Mr. Justice Scholfield
delivered the opinion of the Court:
Two questions, only, are presented for our decision by the arguments made upon this record: First, does the plat of the Illinois Central Bailroad Company vest the fee of the streets and alleys marked therein, in the corporation of Wenona; and second, do the words, “reserving streets and alleys, according to recorded plat of the town of Wenona, ” in the deed of the Illinois Central Bailroad Company to Hill, prevent the transfer of the fee in such streets and alleys, subject to the easement of the public therein, by that deed.
First—Bearing in mind that acknowledgments of instruments affecting title to or interests in realty were unknown to the common law, and are purely of statutory origin, it will be obvious that whether, in a given case, an acknowledgment is effective, depends entirely upon whether it is taken and certified in the manner and by the person within the contemplation of the statute. The statute in force when this plat was made was the revision of 1845. By that revision one mode is provided for taking acknowledgments of town plats, and another and different mode is provided for taking acknowledgments of deeds and other instruments for the conveyance of real estate. The former are to be acknowledged before “a justice of the Supreme Court, judge of a circuit court, or a justice of the peacewhile the latter are to be acknowledged before “any judge, justice, or clerk of any court of record in this State having a seal; any mayor of a city, notary public, or commissioner authorized to take the acknowledgment of deeds, having a seal, or a justice of the peace.” See Rev. Stat. 1845, chap. 24, sec. 16, chap. 25, sec. 20; 1 Purple’s Stat. 1856, pp. 156-176; Gross’ Stat. 1868, p. 103, sec. 16, p. 118, sec. 20.
It may be that there is nothing in the character of the instruments which would preclude a uniform system of acknowledgment for all, and we may concede that it would, therefore, have been competent for the General Assembly to-have so provided, either by assigning that duty to courts, to persons exercising quasi judicial powers, or to persons arbitrarily selected and named for that purpose, without reference to any official- position; but it would have been equally competent to have dispensed with acknowledgments altogether, and, in the matter of town plats, to have provided that the simple-causing of the plat to be made and recorded, should, ipso facto, vest the fee of the streets and alleys in the municipality, without reference to any acknowledgment whatever. But these are-all legislative questions, with which we have nothing to do, it being our province, solely, to inquire, what has the General Assembly enacted in this respect ?—not, why has it enacted it.
In the enactments referred to supra, the General Assembly did not assume to vest the power to take acknowledgments in persons exercising the same classes or grades of powers, for there'is no more dissimilarity between the powers exercised by any officers under our government, than between those exercised by the judges, mayors, notaries, clerks, commissioners and others, who are empowered to take acknowledgments of deeds. The enumerated officers are empowered to take acknowledgments of deeds, not because the act of taking acknowledgment is germane to any particular power inhering in the office they hold, but simply and only because the General Assembly has, in the exercise of plenary legislative authority in that respect, arbitrarily designated them for that purpose, just as it‘has, since, designated masters in chancery, and might have designated aldermen and constables.
The language of the statute in relation to the acknowledgment of plats, to which we have referred, is first found in an act approved January 4, 1825, (Eevised Laws 1829, id. 184,) and it remained unchanged until the revision of 1874. The language of the statute in relation to the acknowledgment of deeds and other conveyances of real estate, has, however, often been changed, so that different acknowledgments may have been properly taken, from time to time, before persons who had no authority to take acknowledgments at prior times. Thus, by the act in relation to conveyances, approved January 31, 1827, (Rev. Laws of 1827, p. 98, sec. 9,) deeds and other conveyances of real estate were required to be acknowledged before “one of the judges of the Supreme or circuit court of this State, or before one of the clerks of the circuit, court, or before one of the justices of the peace of the county ;,r and it was not until two years after that statute was in force that the legislature enacted, by an amendment approved January 22, 1829, (Laws of 1829, p. 24, sec. 1,) that notaries public, mayors, and certain other designated officers, should, in addition to those enumerated therein, be empowered to take acknowledgments.
No one will pretend that the acknowledgment of a deed before a notary public or a mayor, taken before the 22d of January, 1829, could have had any validity, and this, for the plainly obvious reason that no power to take acknowledgments was conferred upon a class of officers to which they belonged, nor upon them by specific designation,— and precisely the same is to be said of the acknowledgment of this plat before ' a notary public. The power conferred by the statute in relation to conveyances does not extend beyond the class of instruments which are the subject of that statute, and the statute in relation to town plats neither expressly nor by necessary implication includes notaries public. By the revision of 1874, the General Assembly has provided that town plats are to be ■“acknowledged in the same manner that deeds of land are required to be acknowledged. ” But this is palpably a radical1 amendment and change of the prior law, and it has no retroactive effect.
It necessarily follows, that, in our opinion, the acknowledgment of the plat before the notary was a nullity, and the plat, therefore, did not operate to vest the fee of the streets and alleys in the municipality. See, also, Gosselin v. Chicago, 103 Ill. 623; Thomas v. Eckard, 88 id. 593; Village of Auburn v. v. Goodwin, 128 id. 57.
Second—While the plat was not a conveyance of the fee, it was evidence tending to prove a common law dedication, which we have held vests an easement in the streets and alleys in the municipality. Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western Railroad Co. v. Hartley, 67 Ill. 439; Maywood Co. v. Village of Maywood et al. 118 id. 61.
It is often difficult to distinguish between an exception and a, reservation in a deed, and the words “reserving” and “excepting” are not conclusive in determining which is intended. The character and effect of the provision itself, in which such words occur, must determine what is intended. It is sufficient, for the present, to say that an exception in a deed withholds frofn its operation some part or parcel of the thing, which, but for the exception, would pass, by the general description, to the grantee. A reservation in a deed, on the other hand, is the creation of some new right, issuing out of the thing granted, and which did not exist before as an independent right, in behalf of the grantor, and not of a stranger. Coke’s Littleton, 47 a; Sheppard’s Touchstone, 77, *80; 2 Washburn on Real Prop. (2d ed.) 693, *646, sec. 67; Tiedeman on Real Prop. sec. 843.
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Mr. Justice Scholfield
delivered the opinion of the Court:
Two questions, only, are presented for our decision by the arguments made upon this record: First, does the plat of the Illinois Central Bailroad Company vest the fee of the streets and alleys marked therein, in the corporation of Wenona; and second, do the words, “reserving streets and alleys, according to recorded plat of the town of Wenona, ” in the deed of the Illinois Central Bailroad Company to Hill, prevent the transfer of the fee in such streets and alleys, subject to the easement of the public therein, by that deed.
First—Bearing in mind that acknowledgments of instruments affecting title to or interests in realty were unknown to the common law, and are purely of statutory origin, it will be obvious that whether, in a given case, an acknowledgment is effective, depends entirely upon whether it is taken and certified in the manner and by the person within the contemplation of the statute. The statute in force when this plat was made was the revision of 1845. By that revision one mode is provided for taking acknowledgments of town plats, and another and different mode is provided for taking acknowledgments of deeds and other instruments for the conveyance of real estate. The former are to be acknowledged before “a justice of the Supreme Court, judge of a circuit court, or a justice of the peacewhile the latter are to be acknowledged before “any judge, justice, or clerk of any court of record in this State having a seal; any mayor of a city, notary public, or commissioner authorized to take the acknowledgment of deeds, having a seal, or a justice of the peace.” See Rev. Stat. 1845, chap. 24, sec. 16, chap. 25, sec. 20; 1 Purple’s Stat. 1856, pp. 156-176; Gross’ Stat. 1868, p. 103, sec. 16, p. 118, sec. 20.
It may be that there is nothing in the character of the instruments which would preclude a uniform system of acknowledgment for all, and we may concede that it would, therefore, have been competent for the General Assembly to-have so provided, either by assigning that duty to courts, to persons exercising quasi judicial powers, or to persons arbitrarily selected and named for that purpose, without reference to any official- position; but it would have been equally competent to have dispensed with acknowledgments altogether, and, in the matter of town plats, to have provided that the simple-causing of the plat to be made and recorded, should, ipso facto, vest the fee of the streets and alleys in the municipality, without reference to any acknowledgment whatever. But these are-all legislative questions, with which we have nothing to do, it being our province, solely, to inquire, what has the General Assembly enacted in this respect ?—not, why has it enacted it.
In the enactments referred to supra, the General Assembly did not assume to vest the power to take acknowledgments in persons exercising the same classes or grades of powers, for there'is no more dissimilarity between the powers exercised by any officers under our government, than between those exercised by the judges, mayors, notaries, clerks, commissioners and others, who are empowered to take acknowledgments of deeds. The enumerated officers are empowered to take acknowledgments of deeds, not because the act of taking acknowledgment is germane to any particular power inhering in the office they hold, but simply and only because the General Assembly has, in the exercise of plenary legislative authority in that respect, arbitrarily designated them for that purpose, just as it‘has, since, designated masters in chancery, and might have designated aldermen and constables.
The language of the statute in relation to the acknowledgment of plats, to which we have referred, is first found in an act approved January 4, 1825, (Eevised Laws 1829, id. 184,) and it remained unchanged until the revision of 1874. The language of the statute in relation to the acknowledgment of deeds and other conveyances of real estate, has, however, often been changed, so that different acknowledgments may have been properly taken, from time to time, before persons who had no authority to take acknowledgments at prior times. Thus, by the act in relation to conveyances, approved January 31, 1827, (Rev. Laws of 1827, p. 98, sec. 9,) deeds and other conveyances of real estate were required to be acknowledged before “one of the judges of the Supreme or circuit court of this State, or before one of the clerks of the circuit, court, or before one of the justices of the peace of the county ;,r and it was not until two years after that statute was in force that the legislature enacted, by an amendment approved January 22, 1829, (Laws of 1829, p. 24, sec. 1,) that notaries public, mayors, and certain other designated officers, should, in addition to those enumerated therein, be empowered to take acknowledgments.
No one will pretend that the acknowledgment of a deed before a notary public or a mayor, taken before the 22d of January, 1829, could have had any validity, and this, for the plainly obvious reason that no power to take acknowledgments was conferred upon a class of officers to which they belonged, nor upon them by specific designation,— and precisely the same is to be said of the acknowledgment of this plat before ' a notary public. The power conferred by the statute in relation to conveyances does not extend beyond the class of instruments which are the subject of that statute, and the statute in relation to town plats neither expressly nor by necessary implication includes notaries public. By the revision of 1874, the General Assembly has provided that town plats are to be ■“acknowledged in the same manner that deeds of land are required to be acknowledged. ” But this is palpably a radical1 amendment and change of the prior law, and it has no retroactive effect.
It necessarily follows, that, in our opinion, the acknowledgment of the plat before the notary was a nullity, and the plat, therefore, did not operate to vest the fee of the streets and alleys in the municipality. See, also, Gosselin v. Chicago, 103 Ill. 623; Thomas v. Eckard, 88 id. 593; Village of Auburn v. v. Goodwin, 128 id. 57.
Second—While the plat was not a conveyance of the fee, it was evidence tending to prove a common law dedication, which we have held vests an easement in the streets and alleys in the municipality. Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western Railroad Co. v. Hartley, 67 Ill. 439; Maywood Co. v. Village of Maywood et al. 118 id. 61.
It is often difficult to distinguish between an exception and a, reservation in a deed, and the words “reserving” and “excepting” are not conclusive in determining which is intended. The character and effect of the provision itself, in which such words occur, must determine what is intended. It is sufficient, for the present, to say that an exception in a deed withholds frofn its operation some part or parcel of the thing, which, but for the exception, would pass, by the general description, to the grantee. A reservation in a deed, on the other hand, is the creation of some new right, issuing out of the thing granted, and which did not exist before as an independent right, in behalf of the grantor, and not of a stranger. Coke’s Littleton, 47 a; Sheppard’s Touchstone, 77, *80; 2 Washburn on Real Prop. (2d ed.) 693, *646, sec. 67; Tiedeman on Real Prop. sec. 843.
If, here, there had been no public easement in the streets and alleys, and the company had desired to retain for its servants and employes a private way across the land conveyed, it would have been a reservation. It would have been the creation of a ne.w right, issuing out of the thing granted, in behalf of the grantor. But the streets and alleys were already in existence. The municipality had an easement in them for the public. The land occupied by them was- included, by the terms of the deed, in the general description of the property conveyed, and hence, but for the provision withholding them from its operation, they would have been included in the grant. Beach v. Miller, 51 Ill. 207.
The language of the deed could only be held to withhold the fee of the streets and alleys from its operation upon the hypothesis that, “according to recorded plat of town of Wenona,” the fee of the streets and alleys is vested in the municipality, for that is the measure of what is withheld from the operation of the deed; and therefore, since “according to recorded plat of town of Wenona” an easement, only, in the soil of the streets and alleys is vested in the municipality, for the use of the public, that, only, is withheld from the operation of the deed. Nothing, therefore, was retained in the railroad company which could subsequently pass by its quitclaim, and when the alley was vacated the easement was terminated, and there was nothing to revert to the railroad company.
The judgment is affirmed.
„ Judgment affirmed.