Gonzalez v. Commissioner of Social Security

• Court: District Court, E.D. Washington
• Decided: September 13, 2019
• Docket: 1:18-cv-03132
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON

8 JOSE G., No. 1:18-CV-03132-JTR

9 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING 10 DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR 11 v. SUMMARY JUDGMENT

12 ANDREW M. SAUL, 13 COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY1, 14

15 Defendant. 16 17 BEFORE THE COURT are cross-motions for summary judgment. ECF 18 Nos. 13, 20. Attorney D. James Tree represents Jose G. (Plaintiff); Special 19 Assistant United States Attorney Leisa A. Wolf represents the Commissioner of 20 Social Security (Defendant). The parties have consented to proceed before a 21 magistrate judge. ECF No. 7. After reviewing the administrative record and the 22 briefs filed by the parties, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary 23 Judgment and GRANTS Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment. 24

25 1Andrew M. Saul is now the Commissioner of the Social Security 26 Administration. Accordingly, the Court substitutes Andrew M. Saul as the 27 Defendant and directs the Clerk to update the docket sheet. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 28 25(d). 1 JURISDICTION 2 Plaintiff filed an application for Disability Insurance Benefits (DIB) on 3 December 27, 2010, Tr. 89, alleging disability since March 15, 2002, Tr. 196, due 4 to three broken vertebra in his neck, arthritis, displaced discs in his back, damaged 5 tendons on his right arm, depression, anxiety, and panic disorder, Tr. 231. The 6 application was denied initially and upon reconsideration. Tr. 115-17, 124-25. 7 Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) Virginia M. Robinson held a hearing on January 8 14, 2013 and heard testimony from Plaintiff, Plaintiff’s wife, and vocational expert 9 Trevor Duncan. Tr. 49-88. The ALJ issued an unfavorable decision on March 29, 10 2013. Tr. 32-44. The Appeals Council denied review on April 24, 2015. Tr. 1-3. 11 Plaintiff requested judicial review of the ALJ decision on June 29, 2015. Tr. 582- 12 84. This Court remanded the case to the Commissioner for additional proceedings 13 on May 18, 2016. Tr. 551-66. The Appeals Counsel remanded the case to the ALJ 14 for additional proceedings. Tr. 571-75. The ALJ held remand hearings on 15 February 7, 2017 and August 24, 2017 and heard testimony from Plaintiff, medical 16 expert Don Clark, M.D., and psychological expert Michael Lace, Psy.D. Tr. 460- 17 521. The ALJ issued an unfavorable decision on May 23, 2018. Tr. 427-44. The 18 Appeals Council did not assume jurisdiction over the case within the period 19 prescribed by 20 C.F.R. § 404.984(a). Therefore, the ALJ’s May 23, 2018 20 decision became the final decision of the Commissioner, which is appealable to the 21 district court pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Plaintiff filed this action for judicial 22 review on July 24, 2018. ECF Nos. 1, 4. 23 STATEMENT OF FACTS 24 The facts of the case are set forth in the administrative hearing transcript, the 25 ALJ’s decision, and the briefs of the parties. They are only briefly summarized 26 here. 27 Plaintiff was 37 years old at the date of application. Tr. 196. Plaintiff 28 completed his education in Mexico, and the highest grade he completed was the 1 sixth. Tr. 232. His reported work history includes agricultural laborer. Tr. 232, 2 238. When applying for benefits Plaintiff reported that he stopped working on 3 March 15, 2002 because of his conditions. Tr. 231. 4 STANDARD OF REVIEW 5 The ALJ is responsible for determining credibility, resolving conflicts in 6 medical testimony, and resolving ambiguities. Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 7 1039 (9th Cir. 1995). The Court reviews the ALJ’s determinations of law de novo, 8 deferring to a reasonable interpretation of the statutes. McNatt v. Apfel, 201 F.3d 9 1084, 1087 (9th Cir. 2000). The decision of the ALJ may be reversed only if it is 10 not supported by substantial evidence or if it is based on legal error. Tackett v. 11 Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1097 (9th Cir. 1999). Substantial evidence is defined as 12 being more than a mere scintilla, but less than a preponderance. Id. at 1098. Put 13 another way, substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind 14 might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Richardson v. Perales, 402 15 U.S. 389, 401 (1971). If the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational 16 interpretation, the court may not substitute its judgment for that of the ALJ. 17 Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1097. If substantial evidence supports the administrative 18 findings, or if conflicting evidence supports a finding of either disability or non- 19 disability, the ALJ’s determination is conclusive. Sprague v. Bowen, 812 F.2d 20 1226, 1229-30 (9th Cir. 1987). Nevertheless, a decision supported by substantial 21 evidence will be set aside if the proper legal standards were not applied in 22 weighing the evidence and making the decision. Brawner v. Secretary of Health 23 and Human Services, 839 F.2d 432, 433 (9th Cir. 1988). 24 SEQUENTIAL EVALUATION PROCESS 25 The Commissioner has established a five-step sequential evaluation process 26 for determining whether a person is disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a); see Bowen 27 v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 140-42 (1987). In steps one through four, the burden of 28 proof rests upon the claimant to establish a prima facie case of entitlement to 1 disability benefits. Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1098-99. This burden is met once the 2 claimant establishes that physical or mental impairments prevent him from 3 engaging in his previous occupations. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a). If the claimant 4 cannot do his past relevant work, the ALJ proceeds to step five, and the burden 5 shifts to the Commissioner to show (1) the claimant can make an adjustment to 6 other work, and (2) the claimant can perform specific jobs that exist in the national 7 economy. Batson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1193-94 (9th 8 Cir. 2004). If the claimant cannot make an adjustment to other work in the 9 national economy, he is found “disabled”. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(v). 10 ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION 11 On May 23, 2018, the ALJ issued a decision finding Plaintiff was not 12 disabled as defined in the Social Security Act from March 15, 2002 through his 13 date last insured, September 30, 2007. 14 At step one, the ALJ found Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful 15 activity from March 15, 2002 through September 30, 2007. Tr. 430. 16 At step two, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff had the following severe 17 impairments through the date last insured: lumbar, left shoulder, and cervical 18 sprains in 1999; degenerative disc disease; and various mental disorders. Tr. 430. 19 At step three, the ALJ found that Plaintiff did not have an impairment or 20 combination of impairments that met or medically equaled the severity of one of 21 the listed impairments. Tr. 430. 22 At step four, the ALJ assessed Plaintiff’s residual function capacity and 23 determined he could perform a range of light work with the following limitations:

24 [H]e could lift and carry 20 pounds occasionally, lift and carry 10 25 pounds frequently, stand and/or walk about 6 hours in an 8-hour 26 workday, and sit about 6 hours in an 8-hour workday. He could occasionally climb ramps and stairs. He could never climb ladders, 27 ropes or scaffolds. Reaching was unlimited with the right upper 28 extremity but limited to frequent with the left upper extremity. He could frequently stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl. He needed to avoid 1 working at unprotected heights. He could perform work that was 2 limited to simple tasks with simple work-related decisions and only 3 occasional and superficial interaction with the public. 4 Tr. 432. The ALJ identified Plaintiff’s past relevant work as fruit farm worker and 5 found that he could not perform this past relevant work. Tr. 442. 6 At step five, the ALJ determined that, considering Plaintiff’s age, education, 7 work experience and residual functional capacity, and based on the testimony of 8 the vocational expert, there were other jobs that exist in significant numbers in the 9 national economy Plaintiff could perform, including the jobs of production 10 assembler, hand packager, and mail clerk. Tr. 444. The ALJ concluded Plaintiff 11 was not under a disability within the meaning of the Social Security Act from 12 March 15, 2002 through the date last insured, September 30, 2007. Tr. 444. 13 ISSUES 14 The question presented is whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s 15 decision denying benefits and, if so, whether that decision is based on proper legal 16 standards. Plaintiff contends the ALJ erred by (1) failing to properly weigh 17 Plaintiff’s symptom statements, (2) failing to properly weigh the medical opinions 18 in the record, (3) failing to properly weigh the other opinion evidence in the record, 19 and (4) failing to make a proper step five determination.2 20 DISCUSSION 21 1. Plaintiff’s Symptom Statements 22 Plaintiff contests the ALJ’s determination that Plaintiff’s symptom 23 statements were unreliable. ECF No. 13 at 3-9. 24 It is generally the province of the ALJ to make determinations regarding the 25 reliability of Plaintiff’s symptom statements, Andrews, 53 F.3d at 1039, but the 26

27 2Plaintiff combined reasons two and three into a single issue, but the Court 28 has separated them out for clarity. 1 ALJ’s findings must be supported by specific cogent reasons, Rashad v. Sullivan, 2 903 F.2d 1229, 1231 (9th Cir. 1990). Absent affirmative evidence of malingering, 3 the ALJ’s reasons for rejecting the claimant’s testimony must be “specific, clear 4 and convincing.” Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1281 (9th Cir. 1996); Lester v. 5 Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 834 (9th Cir. 1995). “General findings are insufficient: 6 rather the ALJ must identify what testimony is not credible and what evidence 7 undermines the claimant’s complaints.” Lester, 81 F.3d at 834. 8 The ALJ found Plaintiff’s statements concerning the intensity, persistence, 9 and limiting effects of his symptoms to be “not entirely consistent with the medical 10 evidence and other evidence in the record.” Tr. 433. Specifically, the ALJ found 11 that (1) the medical evidence did not substantiate Plaintiff’s allegations, Tr. 433, 12 436, (2) Plaintiff did not receive the extent of treatment one would expect of a 13 disabled individual, Tr. 436, (3) Plaintiff demonstrated exaggerated or inconsistent 14 information suggesting the information he provided may not be reliable, Tr. 436, 15 and (4) Plaintiff’s reported activities were not supportive of total disability, Tr. 16 437. 17 A. Medical Evidence 18 The ALJ’s first reason for rejecting Plaintiff’s symptom statements, that they 19 were not supported by the medical evidence, is specific, clear and convincing. 20 Objective medical evidence is a “relevant factor in determining the severity 21 of the claimant’s pain and its disabling effects,” but it cannot serve as the only 22 reason for rejecting a claimant’s symptom statements. Rollins v. Massanari, 261 23 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 2001). 24 The ALJ found that “[d]espite his allegations of debilitating physical 25 impairments, the examinations found only minimal findings, and within normal 26 limits findings on examinations.” Tr. 436 citing Tr. 285-86 (June 16, 2004 27 examination by Dr. Whitney); Tr. 294-95 (October 9, 2002 evaluation); Tr. 297-98 28 (November 21, 2005 examination); Tr. 304 (December 7, 2005 mental status exam 1 from Frederick Montgomery, M.D.); Tr. 311-12 (December 7, 2005 examination 2 by Joseph McFarland, M.D.); Tr. 321 (April 3, 2006 examination by Ronald Early, 3 Ph.D., M.D.); and Tr. 394-99 (July 6, 2004 examination by Frederick 4 Montgomery, M.D.). The ALJ then found that while Plaintiff reported that his 5 ongoing pain prevented him from working, the medical evidence demonstrated that 6 Plaintiff did not have any significant functional limitations stemming from pain. 7 Tr. 436 citing Tr. 286, 295, 312 (full range of motion in the upper and lower 8 extremities); Tr. 285, 294, 297 (normal deep tendon reflexes, muscle tone, bulk, 9 and strength of the upper extremities); Tr. 285, 311 (able to walk on heels and 10 toes); and Tr. 311 (able to bear weight equally). Likewise, the ALJ found that 11 Plaintiff’s reported mental health symptoms were not supported in the medical 12 records. Tr. 437 citing Tr. 304, 398 (normal effect with no evidence of depression 13 or anxiety); Tr. 304 (“excellent eye contact”); Tr. 304, 398 (“no disorganization of 14 thought processes”); Tr. 397 (normal thought content); Tr. 304, 398 (well oriented 15 and intact memory); Tr. 321 (no difficulties with basic cognitive functioning); and 16 Tr. 278 (depression considered resolved). 17 Here, the ALJ set forth specific examples in the evidence that were 18 inconsistent with the severity of symptoms Plaintiff reported. Therefore, the ALJ’s 19 determination is supported by substantial evidence and meets the specific, clear 20 and convincing standard. 21 B. Lack of Treatment 22 The ALJ’s second reason for rejecting Plaintiff’s symptom statements, that 23 he did not receive the treatment one would expect if he were disabled, is specific, 24 clear and convincing. 25 Noncompliance with medical care or unexplained or inadequately explained 26 reasons for failing to seek medical treatment casts doubt on a claimant’s subjective 27 complaints. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1530; Fair v. Bowen, 885 F.2d 597, 603 (9th Cir. 28 1989); Macri v. Chater, 93 F.3d 540, 544 (9th Cir. 1996) (finding the ALJ’s 1 decision to reject the claimant’s subjective pain testimony was supported by the 2 fact that claimant was not taking pain medication). 3 Here, the ALJ observed that despite Plaintiff’s alleged severity of symptoms, 4 the record reflects gaps in treatment and only returning to providers for medication 5 refills with no specific complaints. Tr. 436. The medical evidence demonstrates 6 that the ALJ’s finding is supported by substantial evidence. When he was 7 evaluated by his treating provider during the relevant period, he reported minimal 8 issues with the impairments he alleges are the cause of his inability to work. Tr. 9 335 (January 21, 2011 visit for a sore throat and medication refill); Tr. 348 10 (January 11, 2006 visit for urination difficulties); Tr. 350 (January 20, 2006 visit 11 for follow up of urination difficulties); Tr. 352 (March 27, 2006 appointment for a 12 “health maintenance examination”); Tr. 354 (December 1, 2006 visit for a 13 medication refill); Tr. 355 (March 18, 2008 visit to obtain disabled status for the 14 county assessor and parking permit); Tr. 356 (September 24, 2008 visit for 15 medication check). 16 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to consider the reasons for minimal 17 treatment, such as that his improvement had plateaued so there was no reason for 18 continuing treatment in excess of medication management. ECF No. 13 at 4-5. 19 Plaintiff cites his testimony that the orthopedic surgeon said he could not perform 20 surgery because the tendon was too close to his heart, Tr. 482-83, and his report 21 that there is nothing they can do for him, Tr. 67. ECF No. 13 at 5. However, 22 Plaintiff’s report that there was nothing to be done for him may support the 23 infrequency of the appointments, but it does not support the lack of complaints he 24 made at the appointments. Therefore, the ALJ’s reason is supported by substantial 25 evidence and is specific, clear and convincing. 26 The ALJ also found that Plaintiff’s reported mental health symptoms were 27 inconsistent with the lack of mental health treatment sought. Tr. 436. The Ninth 28 Circuit has found it a questionable practice to reject a claimant’s reported mental 1 health symptoms based on a failure to seek treatment. Nguyen v. Chater, 100 F.3d 2 1462, 1465 (9th Cir. 1996). However, because the ALJ’s observation of the lack 3 of physical treatment is supported by the record, any error stemming from this 4 reason would be considered harmless. Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1038 5 (9th Cir. 2008) (an error is harmless when “it is clear from the record that the . . . 6 error was inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination”). 7 C. Exaggerated or Inconsistent Information 8 The ALJ’s third reason for rejecting Plaintiff’s symptom statements, that he 9 had exaggerated or provided inconsistent information, is specific, clear and 10 convincing. 11 In determining a claimant’s credibility, the ALJ may consider “ordinary 12 techniques of credibility evaluation, such as the claimant’s reputation for lying, 13 prior inconsistent statements . . . and other testimony by the claimant that appears 14 less than candid.” Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1284. The ALJ noted that “providers 15 specifically observed extreme pain behavior,” and that Plaintiff “described various 16 pains in an unusual manner.” Tr. 436. The ALJ found that “[a]lthough 17 exaggerated or inconsistent information provided by the claimant may not be the 18 result of a conscious intention to mislead, it suggests the information he provided 19 may not be entirely reliable, which undermines the overall reliability of his 20 allegations in this application and appeal.” Id. 21 The ALJ’s finding is supported by substantial evidence. In June of 2004, 22 David Whitney, M.D. made the objective finding of “Extreme pain behavior with 23 extreme inconsistency throughout all parts of the examination.” Tr. 287. In April 24 of 2006, Ronald G. Early, Ph.D., M.D. reviewed medical records and observed that 25 “examiners have described him as having unusual pain behaviors and bizarre 26 manner of describing his pain.” Tr. 321. Dr. Early stated that “it appears that 27 some of [Plaintiff]’s bizarre complaints are basically a result of poor language 28 skills, lack of vocabulary and primitive knowledge and understanding of the 1 human body.” Id. Despite this explanation by Dr. Early, the ALJ is accurate that 2 this suggests his statements are not entirely reliable. Therefore, this reason meets 3 the specific, clear and convincing standard. 4 D. Reported Activities 5 The ALJ’s fourth reason for rejecting Plaintiff’s symptom statements, that he 6 reported activities that were not supportive of disability, is specific, clear and 7 convincing. 8 A claimant’s daily activities may support an adverse credibility finding if (1) 9 the claimant’s activities contradict his other testimony, or (2) “the claimant is able 10 to spend a substantial part of his day engaged in pursuits involving performance of 11 physical functions that are transferable to a work setting.” Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 12 625, 639 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Fair, 885 F.2d at 603). “The ALJ must make 13 ‘specific findings relating to [the daily] activities’ and their transferability to 14 conclude that a claimant’s daily activities warrant an adverse credibility 15 determination.” Id. (quoting Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 681 (9th Cir. 16 2005)). A claimant need not be “utterly incapacitated” to be eligible for benefits. 17 Fair, 885 F.2d at 603. 18 The ALJ found that Plaintiff attending his sons’ sporting events, shopping, 19 and visiting family in Seattle, Sunnyside, and Pasco would require extensive 20 driving that was inconsistent with Plaintiff’s alleged severity because Dr. Clark 21 testified that “driving objectively requires reaching and handling, use of foot 22 controls, the ability to maintain alertness and concentration over long periods, good 23 coordination steering, foot, and speedometer coordination.” Tr. 437. Here, the 24 ALJ has made specific findings regarding how Plaintiff’s driving demonstrated he 25 could engage in activities that were inconsistent with the level of severity alleged. 26 This meets the specific, clear and convincing standard. 27 The ALJ also found that Plaintiff walking his dog, walking to the park, 28 going to visit friends, and watching soccer was inconsistent with his reported 1 symptoms. Tr. 437. However, she did not state how this was inconsistent with 2 Plaintiff’s activities or how these demonstrated an ability to perform activities 3 transferable to a work setting. Therefore, these examples did not meet the specific, 4 clear and convincing standard. 5 The ALJ also found that Plaintiff reported no problems with personal care 6 “due to mental health symptoms” in January pf 2011, but reported problems with 7 self-care in June and September of 2011. Tr. 437. This inconsistency is not 8 supported by substantial evidence. In January of 2011, Plaintiff stated “I need help 9 putting pants, shoes and socks on,” and he needed his wife to help him care for his 10 hair. Tr. 246. In June of 2011, he stated “I am limited in my ability to self groom 11 (shower, put on clothing). I need help doing so or it takes me longer to do so.” Tr. 12 257. In September of 2011, he stated “I am limited in my ability to self groom, 13 shower, put on clothes. I need help doing so on [sic] it takes me longer to do so.” 14 Tr. 266. There is no inconsistency between the statement in January of 2011, June 15 of 2011, and September of 2011 to support the ALJ’s finding. Therefore, this fails 16 to meet the specific, clear and convincing standard. 17 The ALJ’s finding that Plaintiff’s driving distances demonstrated abilities in 18 excess of his alleged symptoms meets the specific, clear and convincing standard. 19 While the ALJ’s other reasons failed to meet the heightened standard, any error 20 would be considered harmless. See Tommasetti, 533 F.3d at 1038 (An error is 21 harmless when “it is clear from the record that the . . . error was inconsequential to 22 the ultimate nondisability determination.”). 23 2. Medical Opinions 24 Plaintiff argues the ALJ failed to properly consider and weigh the medical 25 opinions expressed by Andrew D. Whitmont, Ph.D, Ronald G. Early, Ph.D., M.D., 26 Don Clark, M.D., Michael A. Lace, Psy.D., Leslie Postovoit, Ph.D., Frederick A. 27 Montgomery, M.D., Joseph R. McFarland, M.D., David S Whitney, M.D., CeCilia 28 Cooper, Ph.D., and Flint Orr, M.D. ECF No. 13 at 9-20. 1 In weighing medical source opinions, the ALJ should distinguish between 2 three different types of physicians: (1) treating physicians, who actually treat the 3 claimant; (2) examining physicians, who examine but do not treat the claimant; 4 and, (3) nonexamining physicians who neither treat nor examine the claimant. 5 Lester, 81 F.3d at 830. The ALJ should give more weight to the opinion of a 6 treating physician than to the opinion of an examining physician. Orn, 495 F.3d at 7 631. Likewise, the ALJ should give more weight to the opinion of an examining 8 physician than to the opinion of a nonexamining physician. Id. 9 When an examining physician’s opinion is not contradicted by another 10 physician, the ALJ may reject the opinion only for “clear and convincing” reasons, 11 and when an examining physician’s opinion is contradicted by another physician, 12 the ALJ is required to provide “specific and legitimate reasons” to reject the 13 opinion. Lester, 81 F.3d at 830-31. The specific and legitimate standard can be 14 met by the ALJ setting out a detailed and thorough summary of the facts and 15 conflicting clinical evidence, stating his interpretation thereof, and making 16 findings. Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 751 (9th Cir. 1989). The ALJ is 17 required to do more than offer her conclusions, she “must set forth [her] 18 interpretations and explain why they, rather than the doctors’, are correct.” 19 Embrey v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 418, 421-22 (9th Cir. 1988). 20 A. Andrew D. Whitmont, Ph.D. 21 On February 2, 2004, Dr. Whitmont completed a psychological evaluation of 22 Plaintiff. Tr. 278. He diagnosed Plaintiff with the following impairments: pain 23 disorder associated with psychological factors and a general medical condition; 24 major depression, single episode, resolved; and panic disorder with agoraphobia, 25 resolved. Tr. 278. He stated Plaintiff’s depression and anxiety were resolved and 26 the focus had been on pain management. Id. He stated that Plaintiff felt he had 27 gained an ability to live with the pain and closed the file, stating “He should be 28 sent to a closing IME or pensioned because his Category III pain disorder is 1 permanent and prevents him from being able to [return to work].” Id. 2 The ALJ assigned this opinion “limited weight” because it was a generic 3 statement, it gave no foundation for the statement, and it did not give a function- 4 by-function analysis. Tr. 440. An ALJ may reject a medical opinion that includes 5 “no specific assessment of [the claimant’s] functional capacity.” Johnson v. 6 Shalala, 60 F.3d 1428, 1432 (9th Cir. 1995). Likewise, an ALJ can disregard a 7 medical report that does “not show how [a claimant’s] symptoms translate into 8 specific functional deficits which preclude work activity.” Morgan v. Comm’r of 9 Soc. Sec. Admin., 169 F.3d 595, 601 (9th Cir. 1999); see also Meanel v. Apfel, 172 10 F.3d 1111, 1114 (9th Cir. 1999) (ALJ properly rejected a medical opinion that 11 failed to explain the extent or significance of a condition). Therefore, the ALJ’s 12 reasons meet the specific and legitimate standard. 13 On January 24, 2012, Dr. Whitmont completed a Mental Medical Source 14 Statement which included four severe limitations, five marked limitations, and two 15 moderate limitations. Tr. 406-09. On July 20, 2016, Dr. Whitmont completed a 16 second Mental Medical Source Statement, which included five severe limitations, 17 seven marked limitations, and two moderate limitations. He further stated that 18 Plaintiff would likely be off-task during a 40-hour work schedule over thirty 19 percent of the time and would likely be absent four or more days per month. Tr. 20 825-27. 21 The ALJ gave these opinions very limited weight for four reasons: (1) 22 because they were provided years after the date last insured; (2) because there was 23 no foundation for the marked and severe limitations; (3) because Dr. Whitmont 24 based his findings on the diagnoses and the determination of the Proposed 25 Decision and Order of the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals for the State of 26 Washington (hereinafter the “L&I Decision”) that the ALJ rejected; and (4) 27 because the opinions contrasted sharply with the other evidence in the record. Tr. 28 440-41. 1 The ALJ’s first reason meets the required specific and legitimate reason. 2 The Ninth Circuit has found that “reports containing observations made after the 3 period for disability are relevant to assess the claimant’s disability,” and “medical 4 reports are inevitably rendered retrospectively and should not be disregarded solely 5 on that basis.” Smith v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 1222, 1225 (9th Cir. 1988). However, 6 the ALJ’s decision states that the opinions were rejected “[b]ecause they were 7 provided years after the date last insured, and are therefore less relevant to the 8 claimant’s condition and functioning through September 30, 2007.” Tr. 440. 9 These two opinions were not offered retrospectively, but addressed Plaintiff’s 10 functional capacity as of January of 2012 and July of 2016. Tr. 408 (“At the preset 11 time he continues. . .”); Tr. 825-27 (no statement that the opinion is retroactive or 12 applicable prior to September 30, 2007). Therefore, this meets the specific and 13 legitimate standard. 14 The remaining reasons provided by the ALJ lack specificity, and do not meet 15 the specific and legitimate standard. The ALJ is required to do more than offer her 16 conclusions, she “must set forth [her] interpretations and explain why they, rather 17 than the doctors’, are correct.” Embrey, 849 F.2d at 421-22. However, since the 18 ALJ provided at least one valid reason, any resulting error would be harmless. 19 Tommasetti, 533 F.3d at 1038 (an error is harmless when “it is clear from the 20 record that the . . . error was inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability 21 determination”). 22 B. Ronald G. Early, Ph.D., M.D. 23 On April 3, 2006, Dr. Early reviewed multiple medical records and 24 completed a psychological evaluation. Tr. 317-24. He diagnosed Plaintiff with 25 major depressive disorder, pain disorder associated with psychological factors, and 26 anxiety disorder. Tr. 323. He opined that Plaintiff had a “permanent partial mental 27 health impairment equal to at least category 4 of the WAC Guidelines,” vocational 28 services were not indicated, Plaintiff was “totally and permanently disabled as a 1 result of combined physical injury, mental health diagnoses and psychosocial 2 facts,” and additional mental health treatment would not result in any meaningful 3 improvement. Tr. 324. 4 The ALJ gave the opinion limited weight because Dr. Early’s opinion was 5 inconsistent with Plaintiff’s normal limits performance on the mental status 6 examination, he misstated Plaintiff’s mental health treatment history, and he based 7 a portion of his opinion on Plaintiff’s education and language which are not a 8 medical basis for mental limitations. Tr. 440.3 9 The ALJ’s first and second reasons meet the specific and legitimate 10 standard. An ALJ may cite internal inconsistencies in evaluating a physician’s 11 report. Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1216 (9th Cir. 2005). The ALJ 12 pointed out that the mental status examination limits were normal, Tr. 320-21, and 13 that Dr. Early stated Plaintiff had a seven-year history of mental health problems 14 with extensive treatment and medications, Tr. 324. The ALJ found the mental 15 status examination did not support the opined severity of limitations, and that 16 Plaintiff’s mental health treatment history was not as extensive as Dr. Early stated. 17 These findings are supported by substantial evidence and meet the specific and 18 legitimate standard. 19 The ALJ’s third reason for rejecting the opinion, that Dr. Early relied on 20 Plaintiff’s education and English skills, is specific and legitimate. A claimant’s 21 impairments “must result from anatomical, physiological, or psychological 22 abnormalities which can be shown by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory 23

24 3The ALJ stated “which are medical basis for mental limitations.” Tr. 440. 25 However, reading the paragraph in its entirety, the ALJ intended the sentence to 26 read “which are [not] medical basis for mental limitations.” Id. This was clearly a 27 typographical or scrivener’s error as the body of the ALJ’s decision specifically 28 holds that the opinion was given limited weight. 1 diagnostic techniques.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1508. A claimant’s residual functional 2 capacity considers his impairments and resulting symptoms. 20 C.F.R. § 3 404.1545(a). Therefore, the ALJ’s determination rejecting the opinion because it 4 was partially based on Plaintiff’s lack of education and grasp of the English 5 language is specific and legitimate. 6 C. Don Clark, M.D. and Michael A. Lace, Psy.D. 7 Dr. Clark testified at the February 7, 2017 hearing that Plaintiff did not meet 8 or equal a listing. Tr. 476. He stated that he did not see evidence that would 9 support a finding that Plaintiff was limited to sedentary work or less based on a 10 physical impairment. Id. Dr. Lace testified at the August 24, 2017 hearing that 11 Plaintiff’s mental health impairments did not meet or equal a listing. Tr. 495. He 12 provided an opinion regarding the “B-Criteria” of the 12.00 listings. Tr. 496-97. 13 The ALJ gave great weight to the opinions of Dr. Clark and Dr. Lace because they 14 were qualified to render opinions as to the nature and severity of Plaintiff’s 15 conditions and were the only medical sources to review the entire record. Tr. 431, 16 437. 17 An ALJ is not required to provide an explanation for accepting an opinion 18 but must provide an explanation for rejecting an opinion. S.S.R. 96-8p (“The RFC 19 [Residual Functional Capacity] assessment must always consider and address 20 medical source opinions. If the RFC assessment conflicts with an opinion from a 21 medical source, the adjudicator must explain why the opinion was not adopted.”). 22 Therefore, this Court will not disturb the ALJ’s decision. 23 D. Leslie Postovoit, Ph.D. 24 On November 21, 2011, Dr. Postovoit reviewed the medical record and 25 provided a statement that from March 15, 2002 through March 31, 2006 Plaintiff 26 was moderately limited in the ability to understand and remember very short and 27 simple instructions and was markedly limited in the ability to understand and 28 remember detailed instructions. Tr. 107. In the narrative sections, she stated that 1 Plaintiff’s work history was always with simple labor, he had a sixth grade 2 education and was very limited in English skills, and had a concrete learning style. 3 Tr. 107. She also stated that Plaintiff was markedly limited in the abilities to carry 4 out detailed instructions, to maintain attention and concentration for extended 5 periods, to perform activities within a schedule, maintain regular attendance, and be 6 punctual within customary tolerances, to complete a normal workday and 7 workweek without interruptions from psychologically based symptoms and to 8 perform at a consistent pace without an unreasonable number and length of rest 9 periods. Tr. 108. In the narrative section, she stated that the medical records 10 indicated Plaintiff was very somatically-preoccupied with perceived symptoms not 11 verified by multiple medical examinations and that somatic concerns would 12 preclude the ability to focus on work-related tasks reliably. Id. She also stated that 13 Plaintiff was moderately limited in the ability to interact appropriately with the 14 general public. Id. In the narrative section, she said Plaintiff had a concrete 15 learning style and very limited English and “[w]ould not manage job [with] much 16 need for public interaction.” Tr. 109. She stated that Plaintiff was moderately 17 limited in the ability to respond appropriately to changes in the work setting and to 18 set realistic goals or make plans independently of others. Tr. 109. In the narrative 19 section, she stated Plaintiff would require work that would be very predictable and 20 with very steady production demands, which did not require much independent 21 decision making on his part. Tr. 109. She added that Plaintiff was seen with a 22 diagnosis of major depressive disorder, conversion disorder, and pain disorder for 23 the time period addressed with somatic preoccupation being too severe for him to 24 return to work activities. Tr. 109. 25 She then completed a second mental residual functional capacity assessment 26 from April 1, 2006 to November 21, 2011. Tr. 110-11. She stated that Plaintiff was 27 not significantly limited in the ability to understand and remember very short and 28 simple instructions. Tr. 110. She maintained that Plaintiff was markedly limited in 1 the ability to understand and remember detailed instructions and stated that 2 Plaintiff’s limited education and English abilities precluded him from working 3 beyond simple, repetitive tasks. Id. She then stated Plaintiff was markedly limited 4 in carrying out detailed instructions and moderately limited in the abilities to 5 maintain attention and concentration for extended periods and to complete a normal 6 workday and workweek without interruptions from psychologically based 7 symptoms and to perform at a consistent pace without an unreasonable number and 8 length of rest periods. Id. In the narrative section, she stated that Plaintiff “would 9 be too slow to tackle new complex tasks, but can manage [simple, repetitive tasks] 10 and some hands-on complex tasks that he’s been able to learn slowly, at this pace 11 (such as reading well enough to pass driving test and can read information re: store 12 sales).” Id. She then stated that Plaintiff was moderately limited in the ability to 13 interact appropriately with the general public. Id. In the narrative section, she 14 stated that Plaintiff “prefers family company but is out in the world often [without] 15 anxiety. He would be poorly suited for work beyond intermittent and casual contact 16 [with] the public due to his concrete thinking and limited English skills.” Tr. 111. 17 She stated that Plaintiff was moderately limited in the abilities to respond 18 appropriately to changes in the work setting and to set realistic goals or make plans 19 independently of others. Id. In the narrative section, she stated that Plaintiff 20 “would need work that was predictable in task expectation and work flow, plus that 21 didn’t require him to make many independent decisions.” Id. 22 The ALJ gave the determinations “partial/some weight.” Tr. 439. 23 Specifically, the ALJ gave no weight to the opinion prior to April 1, 2006 because 24 “it was based on the L&I decision (Exhibit 2E), which is not binding, and I gave it 25 little to no weight. There was no basis for such limitations per the medical expert, 26 and was based heavily on the claimant’s ‘somatic concerns and preoccupations.’” 27 Tr. 439. The ALJ then concurred with the April 1, 2006 opinion “because it is the 28 most consistent with the medical expert testimony and the evidence through the 1 date last insured.” Id. The ALJ may reject the opinion of a non-examining 2 physician by reference to specific evidence in the medical record. Gomez v. Chater, 3 74 F.3d 967, 972 (9th Cir.); Andrews, 53 F.3d at 1041. Therefore, the ALJ 4 provided a legally sufficient reason to reject the first opinion. The ALJ was not 5 required to provide a reason for accepting the second opinion. See S.S.R. 96-8p. 6 E. Frederick A. Montgomery, M.D. 7 On July 6, 2004, Dr. Montgomery completed a Psychiatric Independent 8 Medical Examination. Tr. 394-99. He stated that “[i]t would be doubtful that any 9 of the psychiatric barriers that would reduce [Plaintiff]’s ability to work could be 10 reduced by any type of treatment as he fully believes he is permanently disabled 11 and can never work again which is being strongly reinforced by his receiving 12 financial support.” Tr. 399. 13 On December 7, 2005, Dr. Montgomery completed a second Psychiatric 14 Independent Medical Examination. Tr. 302-06. He stated that Plaintiff’s 15 “symptoms are in excess of a normal response to this type of injury and [Plaintiff] 16 believes that he is unable to work and is affected by the variety of symptoms 17 without effective treatment.” Tr. 305. He also states that “[t]here is no reason why 18 [Plaintiff] cannot return to work.” Tr. 306. 19 The ALJ gave partial/some weight to these opinions, stating “I concur, as his 20 conclusion is consistent with medical evidence of record. . . and as determined by 21 medical experts at the hearing, and the State agency physicians.” Tr. 439-40. 22 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ simply summarized Dr. Mongomery’s findings 23 without explaining why weight was attributed to his statements. ECF No. 13 at 16. 24 However, the ALJ is not required to provide an explanation for accepting an 25 opinion but must provide an explanation for rejecting an opinion. S.S.R. 96-8p 26 (“The RFC assessment must always consider and address medical source opinions. 27 If the RFC assessment conflicts with an opinion from a medical source, the 28 adjudicator must explain why the opinion was not adopted.”). Therefore, the Court 1 will not disturb the ALJ’s determination. 2 F. Joseph R. McFarland, M.D. 3 On December 7, 2005, Dr. McFarland completed an Orthopedic Independent 4 Medical Examination. Tr. 308-16. He diagnosed a lumbar sprain, cervical sprain, 5 and left shoulder sprain. Tr. 312. He stated that “there are no restrictions 6 preventing the claimant from returning to work. However, the claimant indicated 7 that he has no intent of return[ing] to the work place.” Tr. 315. He also stated that 8 [m]y assessment differs from the claimant’s in that he feels he is unable to return to 9 work.” Id. 10 The ALJ gave this opinion partial/some weight stating he did find that 11 Plaintiff had some physical restriction, but that Dr. McFarland’s observation 12 “undermines the claimant’s allegations, and possibly motivation, in this application 13 and appeal.” Tr. 439-40. Plaintiff argues that the ALJ “irrationally effectively 14 disagreed with his assertion [that Plaintiff] had no ‘restrictions,’ despite claiming 15 agreement.” ECF No. 13 at 16. 16 The ALJ stated he gave some/partial weight to the opinion. Tr. 439. His 17 explanation as to why he did not accept the opinion that Plaintiff had no restriction 18 was not in detail. However, any error would be considered harmless. Even if this 19 Court were to credit Dr. McFarland’s opinion as true, Plaintiff would still not be 20 found disabled. Tommasetti, 533 F.3d at 1038 (an error is harmless when “it is 21 clear from the record that the . . . error was inconsequential to the ultimate 22 nondisability determination”). 23 Plaintiff also argued that a “[m]ere suggestion of secondary gain is a weak 24 reason to find a claimant not credible and alone does not support a negative 25 credibility determination.” ECF No. 13 at 16 citing Burrell v. Colvin, 775 F.3d 26 113, 1139-40 (9th Cir. 2014). However, the issue being addressed is not Plaintiff’s 27 credibility, but the weight assigned to Dr. McFarland’s opinion. Therefore, the 28 Court will not disturb the ALJ’s determination. 1 G. David S. Whitney, M.D. 2 On June 16, 2004, Dr. Whitney completed an Orthopedic Independent 3 Medical Examination. Tr. 280-91. He made three objective findings: (1) extreme 4 pain behavior with extreme inconsistency throughout all parts of the examination; 5 (2) no objective neurologic deficit noted; and (3) no consistent objective limitation 6 of motion in the cervicodorsal, lumbosacral or upper lower extremities noted. Tr. 7 287. He provided a residual functional capacity opinion, which indicated no 8 limitation in the abilities to sit, walk and stand. Tr. 291. He limited Plaintiff’s 9 lifting and carrying seldom twenty-one to twenty-five pounds, occasionally eleven 10 to twenty pounds, frequently six to ten pounds, and continuously up to five pounds. 11 Id. He opined no limitations with repetitive tasks in the upper or lower extremities. 12 Id. He limited Plaintiff’s kneeling, crawling, climbing, and reaching above the 13 shoulder to seldom and bending and squatting to occasionally. Id. 14 The ALJ found that these limitations were consistent with the medical 15 evidence and generally agreed. Tr. 439. However, she found that additional 16 medical evidence obtained since 2004 factored into her residual functional capacity 17 determination. Id. Plaintiff argued that the ALJ’s assertion is unsupported. ECF 18 No. 13 at 17. However, the ALJ is not required to provide an explanation for 19 accepting an opinion but must provide an explanation for rejecting an opinion. 20 S.S.R. 96-8p (“The RFC assessment must always consider and address medical 21 source opinions. If the RFC assessment conflicts with an opinion from a medical 22 source, the adjudicator must explain why the opinion was not adopted.”). 23 Therefore, the Court will not disturb the ALJ’s determination. 24 H. Cecilia Cooper, Ph.D. 25 On November 10, 2011, Dr. Cooper completed a Psychological Evaluation 26 of Plaintiff. Tr. 380-87. She diagnosed Plaintiff with a pain disorder with both 27 psychological factors and a general medical condition and an adjustment disorder 28 with depressed mood. Tr. 385. She provided the following medical source 1 statements:

2 Plaintiff is able to understand, remember and carry out instructions for 3 tasks involving two or three closely related steps. He would have 4 difficulty with more complex instructions. He would do tasks requiring much physical labor, slowly. He would have problems maintaining 5 attention and concentration for extended periods of time because of 6 subjective feelings of pain and because of depression. He would have problems with change because his thinking is concrete. He would do 7 best in situations in which he could practice new behaviors related to 8 changes several times before the changes are implemented. Visual aids and demonstrations would be helpful. Supervisors would do well to 9 not give him a new task to do until he has completed the one he has. 10 Having him repeat instruction in his own words would also be of 11 benefit. [Plaintiff] would usually respond appropriately to normal hazards. He would not require close supervision once he has a 12 comfortable routine to follow. He would respond well to having his 13 efforts to succeed noted. 14 Tr. 386. 15 The ALJ gave the opinion very limited weight because her more restrictive 16 conclusions are without support from her own evaluation results, specifically a 17 normal mental status examination. Tr. 441. An ALJ may reject opinions that are 18 internally inconsistent. Nguyen, 100 F.3d at 1464. A discrepancy between a 19 provider’s notes and observations and the provider’s functional assessment is a 20 clear and convincing reason for not relying on the doctor’s opinion. Bayliss, 427 21 F.3d at 1216. 22 Plaintiff argues that the mental status examination was not normal. ECF No. 23 13 at 17. Dr. Cooper observed that Plaintiff was “focused on his problems with 24 pain.” Tr. 383. She noted that Plaintiff did not smile during the evaluation. Id. 25 Dr. Cooper found his ability to engage in abstract reasoning was impaired, his 26 short term and long-term memory was impaired. Tr. 384. Plaintiff’s orientation to 27 time and place, ability to maintain attention and concentration, and judgment were 28 not impaired. Tr. 384-85. Dr. Cooper specifically found that Plaintiff’s ability to 1 carry out instructions for tasks involving two or three closely related steps was not 2 impaired. Tr. 385. These findings are inconsistent with Dr. Cooper’s opined 3 limitations in the abilities to maintain attention and concentration and learn new 4 tasks. Therefore, the ALJ’s reason meets the specific and legitimate standard. 5 I. Fling Orr, M.D. 6 Dr. Orr wrote letters on May 24, 2011 and August 15, 2012 stating the 7 following:

8 [Plaintiff] suffered an industrial accident in 1999 while working in the 9 harvesting of pears. The historical records with our electronic medical 10 records contains a transcript of the 2006 proceeding of the Washington Board of Industrial Appeals in which he was granted a pension 11 recognizing his lifelong disability as a result of the injury. I have 12 known him as his primary care physician since 2006. He has continued to need medications for the chronic symptoms from the injury and has 13 not been able to return to work. Therefore, I consider him chronically 14 disabled. 15 Tr. 410-11. 16 On July 18, 2016, Dr. Orr completed a Medical Report form stating that 17 Plaintiff would miss an average of four or more days of work per month because 18 “[Plaintiff] reports symptoms with minimal ability. He has maintained his inability 19 as long as I’ve known him.” Tr. 822-24. He also limited Plaintiff to Sedentary 20 work. Tr. 823. He opined that these limitations had existed since at least January 21 2006. Tr. 824. 22 Additionally, the record contains an undated Physical Residual Functional 23 Capacity Assessment from Dr. Orr that was submitted in December of 2012. Tr. 24 412-20. Dr. Orr limited Plaintiff to occasionally lifting and/or carrying ten pounds, 25 frequently lifting and/or carrying ten pounds, standing and/or walking less than 26 two hours, sitting for a total of less than about six hours, and unlimited pushing 27 and/or pulling. Tr. 414. He precluded Plaintiff from climbing ramps/stairs, 28 climbing ladders/rope/scaffolds, balancing, kneeling, and crouching, and limited 1 him to occasional stooping and crawling. Tr. 415. He stated that Plaintiff had 2 been disabled from before March 7, 2006 when the Board of Industrial Insurance 3 of the State of Washington declared him disabled. Id. He limited Plaintiff’s 4 reaching in all directions, handling, and fingering due to his shoulder symptoms. 5 Tr. 416. 6 The ALJ rejected all of these opinions because they were created years after 7 the Plaintiff’s date last insured. Tr. 440. Here, the opinions are all retrospective, 8 as they specifically address a time period prior to the September 31, 2007 date last 9 insured. Therefore, the fact that they were penned after the date last insured does 10 not meet the specific and legitimate standard. See Smith, 849 F.2d at 1225. 11 The ALJ rejected Dr. Orr’s opinion expressed in the two identical letters 12 because in a phone conversation in October of 2011 with Dr. Postovoit, Dr. Orr 13 admitted he was not familiar with Plaintiff’s history overall and only saw Plaintiff 14 for brief medication renewal appointments about twice a year. Tr. 441 citing Tr. 15 388. Dr. Postovoit’s statement includes “Dr. Orr could offer nothing re: how the 16 clmt’s shoulder and neck pain (which are the medically-verifiable pain areas, not 17 conversion d/o sx) adversely affect the clmt’s daily functioning.” Tr. 388.4 An 18 ALJ need not accept the opinion of a doctor if that opinion is brief, conclusory, and 19 inadequately supported by clinical findings. Bayliss, 427 F.3d at 1216. Dr. 20 Postovoit’s statements indicate that Dr. Orr’s opinions expressed in these letters 21 are inadequately supported by clinical findings. Therefore, this meets the specific 22 and legitimate standard. 23 The ALJ rejected Dr. Orr’s opinion expressed in the July 2016 statement 24 because it was based on Plaintiff’s self-reported symptoms, because he provided 25

26 4Dr. Postovoit states that the contact with Dr. Orr took place on October 4, 27 2011. Tr. 388. However, Dr. Postovoit’s final report and opinion was completed 28 and signed on November 21, 2011. Id. 1 no objective medical evidence to support the opinion, and because he admitted to 2 Dr. Postovoit that he rarely saw Plaintiff and only for brief medication 3 management appointments. Tr. 441-42. These reasons meet the specific and 4 legitimate standard. First, a doctor’s opinion may be discounted if it relies on a 5 claimant’s unreliable self-report. Bayliss, 427 F.3d at 1217; Tommasetti, 533 F.3d 6 at 1041. But the ALJ must provide the basis for her conclusion that the opinion 7 was based on a claimant’s self-reports. Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1162 8 (9th Cir. 2014). Here, the ALJ found that Dr. Orr’s statement that Plaintiff 9 “reports symptoms with minimal ability. He has maintained his inability as long as 10 I’ve known him” showed that Dr. Orr relied heavily on Plaintiff’s symptoms. Tr. 11 441. This Court has upheld the ALJ’s determination that Plaintiff’s symptoms 12 statements were unreliable. See supra. Therefore, the ALJ’s first reason meets the 13 specific and legitimate standard. 14 The ALJ’s second reason, that Dr. Orr provided no objective medical 15 evidence to support the opinion, is also specific and legitimate. An ALJ may 16 discredit treating physicians’ opinions that are conclusory, brief, and unsupported 17 by the record as a whole. Bayliss, 427 F.3d at 1216. As the ALJ points out, Dr. 18 Orr referred to work-ups and evaluations occurring between 1999 and 2006, but he 19 failed to provide or discuss the evidence. Tr. 442. 20 The ALJ’s third reason, that Dr. Orr’s opinion is undermined by Dr. 21 Postovoit’s summary of the October 4, 2011 phone conversation, is specific and 22 legitimate. As discussed above, Dr. Postovoit reached out to Dr. Orr on October 4, 23 2011 to address his opinion of Plaintiff’s disability. Tr. 388. Dr. Postovoit wrote 24 that Dr. Orr admitted to not being familiar with Plaintiff’s history and only saw 25 Plaintiff for brief medical renewal appointments. Id. Considering this along with 26 the fact that Dr. Orr consistently relies on the L&I decision in his repeated opinions 27 of disability, which the ALJ rejected, the ALJ’s determination giving him less 28 weight is supported by substantial evidence and legally sufficient. 1 The ALJ rejected the undated opinion, which she referred to as the August 2 2012 opinion or Exhibit 15F, because it was undermined by Dr. Postovoit’s 3 October 4, 2011 phone conversation with Dr. Orr. As addressed above, Dr. 4 Postovoit reached out to Dr. Orr, and Dr. Orr admitted to not being familiar with 5 Plaintiff’s history and only saw Plaintiff for brief medical renewal appointments. 6 Tr. 388. Additionally, Dr. Orr limited Plaintiff’s hearing and speaking based on 7 Dr. Whitmont’s psychological evaluation in January of 2012. Tr. 417. This 8 opinion by Dr. Whitmont reflects Plaintiff’s abilities as of January of 2012. 9 Therefore, this does undermine the reliability of Dr. Orr’s opinion regarding 10 Plaintiff’s limitations prior to the September 31, 2007 date last insured. This meets 11 the specific and legitimate standard. 12 3. Other Opinions 13 Plaintiff challenges the ALJ’s treatment of the L&I Decision and the 14 testimony of Plaintiff’s spouse. ECF No. 13 at 19-20. 15 A. L&I Decision 16 The record contains a Proposed Decision and Order of the Board of 17 Industrial Insurance Appeals for the State of Washington, referred to as the L&I 18 decision. Tr. 211-23. This decision found that Plaintiff was temporarily totally 19 disabled from March 3, 2006 through March 6, 2006 and as of March 7, 2006 20 Plaintiff was permanently totally disabled. Tr. 223. 21 The ALJ gave this determination little to no weight citing POMS DI 22 24503.045 and 24503.005. Tr. 438. A determination made by another government 23 agency regarding whether or not a claimant is disabled is not binding on the ALJ. 24 20 C.F.R. § 404.1504. The referenced POMS provision states the following: 25

We consider evidence of decisions by other governmental agencies and 26 nongovernmental entities as evidence from a nonmedical source. We 27 also consider all of the supporting evidence underlying the other governmental agency or nongovernmental entity’s decision that we 28 receive according to the appropriate category of evidence in DI 24503.005 Categories of Evidence. We are not required to adopt a 1 decision by any other governmental agency or a nongovernmental 2 3

e ntity. 4 POMS DI 24503.045. For claims filed before March 27, 2017, the ALJ is required 5 to explain the consideration given to such decisions. Id. 6 Here, the evidence underlying the L&I decision includes the medical 7 opinions of Dr. Whitmont, Dr. Early, Dr. McFarland, and Dr. Montgomery and the 8 records from Dr. Schneider. Tr. 213-20. The ALJ addressed each of these 9 opinions and the records from Dr. Schneider in her decision. Tr. 433-34, 440. 10 Therefore, the ALJ properly addressed the evidence underlying the L&I decision 11 and properly discussed the weight assigned to the decision itself. This Court will 12 not disturb the ALJ’s determination. 13 B. Plaintiff’s Wife 14 Plaintiff challenges the weight the ALJ assigned to his wife’s testimony. 15 ECF No. 13 at 19-20. 16 Lay witness testimony is “competent evidence” as to “how an impairment 17 affects [a claimant’s] ability to work.” Stout v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 454 18 F.3d 1050 (9th Cir. 2006); see also Dodrill v. Shalala, 12 F.3d 915, 918-19 (9th 19 Cir. 1993) (“[F]riends and family members in a position to observe a claimant’s 20 symptoms and daily activities are competent to testify as to her condition.”). An 21 ALJ must give “germane” reasons to discount evidence from these “other sources.” 22 Dodrill, 12 F.3d at 919. 23 The ALJ assigned little weight to the observations of Plaintiff’s wife because 24 they were similar to his own subjective complaints of disabling impairments. Tr. 25 442. The ALJ may reject the statements of a lay witness because they are similar 26 to the claimant’s statements that have been rejected for specific, clear and 27 convincing reasons. Valentine v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 693-94 28 (9th Cir. 2009). Therefore, the Court will not disturb the ALJ’s determination. 1|| 4. Step Five 2 Plaintiff challenges the ALJ’s step five determination by asserting that the 3|| ALJ erred by relying on the testimony of the vocational expert. ECF No. 13 at 20- 4|) 21. Essentially, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to provide a significant number 5 || of jobs based on Plaintiff's counsel’s researching the number of jobs using the computer system Job Browser Pro. Id. 7 The ALJ is entitled to rely on the vocational expert’s testimony regarding the number of available jobs in the economy. In Bayliss, the Ninth Circuit 9|| recognized that “[aJn ALJ may take administrative notice of any reliable job 10]| information, including information provided by a VE.” 427 F.3d at 1218 (citing 11]| Johnson, 60 F.3d at 1435). Therefore, the Court will not disturb the ALJ’s step 12|| five determination. 13 CONCLUSION 14 Having reviewed the record and the ALJ’s findings, the Court finds the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence and free of harmful legal error. 16|| Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED: 17 1. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 20, is GRANTED. 19 2. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 13, is DENIED. 20 The District Court Executive is directed to file this Order and provide a copy to counsel for Plaintiff and Defendant. Judgment shall be entered for Defendant and the file shall be CLOSED. 23 DATED September 13, 2019.

-—s« JOHNT.RODGERS) 26 [a UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 27 28