Grae-El v. City of Seattle

Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE

ZION T. GRAE-EL, et al., CASE NO. C21-1678JLR Plaintiffs, ORDER v. CITY OF SEATTLE, et al., Defendants.

Before the court is Defendants the City of Seattle, Officer Ryoma Nichols, and Sergeant Daina Boggs’s (collectively, the “City Defendants”) motion for summary judgment. (Mot. (Dkt. # 82); Reply (Dkt. #87).) Pro se Plaintiffs Zion T. Grae-El and Caprice Strange (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) request a continuance of their obligation to respond to the City Defendants’ motion (MFC (Dkt. # 84)), but have not substantively opposed the motion. (See Dkt.) The City Defendants oppose Plaintiffs’ request for a continuance. (MFC Resp. (Dkt. # 86).) The court has considered the submissions of the parties, the relevant portions of the record, and the applicable law. Being fully advised,1 the court DENIES Plaintiffs’ motion for a continuance and GRANTS the City

Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. This case arises out of a report of suspected child abuse made to Child Protective Services (“CPS”), a component of the Washington State Department of Children, Youth & Families (“DCYF”). (Am. Compl. (Dkt. # 77) at 7.2) On November 28, 2018, an employee at Plaintiffs’ children’s school, Dunlap Elementary School (“Dunlap”),

contacted CPS to report that Ms. Strange’s minor child, A.S.,3 had an injury to his face and had disclosed to school employees that he had been hit by his step-father, Mr. Grae-El. (Am. Compl. at 7.) The Seattle Police Department (“SPD”) was not contacted at that time and the children were permitted to go home after school. (Id.) That evening, however, SPD Officer Timothy Jones was dispatched to Plaintiffs’

home “to assist CPS with possibly taking the children into protective custody.” (See SPD General Offense Report (Dkt. # 77-24 (sealed)) at 13-15 (Officer Jones’s report).) Upon arrival, Corey Grace and Annaliese Ferreria—the CPS case workers assigned to the 1 The parties do not request oral argument (see Mot. at 1; MFC; MFC Resp. at 1), and the court concludes that oral argument is not necessary to its disposition of the motions, see Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 7(b)(4). 2 The court cites to the page numbers contained in the CM/ECF header when referring to the amended complaint and the exhibits attached to that pleading.

3 The minor children are referred to using their initials. Ms. Strange is the biological mother of A.G., A.S., and Z.A.G., who is also Plaintiff Zion T. Grae-El’s biological son. (Am. Compl. at 2-3.) In addition to Z.A.G., Mr. Grae-El is the biological father of E.A.D. and E.M.D. (Id.) matter—filled Officer Jones in on the general case background, including that A.S.’s teacher at Dunlap, Leslie Meekins, had reported that A.S. arrived at school with a black

eye and that A.S. said the bruise was caused by Mr. Grae-El hitting him. (Id. at 14-15; see also Ferreria Dep. Tr. (Dkt. # 77-23) at 7-11.) Mr. Grace also showed Officer Jones a photo of A.S., taken by his teacher earlier that day, which Officer Jones agreed depicted “what looked like a possible bruise under [A.S.’s] eye.” (SPD General Offense Report at 15.) Mr. Grae-El declined to permit Officer Jones or the CPS officials to enter his

home, although he indicated he would allow CPS to conduct an inspection during a scheduled visit. (Id.) He also asserted that A.S.’s injury happened during “an incident involving his other son and possibly a dog.” (Id.) After Mr. Grae-El spoke with Ms. Strange by phone, however, he agreed to bring the children out, one at a time, so that the CPS officials could speak with and inspect them. (Id.) Although the children “seemed a

bit nervous” to Officer Jones, they “answered all the questions asked” and exhibited no “signs of distress.” (Id.) Officer Jones was also able to see into Plaintiffs’ home “a little bit,” and did not “see anything that concerned [him] at the time.” (Id.) Nor was he able to observe an injury on A.S. from where he was standing, though he was told by CPS officials that “they could see an injury near [A.S.’s] eye.” (Id.) Ultimately, although

Officer Jones “got the impression that CPS wanted [him] to grab [A.S.] when he came out or force [his] way in” to seize the other children, he took no action that evening, believing that doing so—based on “the way [Mr.] Grae-El was acting, especially his expressed dislike of the police”—might have caused the situation to “escalate[] into a possible fight.” (Id.) The parties disagree about what inferences should be drawn from Mr. Grae-El’s demeanor. (Compare id., and Ferreria Dep. Tr. at 10:18 (describing Mr.

Grae-El as “hostile” based on his body language and rhetoric), with Am. Compl. at 72 (describing Mr. Grae-El’s behavior as “lawful, open, protective, and reasonable”).) The following day, November 29, 2018, Officer Nichols was “dispatched to a service call at Dunlap Elementary School” at approximately 2 p.m. (SPD General Offense Report at 19 (Officer Nichols’s report).) CPS had requested SPD’s assistance taking the children into custody, which CPS indicated “should have been done” the prior

night at Plaintiffs’ residence. (See id. (capitalization omitted).) Prior to arriving, Officer Nichols read Officer Jones’s report, from which he understood “that there was physical evidence of a child having been assaulted,” and that, “[w]hen CPS and SPD tried to remove the children from the custody of the parents, it was unsafe to do so based on [Mr. Grae-El’s] aggressive and confrontational demeanor.” (Id.)

As Officer Nichols “was preparing to interview” A.S., A.G., E.M.D., and E.A.D. at Dunlap, Ms. Strange arrived with Z.A.G., although she “started to leave as soon as she saw police cars in the school parking lot.” (Id.) Officer Nichols approached her with another SPD officer, and told her that SPD was taking Z.A.G. into protective custody, at which point Ms. Strange surrendered Z.A.G. (See id.) Officer Nichols tried to give Ms.

Strange his business card with the incident number, and to “tell her that [he] needed to give her a copy of a Custody Without Court Order form [(“CWO”)], but she left the scene before [he] could” do so. (Id.) // During this interviews of the school-age children, Officer Nichols “observed some bruising underneath [A.S.’s] left eye and scratches on both sides of his neck,” which he

photographed. (Id.) Additionally, although Officer Nichols “had difficulty understanding [A.S.] due to his level of speech,” he reported that A.S. told him that after he “got into trouble at home,” Mr. Grae-El “gave him a ‘whooping’ and made him do push-ups and assume an ‘invisible chair’ position,” as well as a “legs in the air position.” (Id. at 19-20.) A.S. told Officer Nichols “that the scratches and bruising were from the ‘whooping,’” which he described “as several open slaps across his face.” (Id. at 20.) He

also told Officer Nichols “that [Ms. Strange] yelled ‘I’ll pop you in the mouth’ during the incident.” (Id.) Finally, A.S. told Officer Nichols “that when he gets in trouble, which is often, he gets a ‘whooping’ or assumes the ‘invisible chair’ position.” (Id.) Officer Nichols proceeded to interview the other school-age children, as well, each of whom reported that they had either heard or seen A.S. get “whooped” on November

27, 2018, that such “whoopings” were common in their home, and that they had personally been “whooped” by either Mr. Grae-El or Ms. Strange within the past year. (See id.4) For instance, E.M.D. disclosed that he heard A.S. get “whooped” by Mr. Grae-El, that “assuming push up and squat positions and being ‘whooped’ with a belt was common at his home,” and that he had last been “whooped” with a belt in May or June

2018. (Id.) A.G. told Officer Nichols that she also heard A.S. get “whooped” by Mr. Grae-El, that “small whoopin[s]” and stress positions were commonly used by Mr.

4 Officer Nichols did not interview Plaintiffs’ youngest child, Z.A.G., because, at the time, he was “two years old” and could “barely speak.” (Id.) Grae-El and Ms. Strange, and that she had last been “whooped” in November, 2017, when Mr. Grae-El held her and two of her siblings down while Ms. Strange “hit them

with a belt.” (Id.) Finally, although he had some trouble understanding her because of “her speech level,” Officer Nichols reported that E.A.D. disclosed that she saw A.S. get “whooped” because she had received a “whooping” at the same time, which consisted of Ms. Strange hitting “her face and legs with a belt.” (Id.) Officer Nichols did not observe any marks on E.A.D.’s legs because she was wearing pants, but reported that he observed and photographed “a mark on her left cheek,” which she explained was caused by the

“whooping.” (Id.) Officer Nichols also noted in his report that he “overheard part of [Ms.] Ferreria’s interview of [E.A.D.],” in which E.A.D. stated that scratches on her neck and a small scar near her collarbone “were cause[d] by [Ms. Strange] hitting her with a belt and spatula in a separate incident.” (Id. (capitalization omitted).) Plaintiffs dispute whether E.A.D. had any markings on her left cheek or whether Officer Nichols could

have overheard her state that scratches on her neck were caused by Ms. Strange. (See Am. Compl. at 81-82 (alleging that body worn camera (“BWC”) footage would show “the absence of any observed mark on the left cheek of [E.A.D.]”); see also id. at 73.) Officer Nichols also spoke with A.S.’s teacher, Ms. Meekins, who reiterated that during the school day on November 28, 2018, A.S. “told her that he ‘felt sad,’ was

‘scared’ and that [Mr. Grae-El] was mad,” and also that A.S. had an observable injury on his face consistent with what Officer Nichols had observed. (See SPD General Offense Report at 20-21.) // Officer Nichols concluded from this investigation that “there was probable cause to believe that all five children were abused and that they would be injured or could be

injured if they were not taken into custody” at that time, “[b]ased on the physical evidence of abuse that [he] had observed and the pattern of physical abuse reported by every single child [he] had interviewed.” (Id. at 21.) In addition, he concluded from Officer Jones’s description of Mr. Grae-El’s behavior during the November 28, 2018 safety assessment that “the children could not [have been] taken into custody if it were necessary to first obtain a court order.” (Id.) Office Nichols recorded these findings on a

CWO, gave a copy of the CWO to Ms. Ferreria, and escorted Ms. Ferreria and the children to the CPS office. (Id. at 21; see also id. at 27 (indicating on the CWO that the “[d]anger of further physical abuse” and “[u]nsafe or injurious living conditions” warranted immediate removal).) Officer Nichols concluded by “screen[ing] the incident with [Sergeant Boggs].” (Id. at 21.)

The children were eventually taken that evening for examinations at Seattle Children’s Hospital (“Children’s”), where an additional referral to CPS was made based on indications of abuse disclosed by the children or observed by Children’s employees during that process. (See Am. Compl. at 23-32.) A follow-up case investigation was conducted by SPD Detective Jess Pitts, who

initially reviewed the matter on November 30, 2018. (See SPD General Offense Report at 22-26 (Detective Pitts’s report).) Detective Pitts tried unsuccessfully to reach Ms. Strange and Mr. Grae-El on two occasions—December 6 and 7, 2018—before he decided to refer the “case to the Seattle Law Department for review without [Plaintiffs’] version of the situation.” (Id. at 25.) As Detective Pitts knew, Plaintiffs were engaged in their dependency proceeding during that time. (See id.)

At the conclusion of the dependency proceeding, the children were either sent to live with their non-custodial parent or placed in a foster home. (See Am. Compl. at 13.) E.A.D. was sent to live with her mother in Minnesota and, shortly after arriving, disclosed to her mother that Mr. Grae-El had sexually abused her. (Id.) Criminal charges soon followed. Mr. Grae-El was charged with rape of a child in the first degree (E.A.D.), and assault of a child in the third degree (A.S.). (See id. at 35.) Ms. Strange was charged

with one count of assault of a child (E.A.D.). (Id.) Mr. Grae-El was first tried on the rape charge, and found not guilty on September 4, 2019. (Id.) Following Mr. Grae-El’s acquittal on the rape charge, the State filed an amended information, which charged Mr. Grae-El with third degree assault against A.S. and second degree assault against E.M.D.; charged Ms. Strange with third degree assault against E.A.D.; and charged Plaintiffs with

jointly committing second degree assault against A.S. and E.M.D. (See id., Ex. E at 5 (Mr. Grae-El’s motion for relief from his conviction); see also id. at 35-36.) In lieu of trial, Mr. Grae-El and Ms. Strange reached a plea agreement with the State whereby Mr. Grae-El pled guilty to “one count of assault of a child in the third degree (E.M.D.) and one count of assault in the fourth degree (A.S.),” and Ms. Strange “entered guilty pleas to

two counts of assault in the fourth degree (E.A.D. and A.S).” (See id., Ex. E at 6; see also Verification of State Records (Dkt. # 20), Ex. 3 at 158 (Mr. Grae-El’s motion for //

// relief from his conviction).5) Mr. Grae-El subsequently sought to vacate his conviction on the ground that his guilty plea was the result of ineffective assistance from his counsel.

See State v. Grae-El, No. 82306-0-I, 2022 WL 670953, at *3 (Wash. Ct. App. Mar. 7, 2022). After holding an evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied Mr. Grae-El’s motion in a ruling that was affirmed on appeal. Id. at *3, 9. The City Defendants removed this matter from King County Superior Court on December 16, 2021 and later filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings, which the court granted. (NOR (Dkt. # 1); MJP (Dkt. # 51); 4/19/22 Order at 30.) Plaintiffs filed

an amended complaint on May 22, 2022, which re-alleges the same claims contained in their initial complaint, including for violations of rights secured by the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendment, as well as Washington law. (Compare Compl. (Dkt. # 1), with Am. Compl.)

The City Defendants move for summary judgment on each of Plaintiffs’ claims. (See Mot. at 8-23.) Plaintiffs did not file a response to the City Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, but instead asked the court to continue this matter for 60 days to allow time for further consultation with a potential declarant. (See MFC at 2.) The court first addresses Plaintiffs’ motion for continuance before turning to consider the City

Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. //

5 The court previously took judicial notice over the records from Plaintiffs’ state court criminal proceeding. (See 4/19/22 (Dkt. # 73) at 6 n.6 (citing Fed. R. Evid. 201).) A. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Continuance Plaintiffs request “a continuance of 60 days to allow” time to consult with Dr.

Steve Wilson, a clinical social worker Plaintiffs have enlisted as a declarant and potential expert witness in this matter, regarding BWC footage and other materials Plaintiffs obtained through a public records request on June 2, 2022. (See MFC at 2.) When Plaintiffs filed their motion, Dr. Wilson was apparently unavailable to consult on this newly acquired material because he was out of the country on vacation, though he was expected to return in late July 2022—i.e., shortly before Plaintiffs’ response brief would

have been due. (See id.); see also Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 7(d)(3). Mr. Grae-El represents that the recently obtained records are “relevant to the arguments in this case,” including his Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) claim. (MFC at 2.) The City Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ motion should be considered under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 6, which permits a court to extend a fixed deadline “for

good cause,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(b)(1), and that Plaintiffs do not and cannot establish that good cause exists for the 60-day extension they seek. (See MFC Resp. at 1.) Specifically, the City Defendants argue that, when considering their summary judgment motion, the court will construe all available evidence—including the BWC footage—in Plaintiffs’ favor, such that any testimony Dr. Wilson might provide on Plaintiffs’ behalf

would be inconsequential to their summary judgment opposition. (See id. at 2.) Plaintiffs do not specify which rule their motion is made under. (See generally id.) In light of their pro se status, however, the court will consider their motion under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 6(b)(1) and 56(d). As noted above, Rule 6(b)(1) empowers the court to extend fixed deadlines “for good cause.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(b)(1). Rule 56(d) allows the court to defer consideration of a summary judgment motion for a specified

time in order to “allow [a nonmovant] time to obtain affidavits or declarations or to take discovery,” provided the “nonmovant shows by affidavit or declaration that, for specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d). The court concludes that Plaintiffs’ requested 60-day extension is not warranted under either standard because they do not request additional time to obtain evidence necessary to oppose summary judgment, but rather to discuss evidence already in their

possession with an expert witness. (See MFC at 2 (stating that Plaintiffs received BWC footage and other information from SPD on June 2, 2022).) Plaintiffs do not explain why they require an expert’s gloss on this evidence before they can respond to the City Defendants’ summary judgment motion and the court doubts that they do. Plaintiffs have previously shown themselves to be capable of attaching evidence as exhibits to their

filings and making arguments to the court about the favorable inferences that it should draw. (See, e.g., Am. Compl. at 81-82 (alleging what the BWC footage from November 28, 2018 would show).) Plaintiffs could have taken the same approach with respect to the BWC footage and other newly acquired evidence. Because Plaintiffs do not explain why this evidence must first be filtered through

expert testimony, as opposed to being presented directly to the court, the court does not find that good cause exists for a 60-day extension. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(b)(1). Moreover, because Plaintiffs do not seek extra time to obtain evidence necessary to oppose summary judgment, only to discuss evidence already in their possession, their motion also fails under Rule 56(d). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d) (allowing continuances where more time is needed to gather “facts essential to justify its opposition”).

Accordingly, whether construed as a motion made under Rule 6(b) or Rule 56(d), Plaintiffs’ motion for a 60-day extension to their summary judgment response deadline is B. Summary Judgment Legal Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate if the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, demonstrates “that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A fact is “material” if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Id. The moving

party bears the initial burden of showing that there is no genuine dispute of material fact and that it is entitled to prevail as a matter of law, which it may do by “identifying those portions of ‘the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,’ which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c)). Thus, “regardless of whether the moving party accompanies its summary judgment motion with affidavits, the motion may, and should, be granted so long as whatever is before the district court demonstrates” the absence of a genuine dispute of material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See id. If the moving party meets its burden of production, the burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to identify specific facts from which a factfinder could reasonably find in the

nonmoving party’s favor. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324; Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250. Where, as here, the non-moving party fails to respond to the summary judgment motion, the court cannot grant the motion automatically. See Heinemann v. Satterberg, 731 F.3d 914, 916 (9th Cir. 2016) (“[A] motion for summary judgment may not be granted based on a failure to file an opposition to the motion.”); Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 7(b)(2). Rather, the court may only “grant summary judgment if the motion and

supporting materials—including the facts considered undisputed—show that the movant is entitled to it.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(3); see Heinemann, 731 F.3d at 916. Facts asserted by the moving party in an unopposed motion may be treated as “undisputed for purposes of the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(3); see Heinemann, 731 F.3d at 916. C. The City Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment

The City Defendants move for summary judgment on each of Plaintiffs’ claims, arguing that: (1) the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment claims against Officer Nichols and Sergeant Boggs are barred under Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994); (2) the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendment claims fail because Officer Nichols had probable cause to take the children into custody; (3) the Brady claim fails because the

allegedly suppressed information does not cast sufficient doubt on Plaintiffs’ guilt; (4) the failure to supervise claim against Sergeant Boggs fails because Plaintiffs do not allege that an underlying constitutional violation took place; and (5) the state law claims fail // because Plaintiffs did not provide adequate pre-suit notice to the City Defendants, as is required by RCW 4.96.020. (See Mot. at 8-23.6)

Perhaps because Plaintiffs assumed the court would grant their extension request, they have not opposed the City Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. (See Dkt.; MFC at 2.) The court’s local rules caution against such an approach, warning that “[p]arties should not assume that the[ir extension] motion will be granted and must comply with the existing deadline unless the court orders otherwise.” Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 7(j). Thus, the court considers whether, on the record before the court, the

City Defendants are entitled to summary judgment. See Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. 1. Heck v. Humphrey Bars Plaintiffs’ Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment Claims Against Officer Nichols and Sergeant Boggs Plaintiffs allege that Officer Nichols violated their Fourth Amendment rights through the preparation of a police report and CWO that contained material and deceptive statements, and which served as the basis for removing their children without a warrant, thereby depriving them of their Fourteenth Amendment right to familial association. (See Am. Compl. at 69-73.) They also allege that Sergeant Boggs violated their Fourteenth Amendment right to due process by failing to supervise Officer Nichols during his investigation of suspected child abuse and by failing to “screen the incident” with SPD’s Sexual Assault and Child Abuse Unit (“SAU”). (See id. at 75, 92.) The City Defendants //

6 Plaintiffs also allege that the SPD policy manual violates the constitution by allowing SPD officers to rely on their subjective opinions. (See Am. Compl. at 76-78.) The court previously dismissed this claim with prejudice. (See 4/19/22 Order at 28.) assert that these claims are barred by Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994). (See Mot. at 8-10.)

The court previously dismissed Plaintiffs’ Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment claims after finding that, at bottom, they challenged whether Officer Nichols had probable cause to place the children in protective custody and were thus not “distinct temporally or spatially from the factual basis for [their] conviction[s],” Beets v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 669 F.3d 1038, 1042 (9th Cir. 2012), and that success on those claims would “implicitly question the validity” of their convictions, in violation of Heck, see

Muhammad v. Close, 540 U.S. 749, 751 (2004); Heck, 512 U.S. at 487. (See 4/19/22 Order at 20-22; id. at 20 n.11 (taking judicial notice of records from Plaintiffs’ state court proceedings to determine whether Heck applied).) The amended complaint continues to challenge the legality of Officer Nichols’s probable cause determination, despite the fact that it is clear from the record that Plaintiffs’ convictions remain intact. (See generally

Am. Compl.); see also Grae-El, 2022 WL 670953, at *9 (affirming the trial court’s decision denying Mr. Grae-El’s effort to vacate his guilty plea on the grounds that he was provided ineffective assistance from his counsel). Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment claims against Officer Nichols continue to be barred under Heck. (See 4/19/22 Order at 20-22.)

Likewise, because Heck prohibits Plaintiffs from establishing a Fourth or Fourteenth Amendment constitutional violation against Officer Nichols, they cannot maintain a § 1983 claim against Sergeant Boggs, based on her failure to supervise Officer Nichols with respect to those claims, or the City of Seattle. (See 4/19/22 Order at 29); see also Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 937 (9th Cir. 2002) (describing elements of a supervisory liability claim under § 1983 to include the establishment of an underlying

constitutional violation); Larin v. Cnty. of Santa Barbara, No. CV 15-2734-GW (SP), 2016 WL 9244021, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 13, 2016) (finding that the supervisory liability claim failed because Heck prevented plaintiff from establishing an underlying constitutional violation), report and recommendation adopted, No. CV 15-2734-GW(SP), 2017 WL 2836209 (C.D. Cal. June 27, 2017). Plaintiffs also assert that Sergeant Boggs violated their due process rights by

failing to “screen the incident” with SAU, which SPD Policy requires when a “child has a serious injury and child abuse or neglect is suspected.” See SPD Policy Manual 15.220- POL-5, Seattle Police Dep’t (May 7, 2019), https://www.seattle.gov/police-manual/title- 15---primary-investigation/15220---child-welfare; (Am. Compl. at 92). They contend that Sergeant Boggs’s failure to do so either violated their due process rights or provides

evidence that SPD did not, in fact, believe the children’s injuries were serious. (See Am. Compl. at 92.) The court need not decide whether Sergeant Boggs violated SPD policy, however, because her alleged policy infraction either fails as a standalone claim under § 1983, see Canell v. Bradshaw, 840 F. Supp. 1382, 1387 (D. Or. 1993) (“Violations of state law or regulations are not cognizable under § 1983.”), aff’d, 97 F.3d 1458 (9th Cir.

1996), or merely provides evidence relevant to Plaintiffs’ Heck-barred familial association claim. Accordingly, the City Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment claims against Officer Nichols, Sergeant Boggs, and the City of Seattle, regardless of whether those claims are asserted under theories of direct, supervisory, or municipal liability.

2. The Existence of Probable Cause Bars Plaintiffs’ First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendment Claims In addition to the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment claims, described above, Plaintiffs also allege that Officer Nichols’s determination that exigent circumstances warranted taking the children into protective custody without a warrant was made in retaliation for Mr. Grae-El’s conduct during the November 28, 2018 safety assessment, where he “asserted his rights, questioned the existence of a warrant, voiced his dislike for police officers,” and “criticized the cultural sensitivity of state agents.” (See Am. Compl. at 71.) The City Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendment claims all fail for the common reason that Officer Nichols had probable cause to conclude that abuse had taken place, and that the risk of further abuse if the children remained in Plaintiffs’ custody was sufficiently likely to permit placing the children into protective custody without a warrant. (Mot. at 10-16.) To prevail on a First Amendment retaliation claim, a plaintiff must show “‘that (1) he was engaged in a constitutionally protected activity, (2) the defendant’s actions would chill a person of ordinary firmness from continuing to engage in the protected activity and (3) the protected activity was a substantial or motivating factor in the defendant’s conduct.’” Capp v. Cnty. of San Diego, 940 F.3d 1046, 1053 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting O’Brien v. Welty, 818 F.3d 920, 932 (9th Cir. 2016)). A plaintiff must also show that the challenged conduct “was objectively unreasonable because it was not supported by probable cause.” Nieves v. Bartlett, ––– U.S. –––, 139 S. Ct. 1715, 1722 (2019). A Fourth Amendment claim for judicial deception, likewise, turns on whether

the challenged affidavit “on its face establishes probable cause.” See Ewing v. City of Stockton, 588 F.3d 1218, 1224 (9th Cir. 2009). Finally, a claim that the Fourteenth Amendment right to familial association has been violated requires the plaintiff to show that the officer lacked “reasonable cause to believe that” the children were “‘likely to experience serious bodily harm in the time that would [have been] required to obtain a warrant.’” Kirkpatrick v. Cnty. of Washoe, 843 F.3d 784, 790 (9th Cir. 2016) (emphasis

omitted) (quoting Rogers v. Cnty. of San Joaquin, 487 F.3d 1288, 1294 (9th Cir. 2007)).7 Plaintiffs’ claims all fail because, as the record before the court illustrates, Officer Nichols had a reasonable basis for believing that the children had been abused and were likely to experience further abuse in the time it would have taken to obtain a warrant. Indeed, as Officer Nichols documented in his report, he observed “some bruising

underneath [A.S.’s] left eye and scratches on both sides of his neck,” which A.S. attributed to Mr. Grae-El hitting him with “several open slaps across his face.” (See SPD General Offense Report at 20.) That observation and explanation aligned with the initial report from Dunlap staff and with observations documented in Officer Jones’s report from the November 28, 2018 safety assessment. (See Am. Compl. at 7 (alleging that

Dunlap employee Natalie Long reported to Ms. Ferreria on November 28, 2018 “that it looked like someone grabbed [A.S.’s] face really hard”); see also SPD General Offense

7 “[P]robable cause” and “reasonable grounds” are “substantial equivalents of the same meaning.” Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 311 n.3 (1959). Report at 15 (noting that CPS officials observed “an injury near [A.S.’s] eye” during November 28, 2018 safety assessment).8) It was also corroborated by A.S.’s siblings,

who told Officer Nichols that they either saw Mr. Grae-El “whoop” A.S. (E.A.D.) or heard it (E.M.D. and A.G.). (See SPD General Offense Report at 20.) Finally, each of the school-age children told Officer Nichols that “whoopings” were a common method of punishment used by Mr. Grae-El and Ms. Strange, and that they had each been hit with a belt or other object in the prior year during a “whooping.” (See id. at 20-21.9) That compilation of evidence is sufficient to establish probable cause. See Stoot v. City of

Everett, 582 F.3d 910, 920 (9th Cir. 2009) (allowing that statements from child victims may be used to establish probable cause where they are corroborated by additional evidence); see also Rodis v. City, Cnty. of San Francisco, 558 F.3d 964, 969 (9th Cir. 2009) (noting that probable cause “exists when officers have knowledge or reasonably trustworthy information sufficient to lead a person of reasonable caution to believe that

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8 Officer Nichols’s account was later corroborated by doctors at Children’s, who diagnosed A.S. as having a black eye. (See Am. Compl. at 26.) 9 Plaintiffs allege that Officer Nichols could not have overheard E.A.D. tell Ms. Ferreria that she had been hit with a belt because Ms. Ferreria testified in a deposition that she “did not ask any questions” when the children were interviewed on November 29, 2018 at Dunlap. (See Am. Compl. at 73.) They conclude, therefore, that Officer Nichols must have “lied about the origin of his observed child abuse allegation involving [E.A.D.]” (See id. (quoting Ferreria Dep. Tr. at 11:4).) That argument is not before the court but, even if it were, the record still contains undisputed evidence that E.A.D. directly told Officer Nichols that Ms. Strange hit her with a belt, which is consistent with the “whoopings” that each of the school-age children disclosed to Officer Nichols. (See SPD General Offense Report at 19-20.) Thus, even without evidence that Officer Nichols heard E.A.D. reaffirm her story of abuse to Ms. Ferreria, the record contains sufficient evidence to establish probable cause that Plaintiffs abused their children. an offense has been or is being committed” (quoting United States v. Lopez, 482 F.3d 1067, 1072 (9th Cir. 2007)).

In addition to probable cause to believe that the children had been abused, the court also concludes that Officer Nichols had reasonable cause to justify placing the children into protective custody without a warrant. In the CWO, Officer Nichols relied only on the evidence of abuse he gathered through his interviews and observations to conclude “that all five children are in danger of physical harm if returned home.” (SPD General Offense Report at 27.) He repeats this finding in his report and states that it is

additionally supported by Mr. Grae-El’s “reported behavior” during the safety assessment, as described in Officer Jones’s report. (See id. at 21.) It is this additional conclusion that Plaintiffs take as evidence that Officer Nichols was retaliating against Mr. Grae-El for asserting his rights during the November 28, 2018 safety assessment. (See Am. Compl. at 71 (noting Officer Nichols’s reference to Mr. Grae-El’s “reported

behavior”).) As described by Officer Jones, Mr. Grae-El’s conduct during the safety assessment, including his “expressed dislike of the police” (SPD General Offense Report at 15), likely included constitutionally protected speech. See, e.g., United States v. Poocha, 259 F.3d 1077, 1081-82 (9th Cir. 2001) (finding that profane expression of

police disapproval was protected by the First Amendment). Considering protected speech in the course of evaluating whether reasonable cause exists is not necessarily improper, however. See Capp, 940 F.3d at 1056 (“[P]rotected speech is often a ‘wholly legitimate consideration’ for officers when deciding whether to make an arrest.” (quoting Nieves, 139 S. Ct. at 1724)). Moreover, even if Officer Nichols did intend to retaliate against Mr. Grae-El for expressing his dislike of the police, that “state of mind is simply

‘irrelevant’” if, viewed objectively, Officer Nichols had reasonable cause to remove the children without a warrant. See Nieves, 139 S. Ct. at 1725 (quoting Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 153 (2004)) (counseling courts to focus on the objective inquiry of whether there was probable cause for the challenged conduct). The record before the court shows that he did. Officer Nichols’s primary basis for determining that there was no time to obtain a

warrant before placing the children into protective custody was “the physical evidence of abuse that [he] had observed and the pattern of physical abuse reported by every single child [he] had interviewed.” (SPD General Offense Report at 21 (concluding, on that basis, that the children “would be injured or could be injured if they were not taken into custody” immediately).) The court agrees that the nature of the abuse allegations were

serious enough to “give rise to a reasonable inference of imminent danger sufficient to justify taking children into temporary custody” and to conclude that the children were likely to suffer further harm before a warrant could have been obtained. See Kirkpatrick, 843 F.3d at 790. Indeed, Officer Nichols was only able to establish probable cause when he completed his interviews of the children sometime after 2 p.m. on November 29, 2018,

leaving him with insufficient time to obtain a warrant before the children would have been released to Mr. Grae-El and Ms. Strange at the end of the school day. (See SPD General Offense Report at 19-21; see also 4/19/22 Order at 14-15 (noting that the time to obtain a warrant should be calculated from the point at which probable cause of abuse is established (citing Rogers, 487 F.3d at 1294-95)).) Moreover, the “whoopings” were described to Officer Nichols as occurring unpredictably and whenever Mr. Grae-El or

Ms. Strange believed the children deserved punishment (see SPD General Offense Report at 19-21), meaning a “whooping” could have occurred as soon as the children returned home that afternoon. Cf. Rogers, 487 F.3d at 1295 (noting that “information that the abuse occurs only on certain dates or at certain times of day” counsels against a finding of exigency).10 Thus, there is a sufficient basis to conclude that exigent circumstances warranted placing the children into protective custody without waiting for a warrant. See

Barnes v. Cnty. of Placer, 654 F. Supp. 2d 1066, 1071-72 (E.D. Cal. 2009) (analyzing exigency based on the time between confirmation of suspected abuse and the close of the school day), aff’d, 386 F. App’x 633 (9th Cir. 2010). Accordingly, the City Defendants have met their summary judgment burden by identifying portions of Plaintiffs’ amended complaint and supporting exhibits

demonstrating that Officer Nichols’s decision to place the children in protective custody without a warrant was justified by probable and reasonable cause. That is fatal to Plaintiffs’ claims under the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments. //

// 10 Although the fact that the children were permitted to remain in Plaintiffs’ custody after the November 28, 2018 safety assessment could suggest a lack of exigency, see Rogers, 487 F.3d at 1295 (“[A]n official’s prior willingness to leave the children in their home militates against a finding of exigency.”), it does not do so here. As the record makes clear, CPS believed the children should have been removed on November 28, 2018, but Officer Jones believed that doing so—even if it had been supported by reasonable cause—“might have escalated into a possible fight” with Mr. Grae-El, which he “wanted to avoid.” (See SPD General Offense Report at 15.) 3. The Allegedly Suppressed Brady Material Does Not Undermine Confidence in Plaintiffs’ Convictions Plaintiffs allege that certain pieces of exculpatory or impeachment evidence were withheld from them in the discovery phase of their dependency and criminal proceedings in violation of the due process rights secured by Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). (See Am. Compl. at 76, 81-82.) Specifically, Plaintiffs contend that the following pieces of evidence were withheld: (1) Officer Jones’s November 28, 2018 report, which documents the safety assessment; (2) Officer Nichols’s BWC footage from his visit to Dunlap on November 29, 2018; and (3) a follow-up report created by Detective Pitts. (See id.11) To establish a Brady violation for suppression of evidence by an investigating officer, plaintiffs must allege that “(1) the officer suppressed evidence that was favorable to the accused from the prosecutor and the defense, (2) the suppression harmed the accused, and (3) the officer ‘acted with deliberate indifference to or reckless disregard for an accused’s rights or for the truth in withholding evidence from prosecutors.’” Mellen v. Winn, 900 F.3d 1085, 1096 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Tennison v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 570 F.3d 1078, 1087, 1089 (9th Cir. 2009)). Only suppressed evidence that “could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine // //

11 Plaintiffs also vaguely allege that a recording of Ms. Ferreria’s “conduct” may exist. (Id. at 81.) They do not specify what that recording might show or how it might call into question Plaintiffs’ convictions; thus, that allegedly missing evidence cannot support a Brady claim. See Mellen, 900 F.3d at 1096. confidence in the verdict” will suffice to establish such a due process violation. See id. (quoting Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 435 (1995)).

The court agrees with the City Defendants that Plaintiffs’ claim fails on the first element because Plaintiffs do not allege that Officer Nichols or Sergeant Boggs “suppressed evidence that was favorable to the accused from the prosecutor and the defense,” Mellen, 900 F.3d at 1096, only that such evidence was not included in the discovery they received during their dependency and criminal proceedings (see Am. Compl. at 76). Even if Plaintiffs had alleged that Officer Nichols or Sergeant Boggs

were responsible for discovery errors in their dependency and criminal cases, the claim would still fail because the allegedly withheld evidence would not have “put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict.” See Mellen, 900 F.3d at 1096. For instance, if Plaintiffs could have used Officer Jones’s report to show that Mr.

Grae-El behaved “reasonably and lawfully” during the November 28, 2018 safety assessment, that might have called into question the reasonableness of Officer Nichols’s decision to proceed without a warrant, but would not undermine Plaintiffs’ assault convictions. (See Am. Compl. at 81.) Plaintiffs also speculate that Officer Nichols’s BWC footage from November 29, 2018 would show that Officer Nichols failed to

properly interview the children or to record their statements “verbatim,” and that E.A.D. did not have an observable mark on her left cheek, contradicting Officer Nichols’s report. (See id. at 81-82.) Plaintiffs do not allege what harm they suffered from Officer Nichols’s substandard interview tactics or how a “verbatim” transcript would differ from Officer Nichols’ report. (See id.) And, even if the allegedly suppressed BWC footage would rebut Officer Nichols’s assertion that E.A.D. had visible bruising on her cheek,

Ms. Strange’s conviction for assaulting E.A.D. is supported by other evidence of abuse that might have come out at trial, including testimony from a physician at Children’s that E.A.D. had bruising on her leg, and scarring near her neck that E.A.D. attributed to being “whooped” by Ms. Strange (see Am. Compl., Ex. S at 10:7-10 (deposition transcript of Dr. Hannah Deming)). Finally, Plaintiffs allege that Detective Pitts’s follow-up report would have

contradicted the conclusion that Plaintiffs abused their children and supported their theory of lawful parental discipline. (Am. Compl. at 82.) They specifically focus on Detective Pitts’s summary of findings made during the examination at Children’s, which concluded that only A.S. and A.G. had observable injuries, which were characterized as “superficial bruising.” (Id. (quoting SPD General Offense Report at 24).) Although that

contradicts Officer Nichols’s assertion that E.A.D. had an observable mark on her left cheek, Detective Pitts’s report otherwise supports Officer Nichols’s understanding that Mr. Grae-El gave A.S. a black eye and that Mr. Grae-El and Ms. Strange disciplined their children by hitting them “with hands, belts, spoons, and spatulas.” (See SPD General Offense Report at 19-20, 24.)

Because Plaintiffs fail to allege that the City Defendants suppressed evidence and the record shows that the allegedly withheld evidence would not have “put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in” Plaintiffs’ convictions, the City // Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on this claim. See Mellen, 900 F.3d at 1096.

4. Plaintiffs Failed to Provide the City Defendants with Pre-Suit Notice

Plaintiffs allege state law claims against Officer Nichols for intentional infliction of emotional distress and gross negligence. (See Am. Compl. at 80-81, 91.) The City Defendants argue that these claims fail as a matter of law because Plaintiffs did not provide the pre-suit notice required by RCW 4.96.020(4). (See Mot. at 20-23.) Pursuant to RCW 4.96.020, “[n]o action . . . shall be commenced against any local governmental entity, or against any local governmental entity’s officers, employees, or volunteers, acting in such capacity, for damages arising out of tortious conduct until sixty calendar days have elapsed after the claim has first been presented to the agent of the governing body thereof.” RCW 4.96.020; see also Troxell v. Rainier Pub. Sch. Dist. No. 307, 111 P.3d 1173, 1174 (Wash. 2005) (noting that RCW 4.96.020(4) “forbids the

commencement of a tort action against a local government defendant ‘until sixty days have elapsed after’ the plaintiff files a claim notice with the local government entity”). “The purpose of RCW 4.96.020(4) is to establish a period of time for government defendants to investigate claims and settle those claims where possible.” Troxell, 111 P.3d at 1175-76 (alteration omitted) (quoting Medina v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 of Benton

Cnty., 53 P.3d 993, 1000 (Wash. 2002)). The City Defendants assert that “[i]n the City of Seattle, the Department of Finance and Administrative Services [(“FAS”)] administers the tort claim process,” and that “FAS has not received any such filing from either Plaintiff in this action.” (Reply at 4.) As evidence, they provide the declaration of Sara Kern, a claims manager within FAS who testifies that she has “searched the records of [her] office and ha[s] found no record

of a tort claim submitted by Plaintiffs Zion Grae-El or Caprice Strange.” (See Kern Decl. (Dkt. # 83) ¶ 3; see also id. ¶ 2 (“FAS maintains the Standard Tort Claim Form available online.”).) Although Plaintiffs did not submit a brief in response, they assert in their motion for a continuance that Mr. Grae-El filed a “tort complaint . . . 60 days prior to the filing of this complaint” and “was contacted by an investigator for SPD” to discuss the tort complaint. (MFC at 2-3.) Plaintiffs’ motion for a continuance is made “[i]n good

faith and the pursuit of justice” (see id. at 3), but not under “under penalty of perjury,” 28 U.S.C. § 1746, as is necessary for the court to accept as evidence facts that are based on personal knowledge but set forth in a motion “when deciding a motion for summary judgment,” see Johnson v. Meltzer, 134 F.3d 1393, 1400 (9th Cir. 1998); see also Jones v. Blanas, 393 F.3d 918, 923 (9th Cir. 2004) (considering “as evidence in . . . opposition

to summary judgment” a pro se litigant’s “contentions offered in motions and pleadings, where such contentions are based on personal knowledge,” admissible, and made under penalty of perjury). Even if the court could consider assertions in Plaintiffs’ unverified motion for a continuance as evidence, the claim would still fail. Plaintiffs have consistently alleged

that they provided pre-suit notice to the State of Washington, not to the City of Seattle. (See MFC at 3 (asserting that “[t]he tort form was completed and submitted online with the office of risk management”); see also Am. Compl. at 2 (alleging that “Plaintiffs filed a Standard Tort Claim Form with the State of Washington, Office of Risk Management” and complied with RCW 4.92.110 et seq.).12) As the court has previously explained, that does not suffice to pursue a tort claim against a municipal entity and its employees, like

the City Defendants. (See 3/10/22 Order (Dkt. # 62) at 18-19 (dismissing Ms. Strange’s tort-based claim for damages against Seattle Public Schools and Ms. Long based on Ms. Strange’s failure to allege compliance with RCW 4.96.020).) Accordingly, the City Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress and gross negligence.

For the foregoing reasons, the court DENIES Plaintiffs’ motion for a continuance (Dkt. # 84) and GRANTS the City Defendants’ motion for summary judgment (Dkt. # 82). Dated this 23rd day of August, 2022. A

United States District Judge 12 RCW 4.92.110 pertains to actions “commenced against the state, or against any state officer, employee, or volunteer, acting in such capacity, for damages arising out of tortious conduct.”