indispensable safeguard of life, liberty and property to the citizen; and when, in 1869, the military occupation of the country was withdrawn, the judicial tribunals alone survived.—every other department of government had to be created anew by the people.
It is false to history if any one .should say that the United States either destroyed or disregarded .the civil courts of the State ■of Texas.
But, if the laws of Texas were properly understood, as they have been recognized by .the Supreme Court since the very organization of the Republic, or at least since 1847, we should not now be called on to reiterate our former decisions.
If the acts of Judge Davis were .to -be called in question, they should have been tested by the writ of quo warranto. (See Wright v. Allen, 158, 2 Texas; Banton v. Wilson, 400, 4 Texas.)
On the eighteenth of June, 1870, the Legislature, doing a work of supererogation, passed an .act which was intended to give validity .to the acts of the judicial .tribunals .of the State, until such time as new judges might be appointed under -the new Constitution. Although this act was totally unneessary, and proposed to impart authority where it had none to give, yet it perhaps served to quiet ¿he .minds of those who were in doubt.
But the judgment of the district court in dismissing the bill at ¡chambers, and during the vacation of the court, was erroneous, and for this cause alone the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed and .remanded.