Ringo, Chief Justice,
delivered the opinion of the court:
This is an action of debt commenced by the plaintiff against the defendants in error, in the Circuit Court of Washington county, found-e(j on the official bond of the defendant Evans, as sheriff of said county. The plaintiff in his declaration set forth the bond and the condition thereof in haec verba, and assigned three several breaches of the con-dilion: The 1st charges the escape of one George Robinson, out of cusj;0¿y 0f said Evans, as sheriff of Washington county, in the lifetime of said Hancock, after he had been arrested and held in his custody on a capias ad respondendum issued at the suit of said Hancock, for a subsisting demand for $3000, and only endorsed for bail in that sum.
The 2nd also charges the escape of one George Robinson, out of thf custody of said Evans, as sheriff of Washington couilty, after the death of said Hancock, and after he had been arrested and held in his custody, in the lifetime of said Hancock, on a capias ad responden-dum, issued at his suit for a debt of $250, and duly endorsed/or bail', in the sum of $>300, and avers the same to have been to the injury of Sfád Aaron W. Lyon, as administrator as .aforesaid..
And the 3rd alleges the escape of one George Robinson, out of the custody of said Evans, as sheriff of Washington county, after he had arrested aid taken his body in execution, and held him in his custody, in execution, Ujon, and by virtue of an execution, duly issued upon a judgment of the Circuit Court of said county, in favor of A. W. Lyon, administrator of the estate of Peter Hancock, deceased, against the said George Robinson, for a debt of $271, and $36 64-100 costs — ' the said dejitand costs beiw wholly unsatisfied to the said A. W. Lyon, administrator as aforesaid.
The declaration also- contains« general breach as follows: “[.Yet the said defendants, although often requited to do so, hath not yet paid the said sum of six thousand dollars, above demanded, or any part thereof’ to the said Peter Hancock in his lifetime. 0r to A. W. Lyon, administrator of said Peter since his death, to whou letters of administration were granted by the county court of Pope couni-j, a. t. in due form of law, which letters of administration bear date the Igjfo day of October, 1830, and now here to the court shown, the dat* wher.eof is the day and year aforesaid; but hath hitherto wholly neglected and iefused so to do, and still doth neglect and refuse to pay the same,or any part thereof to the plaintiff, to the damages of the said plaintiff, oKe thousand dollars, and therefore suit is brought, &c.”
At the return term ail of the defendants named in the declaration, (except Estes who was not served withjhe process to appear,) appeared, and moved the court to dismiss the suit, and to quash the writ, for a variance between it and the declaration, which motion being sustained by the court, was afterwards set aside, on the application of the plaiu-tiff, and the case reinstated “ on the docket:” whereupon the defend-a añts craved oyer of the writing obligatory declared on, and also of the letters of administration set forth in the declaration, but without •oyer having been either granted or refused, filed several pleas, to wit:
First, “That the said Aaron W. Lyon never has been the legal administrator of the goods or chatties, rights or credits, which were of the said Peter Hancock, deceased, in manner, &c.,” commencing and concluding in bar of the action.
Second, “That the said Louis Evans, sheriff, as aforesaid, did not permit the said George Robinson to go at large, and escape from his custody in manner,” &c.
Third, “That the said Lewis Evans, sheriff, as aforesaid, did not take the said George Robinson in execution in manner and form as set forth in the plaintiff's declaration.”
Fourth, “nul tiel record of the recovery in favor of said Lyon, administrator as aforesaid, against said George Robinson, in manner and form, &c.”
The first, second, and third of said pleas appear to have been filed together, at the return term of said writ, on the 18th day of June, 1835; but it does not appear from the record at what time the said fourth plea was filed.
In the record of the proceedings of said term is the following entry: “And now on this day came the parties by their attorneys, and the plaintiff demurs to the first and second pleas filed by the defendant,, to which the defendant joins issue, and the matters of law arising on said demurrer being argued, it seems to the court that the law is for the plaintiff; thorefore, it is considered that the said demurrer be sustained as to the first plea, and overruled as to the second plea.”
It also appears that the said first plea to which the demurrer was sustained, was then amended in the commencement and conclusion thereof, so as to give it the form and prayer of a plea in abatement;— containing, however, in form and substance the same defence, interposed by it in the first instance, which being thus amended, an affidavit of the truth thereof, sworn to by the defendant, Evans, was endorsed on, or attached to it, and being again filed as amended, wasjdemurred to and the demurrer joined, and the question raised thereby taken under advisement by the court and the case continued.
The record of the next term states that the demurrer filed at the > previous term, wás sustained, and the plea again amended and demurred to.and the demurrer overruled, and that upon the overruling of the demurrer, leave was granted to the defendants to withdraw all their ¿fe case^ excep( tJi& plea in abatement, to which opinion of the court, granting the leave to withdraw said pleas, the plaintiff, excepted, and tendered his bill of exceptions, which_wasJ; signed by the judge, and ordered to be made a part of the record. The plaintiff then filed his replication to the plea remaining in the cause, to which issue was joined, and thereupon a verdict and judgment given in favor of the defendants; and the plaintiff has brought the case before this court by a writ of error.
The bill of exceptions, as transcribed in the record, states; “ that there were filed, or marked filed by the clerk; three papers, two to the merits, one in abatement, which pleas were filed together at the June term, A. D. 1835, and on the tenth day of the term; which pleas were severally demurred to, and the demurrer sustained to the pleas to the merits of the case, and the plea in abatement was taken under advisement to this term of the court, and the demurrer was sustained by the court, because there was no affidavit to the plea, but the court permitted . the defendant to amend his plea' in abatement ” — “ and that there were other pleas to the merits of the case filed at the previous term of this court, and which were not disposed of cither by demurrer or replication, and the court permitted the defendants to amend their pleas in abatement by swearing to the truth of the same, and the plaintiff demurred to the plea as amended in abatement, which was joined by the defendants; and on the argument of the demurrer to the plea in abatement, the court decided that while.the plea in abatement was pending all other pleas should be treated as a nullity, and permitted the defendants to withdraw their other pleas, and the Court overruled the demurrer to the plea in abatement, to all of which the plaintiff excepted.” “ That on the trial of the case, the plaintiff offered the letters of administration granted by the judge of the county court of Pope county, in vacation, to the said A. W. Lyon, and the defendants objected because the letters were granted by the judge in vacation, and the court sustained the objection, and the plaintiff excepted. The plaintiff also “offered to introduce the judgment obtain-edin the Circuit Court of Washington county in favor of A. W. Lyon, as administrator’of the estate of Peter Hancock, deceased, against George Robinson, which was also rejected by the court,” and the plaintiff excepted.
The plaintiff also assigns as error:
1st. That the court permitted a plea in abatement, and pleas to the merits, to be filed together, and at the same time.
2nd. That the court sustained a plea in abatement in defence, after pleasin bar had’been filed to the merits of the action.
3rd. That the court perrinitted the defendants to amend their plea iu abatement, after a demurrer thereto had been sustained.
4th. In overruling the demurrer to the amended plea in abatement filed by the defendants.
5th. In sustaining the plea"in abatement, filed by the defendants which only'responded or applied to a part of the plaintiff’s declaratoion.
6th.|In declaring that, while a plea in abatement was pending, all other picas should be treated as a nullity.
7th. That pending the demurrer to the amended plea in abatement, the court permitted the defendants to withdraw all their pleas to the merits, which had been previously filed in bar, and defend upon their plea in abatement.
8th. In rejecting and excluding the letters of administration offered in evidence by the plaintiff. -
9th. In rejecting and excluding a judgment recovered by the plaintiff as administrator, áte.,"as set forth in the declaration, when offered in evidence by the plaintiff, showing that he had recovered the same judgment as such administrator upon which he had instituted this suit; and
10th. The general- assignment that judgment was given for the defendants; whereas, by the law of the land, it ought to have been given for the plaintiff, against the defendants.
To which there is a joinder by the defendants.
Previously to examining the questions presented by the assignment of errors, and for the purpose of disincumbering the case of the most obvious inconsistencies appearing upon the face of the record; and presenting the points legitimately arising for adjudication in a viewless confused, it may not be improper to declare the opinion of the court, in regard to such repugnancies and inconsistencies.
Shall the facts presented by the entries in the record, made and kept by the court, or those stated in the bill of exceptions, prevail when they are pointedly inconsistent with each other, as they appear in this case, is the question to be decided. The Circuit Courts are courts of record, and are required by law to make and keep a record ^ j.}lejr proceedings in books provided for that purpose; which, by the uniform usage and practice in the courts of this country, from the time of its first organization as a territorial government, to the present period, now confirmed and enjoined by statutory regulations, are always publicly read in open court, and signed by the court, or judge presiding; and the records so made are required by law to be kept, by the clerk of the court, in his office, whole, safe and undefaced, as a perpetual and infallible memorial of the facts therein recorded. And the law attaches to them such uncontrolnble and incontrovertible sanctity, that it will not suffer them to be in anywise controverted or denied, except upon the ground of fraud. And the court itself, after the term in which the proceedings are so recorded has passed by, loses all control over them, and is not permitted to change or alter them, except in cases where there appears to have been manifestly a misprision of the clerk, and then only to correct such misprision by a new entry in the record, which, in some cases, may be considered and taken to operate nunc pro tunc.
A bill of exceptions is founded upon some objection in point of law, to the opinion and direction of the court, upon a trial at law, either as to the competency of witnesses, the admissibility of evidence, or the legal effect of it, or for overruling a challenge or refusing a demurrer to evidence, and the like. Tidd, 786. The object of bills of exceptions is to preserve the evidence of facts, which, in the ordinary course of proceeding in the courts, would not otherwise appear of record in the case. The bill of exceptions must be tendered at the trial; for, if the party then acquiesce, he waives it, and shall not resort back to his exceptions, after a verdict against him, when, perhaps, if he had stood upon his exception, the other party had more evidence, and need not have put the cause on that point; not that it need be drawn up in form, but the substance must be reduced to writing, while the thing is transacting; because it is to become a record. Tidd, 788. And when the bill of exceptions is signed, the truth of the facts contained in it can never afterwards be disputed.' Tidd, 790. It then becomes a part of the record and proceedings in the cause, and is emphatically a part of the record of the court, and as such, it is deemed in law to be entitled to the same faith and credit; but it can only be so cOnsidered when the bill of exceptions contains in itself intrinsic evidence, that the exception Was taken and reserved while the thing was transacting, or the matter excepted to was passing before the court, and that it was reduced to form and signed by the judge or judges presiding in, or holding the court, at some time during the term of the court, at which the exception was taken and reserved; and no facts,other than those transacting in the court, or properly before it when the exceptions were taken and reserved, can be legally the subject of an exception, or inserted in the bill of exceptions. It results, therefore, from the nature and objects of bills of exceptions, that facts not excepted to when they were transacting in the court, or not properly before the court at the time the exception is taken, or over which the court has no control at the time, although incorporated into the bill of exceptions, cannot be regarded as legally comprising part thereof, or as composing any part of the record of the court; and con^quently they are not entitled by law to any credit, as facts appearing of record in the cause.
By applying these tests to the bill of -exceptions before us. it is manifest that almost every fact therein stated must be considered as forming no part of the record, and therefore be entirely disregarded.
This question being thus disposed of, we will proceed to examine the questions presented by the record, and raised upon the assignment of errors.
The first question to be decided is, whether the plea of ne ungues \administrator, is properly a plea in abatement, or a plea in bar? In the record it is styled a plea in abatement, and appears to have been so considered and treated by the Circuit Court, and it is urged by the plaintiff in error that this is its true character; but the plea appears in the record, and we are at liberty to determine its character. In every treatise on the subject of pleading to which we have had an opportunity of referring, the pleá. of ne ungues administrator is classed with pleas in bar, and treated of as a plea belonging approprialely to that class, and the effect thereof would not be, in the opinion of this court, to suspend the plaintiff’s right of action merely, but to defeat it absolutely, by establishing the fací that he is notin fact the representative of the intestate Hancock. And it is stated in 1st Chitty’s Pleading, 434, to be a general rule, “that whenever the subject matter of the plea or defence is, that the plaintiff cannot maintain ány action, at any-time in respect of the supposed cause of action, it may and usually should be pleaded in bar; but matter which merely defeats the present proceeding, and does not show that the plaintiff is forever concluded, should in general be pleaded in abatement: there are, however, some matters which may be pleaded in abatement, or in bar; but where the plaintiff’s disability merely suspends the right of action, and does not destroy it, it can only be pleaded in abatement.” Here Lyon sues in his representative character as administrator of the estate of Hancock, deceased, for causes of action, a part of which atleast could only have accrued to him in that right. How then could he, at any time, maintain an action upon these causes of action, if he was not the administrator? And what better writ therefor could the defendants have given him, or the law permitted him to have? Certainly none. It follows, therefore, that if the plea did not set forth facts, which merely suspended his right of action, but destroyed it altogether, and if he could have no better writ therefor, it must, whenever it commences and concludes in bar, be regarded as a plea in bar, and not as a plea in abatement. And it has been held that where the action is by- an .administrator, stating a grant of administration from a bishop, of a peculiar diocese, a plea of bona notahilia should be in bar, and not in abatement; because it shows that the plaintiff has no right to sue at. all in the character of administrator. 1 Saund. 274, n. 3; 1 Chitty, 446.
The general rule which prevails in pleading is, that a mere prayer of judgment, without pointing out the appropriate judgment, is sufficient; because, thefacts being shown, the court are boundto pronounce the proper judgment; and upon that principle it has been held that if a plea which contains matter in bar of an action, conclude in abatement, it is a plea in bar, and final judgment shall be given upon it; for if the plaintiff have no cause of action, he can have no writ, notwithstanding the conclusion. 1 Chitty, 446.
But it has also been held, according to the maxim, conclusio facit jjlacitum, that the class and character of a plea depend upon its for-mular parts; and therefore if a plea commence and conclude as in abatement, and show matter in bar, it is a plea in abatement,, .and not in bar, the commencement and conclusion being in such form as to indicate- the view in which it is pleaded,# and to mark its object and tendency, as being either to the jurisdiction, in suspension, in abatement, or in bar. And upon this principle, Lord Holt, in the case of Medina vs. Stoughton, 1 Ld. Raym. 593, laid it down as a rule that 14 if a man pleads matter which goes in bar, but begins and concludes his plea in abatement, it will be a plea in abatement; but if he begins in bar, though he concludes in abatement, or concludes in bar, though he begins in abatement, it will be a plea in bar.” And in conformity to the first part of this rule, the case of Godson vs. Good, 6 Taunt. 587, was decided. There the action was against the defendant as administratrix of her husband, on a contract entered into by him; her plea began and concluded in. abatement: the substance of it was in bar, viz: that the intestate made the supposed contract jointly with others, (naming them,) who were yet living, and so the action survived- against them. The plain tiff took issue on this, and at the trial it appeared that the contract was in fact joint; but that others besides those named by the defendant in her plea joined in it, and were alive.. If, then, the plea was to be considered as one in abatement, such proof was an answer to it, because the plea has failed to give the plaintiff a better writ; for if he had sued out a writ according to the plea, he might have been again foiled by another plea in abatement; and accordingly, as the court on the authority of the above case, held the plea, a plea in abatement, the rule to enter a verdict for the defendant was discharged. ( This appears, therefore, to be the settled rule, and we are not a,ware of any decision in direct conflict with the rule, although principles sometimes stated in the books appear rather to militate against it. We feel therefore bound to consider the amended plea of ne unques administrator, as pleaded in this case, a plea in abatement, notwithstanding the facts stated in the plea is-matter in bar.
Haying thus ascertained the pharacter of the plea, the next question presented by the record and assignment of errors, is, whether the several causes of action set out in the declaration are such as may be joined in the same action by the administrator. On the part of the plaintiff in error, it is contended that the plea purports to answer the whole declaration, when it is only responsive to a part' thereof; the cause of action set forth in the third assignment of a breach in the declaration being for an escape out of the sheriff’s custody, on an execution issued on a judgment recovered by Lyon in bis representative capacity after the death of Hancock, upon which he could sue without naming himself administrator; and therefore the plea is no answer to that part of the declaration, and the issue thereupon joined is immaterial. And on the part of the defendants, it is insisted that if the plea ^oes n°t answer the whole declaration, causes of action are joined therein, which cannot by law be joined in the same action; and therefore the plaintiff, having committed the first error, which is fatal to his action, cannot complain of the insufficiency of the plea.
¿etermjne these questions, it is necessary to ascertain what cause of action may be joined, when the suit is brought by an executor, or administrator as such. ' The rule first laid down in the case of Bull vs. Palmer, 2 Lev. 165, “That whenever the money when recovered would be assitts the counts may be joined,” was, by a series of decisions, subsequently made in the courts of England, for a time, greatly shaken, if not entirely overthrown; and it was held in the cases of Herreden vs. Palmer, Hob. 88; Rogers vs. Cook, 1 Salk. 10; Bettes vs. Witchett, 10 Mod. 316; Hosier vs. Lord Arundel, 3 Bos. & Pul. 7; and Nicholas vs. Killigrew, 1 Ld. Raym. 437, “That money received to the use of an executor after the death of the testator, gives a different cause of action to the executor, from that which accrued to the testator by the receipt of the money in his lifetime; that in the latter case the executor must necessarily sue as such, and is not liable to cost if he fail in the action; but in the former case, he need not sue as executor, but may bring the action in his own name: and if he does sue as executor, he is liable to costs as any other person is.”
But this rule, like that in the case of Bull vs. Palmer, was doomed to have but a temporary existence; and upon much consideration has been overruled by the same courts which established it, and the former rule, as laid down in the case of Bull vs. Palmer, has been established, and, by a series of more modern decisions, is declared to be the true rule, and appears to be at this timetheseltledlawin England. See Ord vs. Fenwick, 3 East. 104; Foxwist vs. Fremaine, 2 Saund. Rep. 207; Cowell vs. Watts, 6 East. 405; King vs. Thorn, 1 T. R. 487; Partridge vs. Court, 5 Price, 412; Court vs. Partridge, 7 Price, 591; Catherwood vs. Chaband, 1 Barn. & Cross, 150; Thompson vs. Stent, 1 Taunt. 322; Powley vs. Newton, 6 Taunt. 453; 2 Saund. Rep. 117, d. h. (e.)
This question was incidently discussed in the case of Brown vs. Hicks, decided by this court at the last term; and it ivas then held that in actions by or against executors or administrators in their representative character, the allegation that the duty accrued to, or against them “as executors,” or “ as administrators,” was essential in the pleading, to fix and determine the character in which they were sued or suing. And when there is no such allegation, Ihey must be regarded as being sued, or suing in their private, individual character, and not as executor or as administrator; and this, from the authorities then cited, appears to be the settled rule.
In the case before us, the first breach assigned shows a cause of action which accAied to the plaintiff’s intestate in his lifetime; and in the second breach assigned, it is expressly stated that the defendant Exans, as sheriff of Washington county “contriving and intending to wrong the said A. W. Lyon, administrator of the estate of Peter Hancock, deceased, and to delay and hinder him from the recovery of his said debt as administrator as aforesaid,” permitted a certain George Robinson to escape and go at large out of his custody after he had been arrested, and held in custody by him, on a capias ad respondendum issued out by the plaintiff’s intestate against him, without taking any bail, &c.; clearly showing the arrest to have been made in the lifetime,and the escape to have taken place after the death of the plaintiff’s intestate; but the third breach assigned wholly fails to state that judgment therein mentioned was recovered by the plaintiff as administrator, or that it was founded on any debt or duty to Hancock in his lifetime, or any liability which had accrued to the plaintiff as administrator of the Estate of Hancock after his death, or that it was, not for some debt or liability which had accrued to the plaintiff in his-private, individual character; but it is therein simply alleged, “that A,. W. Lyon, administrator of the Estate of Peter Hancock, heretofore, to* wit, on the 7th day of June, in the year A. D. 1831, in the circuit court in and for said county of Washington, by the consideration and .judgment of the same court recovered,” &c. $¡271, and also the sum of thirty-six dollars and sixty-four cents, which were adjudged to the said A. W. Lyon, administrator as «aforesaid, for his costs,” <fec., giving to the plaintiff throughout the said third breach assigned, the description of ‘■'A. W. Lyon, administrator as aforesaid,” therefore this assignment of a breach comes expressly within the rule adjudged by the court of Icing’s bench in the case of Cowell & wife, adm’x. &c. vs. Watts, before recited, and by this court in the case of Brown vs. Hicks; and the cause of action therein stated, must be considered as belonging to the plaintiff in his private, individual right, and not as administrator of the Estate of Hancock, deceased.
It is, therefore, expressly within the rule established, in the case of Henshall vs. Roberts, 5 East. 150, before recited, and unless there is something in the case which exempts it from the operation of that rule, the misjoinder will be fatal to the declaration.
The action is prosecuted in the name of the Governor, by, and for the use and benefit of Lyon, in his representative character, as administrator of the Estate of Hancock, by virtue of the statute which provides that the sheriff’s official bond “may he sued on from timo to time, for the use of any person who may think himself, herself, or themselves aggrieved; '-Provided, however, that the person or persons, at whose instance suit shall be commenced as aforesaid, shall be liable for payment of costs as plaintiffs in all other cases, Ark’s Dig.p. 518; and several breaches are assigned in the declaration in pursuance, and under the provisions of the act of 1831, Ark’s Dig. p. 348, sec. 95, which declares that “ in all actions upon any bond, or on any penal sum for non-performance of covenants and agreements in any indenture, deed, or writing contained, the plaintiff or plaintiffs may assign as many breaches as he or they shall think fit.” This latter act, though not a literal copy, contains, in most respects, substantially the same provisions as the act of 8 and 9 W. 3, C. 11, S. 8, and the decisions upon that statute are nearly all applicable to this: upon that statute it has been held that the provisions thereof are compulsory on the plaintiff to assign or suggest breaches, and if they are not assigned in cases within the statute, the plaintiff cannot recover; and unless the condition and breach appear on. the record, the proceedings will be erroneous, 5 T. R. 636, 538; 2 Wils. 377, and such we apprehend would be the legal and legitimate operation of said act of 1831, which also further provides that “the jury upon the trial of such action or actions shall and may assess damages for each of the breaches that the plaintiff shall prove to have been broken,” thereby plainly showing that the cause of action set forth in the breaches assigned, are to he considerad as the gravamen, or real foundation of the recovery: and therefore, in cases situated as the present, where the bond on which the suit is instituted,.is payable to the governor, who holds the legal interest therein, in his official character only, merely as a naked trust, without any beneficiary interest whatever, exclusively for the benefit of all such persons as may be interested in, and damnified by a breach of the condition; to whom, and to no others, a right of action thereupon is given by the statute; and hence, there appears to be in such cases, a peculiar fitness and' propriety in the rule; because the interest of those by whom and for whose use the suit is prosecuted, (who are in every respect regarded by the statute as the real plaintiffs in the action,) in the performance of the condition, or the injury resulting to them from the non-performance thereof does-not appear, until some special breach is assigned, and such interest and damages specially shown; therefore, of necessity, every breach thus assigned, must state the facts upon which the plaintiff’s right of action depends, with as much precision and certainty as is required in-the several counts of a declaration.
Wherefore, we are of opinion, that the breaches assigned under the statute, must have all of the essential requisites of so many different counts in the same declaration; and in this respect, it makes no difference whether they are assigned at first in the declaration, or subsequently in the replication, or on the record. They appear in every point of view designed to answer the same purposes only, for which several different counts are introduced in other cases, where the form and order of proceeding is different; we do not, therefore, perceive any substantial reason why they should receive a different consideration, or be excepted out of the general rule, as to the joinder of different and distinct rights or causes of action in several counts, or in á sin» gle count of the same declaration, and this we understand to be in effect, the principle decided in the case of Kingston vs. Nottle, 1 M. & S. 355, where it is held that “ where there is a misjoinder, either of parties or causesgf action, or breaches, the demurrer must be to the whole.” And the plaintiff cannot, if the declaration be demurred to, aid the mistake by entering a nolle prosequi, so as to prevent the operation of the demurrer, and however perfect, the counts may respectively be in themselves, the declaration will be bad on a general demurrer, or in arrest of judgment, or upon error, 1 Ch. Pl. 208.
From this view of the case it results, that the plea of ne unques administrator, is no answer .to the plaintiff’s right of action, claimed in the third breach, and claiming as it does to answer the whole declaration, is therefore, entirely invalid as to any part thereof, and ought to have been held insufficient on the plaintiff’s demurrer. But that question, so far as it depends on the judgment or the demurrer, is waived by the plaintiff himself, by replying to the plea, and tendering an issue of fact thereupon, after his demurrer was overruled, and he is now, by the well settled rules of law, precluded from assigning the error in that judgment upon his demurred as a ground for reversing the final judgment against him. in the cause, yet the issue found thereupon is immaterial, upon the same principle that the plea itself is vicious, that is, because it professes to decide the whole action, a part of which is not in any manner affected by it; and consequently it cannot be the foundation of any valid legal judgment in favor of either party, because if found for either, the plaintiff’s right, to recover on the third breach assigned remains’undetermined, and the court is left in doubt as to the party in whose favor the judgment ought to be given; the courf, there-. fore, instead of rendering a final judgment on the verdict, as the case , then stood before it, ought to have awarded a repleader, notwithstanding the defect in the declaration, and for this error the judgment must be reversed.
And although the plaintiff committed the first error, for which his declaration ought to have been judged insufficient on his demurrer to the defendant’s second plea, which was a plea in bar, and judgment thereupon given for the defendants, if the plaintiff declined withdrawing his demurrer, and amending his declaration; yet, as it was not so determined, and no objection appears to have been made to the declaration by the defendants, and as the defendants were afterwards permitted by the court, to file their amended plea of ne unques administrator, in abatement, (after they had filed pleas in bar, to one of which thé plaintiff had demurred, and his demurrer had been overruled,) contrary to the long established and well settled order of pleading, which therefore the plaintiff might legally have disregarded, and treated as a nullity, if he had desired to do so; if he had not been precludéd from adopting this course by the decision of the court, “ that while the plea in abatement was pending all other pleas should be treated as a nullity,” which, together with the permission granted the defendants, to withdraw all'their pleas in bar, which were accordingly withdrawn, left in fact no valid defence in the case.
These circumstances, although the plaintiff'is, by his own acts and situation, precluded from assigning them as error, together with the provisions of the statute of 1807, Ark's Dig. p. 333, S. 58, which declares that “when a judgment is arrested the plaintifF shall not be obliged to bring a new suit, provided the first writ be sufficient, but the court may order new pleadings to commence where the error causing the arrest began,” furnish, in the opinion of the court, a sufficient reason why the general rule that the judgment must be affirmed, notwithstanding the error in the record, when the party claiming the reversal thereof, committed the first error, which is fatal to his case, although judgment is afterwards given against him, upon other grounds, which are altogether erroneous, ought not to govern the decision of this case, if indeed it can be considered as coming within the rule.— But we think it does not strictly fall within this, or any other rule by which the judgment ought to be affirmed. The case is not one in which the proceedings on the part of the plaintiff are so entirely defective and erroneous, that the judgment against him would not bar another action, properly brought for the same cause; if they vvereso defective the judgment should be affirmed; but when such consequences would result to the plaintiff: to affirm the judgment, founded upon an immaterial issue, produced by the misdirection and wrong judgment and opinions of the court upon the pleadings, for the error of the plaintiff in joining in his declaration causes of action which cannot by ' law be joined in the form therein stated, which appear to have passed unheeded by the defendants and the court, cannot, in our opinion, be correct. (See note B.)
The case being thus disposed of, the court deems it wholly unnecessary to express any opinion as to the other points made in the assignment of errors, or presented by tbe record. And it may be proper to add, that we would be distinctly understood as not deciding any thing in regard to the question whether the judgment mentioned in the third special breach is or is not such a right or cause of action as may, by proper averments in the pleadings, be joined in the same action with these stated in other breaches; that question not being presented by the pleadings as they appear in the record before us.
Wherefore, upon the whole case, it is the opinion of this court, that the judgment of the Circuit Court of Washington county ought to be, and the same is hereby reversed, annulled, and set aside with costs; and that a repleader ought to be, and is hereby awarded, to commence with the declaration, where the first error appears-to have been committed, the writ being sufficient; therefore the plaintiff, if he shall shall ask leave for that purpose, must be permitted to amend his declaration, so as to cure the defect therein, arising from the misjoinder of causes of action therein, which cannot by law be joined, and in such other respects as may be proper; but-if no such leave be asked the suit must he dismissed. And that this case be, and the same is ■ hereby remanded to said Circuit Court for further proceedings to be .therein according to law, and not inconsistent with this opinion.
See note A. at end of case.