22-710 Gonzalez v. United States
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 17th day of February, two thousand twenty-three.
PRESENT:
AMALYA L. KEARSE, DENNIS JACOBS, RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________________
JESUS GONZALEZ,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. No. 22-710
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee. ___________________________________________ For Petitioner-Appellant: Theodore S. Green, Green & Willstatter, White Plains, NY.
For Respondent-Appellee: Olga I. Zverovich, Won S. Shin, Assistant United States Attorneys, for Damian Williams, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, NY.
Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York (Vincent L. Briccetti, Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the order of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Jesus Gonzalez appeals from the district court’s order denying his motion
to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. We assume the
parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on
appeal.
Pursuant to a plea agreement, Gonzalez pleaded guilty to conspiracy to
distribute and possess with intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(C). As part of that agreement, Gonzalez also stipulated that
he qualified as a career offender under sections 4B1.1(a) and 4B1.2(b) of the United
2 States Sentencing Guidelines, based on prior drug convictions in Oklahoma and
Arizona, in 2008 and 2011, respectively. Following his plea, the district court
sentenced Gonzalez to eighty-four months’ imprisonment and three years’
supervised release. Gonzalez subsequently filed a section-2255 motion, arguing
that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed to
ascertain and inform the sentencing court that he did not in fact qualify as a career
offender under the Guidelines. The district court denied Gonzalez’s motion but
granted a certificate of appealability.
On appeal from the denial of a section-2255 motion, we review the district
court’s “factual findings for clear error and [conclusions on] questions of law de
novo.” Triana v. United States, 205 F.3d 36, 40 (2d Cir. 2000) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Whether counsel provided ineffective assistance is a mixed
question of law and fact, which we review de novo. Id. We are free, however, to
affirm the district court’s decision on a section-2255 motion “on any ground for
which there is support in the record, regardless of the ground on which [the
district] court relied.” Gonzalez v. United States, 722 F.3d 118, 131 (2d Cir. 2013)
(citing Headley v. Tilghman, 53 F.3d 472, 476 (2d Cir. 1995)).
3 To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, Gonzalez must show that his
attorney’s performance was both objectively unreasonable and prejudicial. See
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–96 (1984). To satisfy the first prong,
Gonzalez must demonstrate that his attorney’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness in light of “prevailing professional norms.” Id. at 688.
To satisfy the second prong, Gonzalez must demonstrate a “reasonable probability
that, but for [his] counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.” Id. at 694. When determining whether counsel was
ineffective, a court need not address both prongs if the movant fails to make a
showing on either one. See id. at 697.
Here, Gonzalez contends that, following the plea agreement, his counsel
rendered ineffective assistance by failing to ascertain and inform the sentencing
court that Gonzalez’s 2011 Arizona drug conviction should not qualify as a
controlled-substance offense under sections 4B1.1(a) and 4B1.2(b) of the
Guidelines. More specifically, Gonzalez asserts that his 2011 Arizona drug
conviction is not a controlled-substance offense under the applicable categorical
approach announced in United States v. Townsend, 897 F.3d 66 (2d Cir. 2018) – an
argument premised on the assumption that Townsend requires a comparison
4 between the scope of the Arizona statute under which he was convicted in 2011
and the scope of the Controlled Substances Act in effect at the time of Gonzalez’s
federal sentencing. 1 Gonzalez’s argument, however, fails because he cannot
show that any putative error was prejudicial. Our review of the record shows no
“reasonable probability that . . . [Gonzalez] would have received a less severe
sentence” even if his counsel had argued for the time-of-sentencing categorical
approach and convinced the sentencing court to adopt that approach in assessing
whether Gonzalez was a career offender. See Gonzalez, 722 F.3d at 130.
Although the district court concluded that Gonzalez satisfied the criteria for
the career-offender enhancement under the Guidelines, which would have called
for a 151 to 188-month sentence, it also decided that a downward variance from
the Guidelines range was appropriate because Gonzalez’s career-offender status
“overstate[d] the seriousness of [his] prior criminal history and [the] seriousness
1 The categorical mismatch in this case arose from a narrower federal definition of marijuana enacted in December 2018, after Gonzalez’s Arizona conviction in 2011, and after the conduct that gave rise to his present federal offense, but before his federal sentencing. While this Court recently ruled that the Townsend categorical analysis does not turn on the scope of the Controlled Substances Act in effect at the time of the prior conviction, we left open whether it turns on the scope of the Controlled Substances Act in effect at the time of the conduct giving rise to the federal offense or at the time of the federal sentencing. See United States v. Gibson, 55 F.4th 153, 160–66 (2d Cir. 2022). Because we affirm the district court’s order on other grounds, we need not resolve that question in this case. 5 of the instant offense.” App’x at 155–56. Putting aside “the technicalities of
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22-710 Gonzalez v. United States
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 17th day of February, two thousand twenty-three.
PRESENT:
AMALYA L. KEARSE, DENNIS JACOBS, RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________________
JESUS GONZALEZ,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. No. 22-710
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee. ___________________________________________ For Petitioner-Appellant: Theodore S. Green, Green & Willstatter, White Plains, NY.
For Respondent-Appellee: Olga I. Zverovich, Won S. Shin, Assistant United States Attorneys, for Damian Williams, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, NY.
Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York (Vincent L. Briccetti, Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the order of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Jesus Gonzalez appeals from the district court’s order denying his motion
to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. We assume the
parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on
appeal.
Pursuant to a plea agreement, Gonzalez pleaded guilty to conspiracy to
distribute and possess with intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(C). As part of that agreement, Gonzalez also stipulated that
he qualified as a career offender under sections 4B1.1(a) and 4B1.2(b) of the United
2 States Sentencing Guidelines, based on prior drug convictions in Oklahoma and
Arizona, in 2008 and 2011, respectively. Following his plea, the district court
sentenced Gonzalez to eighty-four months’ imprisonment and three years’
supervised release. Gonzalez subsequently filed a section-2255 motion, arguing
that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed to
ascertain and inform the sentencing court that he did not in fact qualify as a career
offender under the Guidelines. The district court denied Gonzalez’s motion but
granted a certificate of appealability.
On appeal from the denial of a section-2255 motion, we review the district
court’s “factual findings for clear error and [conclusions on] questions of law de
novo.” Triana v. United States, 205 F.3d 36, 40 (2d Cir. 2000) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Whether counsel provided ineffective assistance is a mixed
question of law and fact, which we review de novo. Id. We are free, however, to
affirm the district court’s decision on a section-2255 motion “on any ground for
which there is support in the record, regardless of the ground on which [the
district] court relied.” Gonzalez v. United States, 722 F.3d 118, 131 (2d Cir. 2013)
(citing Headley v. Tilghman, 53 F.3d 472, 476 (2d Cir. 1995)).
3 To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, Gonzalez must show that his
attorney’s performance was both objectively unreasonable and prejudicial. See
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–96 (1984). To satisfy the first prong,
Gonzalez must demonstrate that his attorney’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness in light of “prevailing professional norms.” Id. at 688.
To satisfy the second prong, Gonzalez must demonstrate a “reasonable probability
that, but for [his] counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.” Id. at 694. When determining whether counsel was
ineffective, a court need not address both prongs if the movant fails to make a
showing on either one. See id. at 697.
Here, Gonzalez contends that, following the plea agreement, his counsel
rendered ineffective assistance by failing to ascertain and inform the sentencing
court that Gonzalez’s 2011 Arizona drug conviction should not qualify as a
controlled-substance offense under sections 4B1.1(a) and 4B1.2(b) of the
Guidelines. More specifically, Gonzalez asserts that his 2011 Arizona drug
conviction is not a controlled-substance offense under the applicable categorical
approach announced in United States v. Townsend, 897 F.3d 66 (2d Cir. 2018) – an
argument premised on the assumption that Townsend requires a comparison
4 between the scope of the Arizona statute under which he was convicted in 2011
and the scope of the Controlled Substances Act in effect at the time of Gonzalez’s
federal sentencing. 1 Gonzalez’s argument, however, fails because he cannot
show that any putative error was prejudicial. Our review of the record shows no
“reasonable probability that . . . [Gonzalez] would have received a less severe
sentence” even if his counsel had argued for the time-of-sentencing categorical
approach and convinced the sentencing court to adopt that approach in assessing
whether Gonzalez was a career offender. See Gonzalez, 722 F.3d at 130.
Although the district court concluded that Gonzalez satisfied the criteria for
the career-offender enhancement under the Guidelines, which would have called
for a 151 to 188-month sentence, it also decided that a downward variance from
the Guidelines range was appropriate because Gonzalez’s career-offender status
“overstate[d] the seriousness of [his] prior criminal history and [the] seriousness
1 The categorical mismatch in this case arose from a narrower federal definition of marijuana enacted in December 2018, after Gonzalez’s Arizona conviction in 2011, and after the conduct that gave rise to his present federal offense, but before his federal sentencing. While this Court recently ruled that the Townsend categorical analysis does not turn on the scope of the Controlled Substances Act in effect at the time of the prior conviction, we left open whether it turns on the scope of the Controlled Substances Act in effect at the time of the conduct giving rise to the federal offense or at the time of the federal sentencing. See United States v. Gibson, 55 F.4th 153, 160–66 (2d Cir. 2022). Because we affirm the district court’s order on other grounds, we need not resolve that question in this case. 5 of the instant offense.” App’x at 155–56. Putting aside “the technicalities of
exactly what it is that [Gonzalez] did in the past and what [he was] convicted of in
the past,” the court was persuaded that an eighty-four-month sentence was
appropriate in light of “the fact that [Gonzalez had] previously been convicted
repeatedly and gone to jail repeatedly” and that it did not seem to “bother” him
or deter him from committing further crimes. Id. at 156. For that reason, the
court reiterated that it would not “impose a sentence within the range that might
apply if [Gonzalez] were not a career offender,” id., as an eighty-four-month
sentence was necessary “in order to both do justice and also promote respect for
the law and, probably most importantly, deter [Gonzalez] once and for all from
engaging in future criminal conduct,” id. at 156–57.
These statements “ma[k]e it exceedingly clear” that, even if the sentencing
court had agreed that Gonzalez was not a career offender under sections 4B1.1(a)
and 4B1.2(b) of the Guidelines, his sentence would have been no different. McCoy
v. United States, 707 F.3d 184, 188–89 (2d Cir. 2013); see also United States v. Haywood,
No. 96-1766, 1999 WL 494869, at *2 (2d Cir. July 2, 1999). As a result, we conclude
that Gonzalez cannot show prejudice, and thus cannot show ineffective assistance
of counsel in connection with his sentencing.
6 We have considered Gonzalez’s remaining arguments and find them to be
without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the order of the district court.
FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court