FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
TENTH CIRCUIT June 4, 2010
Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court PAUL GLOVER; GLOVER CONSTRUCTION CO., INC.,
Plaintiffs - Appellees, No. 08-7048 (E.D. Okla.) v. (D.C. No. 6:07-CV-00112-FHS)
CARLISLE MABREY, III; JAMES DUNEGAN; DAN OVERLAND; JACKIE COOPER; LOYD BENSON; BRUCE BENBROOK; BRADLEY W. BURGESS; GUY BERRY; SKIP NICHOLSON; NORMAN N. HILL; GARY RIDLEY; GEORGE RAYMOND; GARY EVANS; DARREN SALIBA,
Defendants - Appellants.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before LUCERO, O’BRIEN, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.
Glover Construction Company and its owner, Paul Glover (collectively “Glover”)
filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
* This order and judgment is an unpublished decision, not binding precedent. 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A). Citation to unpublished decisions is not prohibited. Fed. R. App. 32.1. It is appropriate as it relates to law of the case, issue preclusion and claim preclusion. Unpublished decisions may also be cited for their persuasive value. 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A). Citation to an order and judgment must be accompanied by an appropriate parenthetical notation B (unpublished). Id. (ODOT) Commissioners and six department officials (collectively the ODOT
defendants).1 The complaint alleged the ODOT defendants retaliated against Glover in
violation of its First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The ODOT defendants moved to
dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted and
asserted the affirmative defenses of absolute and qualified immunity. The district court
denied the motion to dismiss and rejected ODOT’s affirmative defenses. We affirm in
part, reverse in part and remand for further proceedings.
I. BACKGROUND
By statute, ODOT and its Commissioners are responsible for, among other things,
the construction and maintenance of Oklahoma highways. Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 69, § 304
(2009). ODOT construction projects are contracted through a competitive bidding
process governed by Oklahoma’s Competitive Bidding Act of 1974, which authorizes
ODOT to prequalify contactors to bid on projects. Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 69, § 1101 (2009);
Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 61, § 118 (2009). According to Glover’s second amended complaint,
it has contracted with ODOT to perform construction work for almost thirty years and
was a prequalified bidder.
On a number of occasions, Glover and ODOT have not seen eye-to-eye on
1 The defendants included the Commission members (Carlisle Mabrey, III, James Dunegan, Dan Overland, Jackie Cooper, Loyd Benson, Bruce Benbrook, Bradley Burgess, and Guy Berry). Other named ODOT officials were Gary Ridley (chief executive of ODOT), George Raymond (executive officer of ODOT), Gary Evans (ODOT director), Darren Saliba (ODOT division engineer), Normal Hill (ODOT general counsel), and Skip Nicholson (ODOT investigator). All defendants were sued in their individual capacity.
-2- contract terms or the quality of Glover’s work. Glover has often used administrative and
judicial channels to challenge ODOT’s contract decisions and the adequacy of its
payment. A particularly contentious dispute involved construction on Oklahoma
Highway 64. Glover won the contract and constructed a portion of the highway. The
construction was subject to major problems which Glover blamed on ODOT’s design and
ODOT blamed on Glover’s poor workmanship and use of improper materials. The
dispute was widely publicized in the media. As a result of these disagreements, tensions
rose between Glover and ODOT.
Glover obtained a court order enjoining ODOT’s threatened revocation of its
prequalification status. While the complaint does not set forth any dates, ODOT
allegedly revoked Glover’s prequalification status despite the court order.2 Glover then
filed this action. It has alleged four constitutional violations: Count I, retaliation for the
exercise of First Amendment rights to petition for the redress of grievances; Count II,
retaliation for the exercise of Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process and a First
Amendment right to speak on matters of public importance; Count III, violation of
Glover’s Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection; and Count IV, retaliation for
Glover’s exercise of First Amendment right to free speech.
The ODOT defendants filed a motion to dismiss all claims for failure to state a
claim upon which relief may be granted under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil
2 The Oklahoma Court of Civil Appeals reversed the injunction on August 10, 2007. At oral argument ODOT’s counsel stated he believed the injunction was dissolved after ODOT revoked Glover’s prequalification status.
-3- Procedure. The motion also asserted all defendants were entitled to qualified immunity
and Hill (ODOT’s counsel), Nicholson (an ODOT investigator), and the Commission
members were entitled to absolute immunity. Stating the decision was a “close call,” the
district court denied the motion to dismiss and found Glover sufficiently alleged facts to
support its claims. (R. Vol. I at 144.) It determined the ODOT defendants were not
entitled to qualified immunity because retaliation for exercising First Amendment rights
is a clearly established constitutional violation. It denied absolute immunity because the
record was not sufficiently developed to apply the necessary “functional” analysis set
forth in Forrester v. White, 484 U.S. 219, 229 (1988) (the inquiry focuses on “the nature
of the function performed [by the official], not the identity of the actor who performed
it”). This interlocutory appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Jurisdiction
“Under the Supreme Court’s collateral order doctrine, a district court’s denial of a
claim of qualified immunity, to the extent that it turns on an issue of law, is an appealable
‘final decision’ within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 notwithstanding the absence of a
final judgment.” Weise v. Casper, 507 F.3d 1260, 1263 (10th Cir. 2007) (citations and
quotations omitted). “[T]he Supreme Court has limited appeals of interlocutory decisions
denying the defense of qualified immunity to cases presenting neat abstract issues of
law.” Id. at 1263-64 (quotations omitted). “[P]retrial determinations of evidentiary
sufficiency in qualified immunity cases are not immediately appealable.” Id. at 1264.
Glover asserts we lack jurisdiction because the district court found its complaint
-4- “states plausible violations of Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights . . . and that those rights
were clearly established.” (Appellee’s Br. at 3.) It relies on Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S.
304, 319-20 (1995), where the Court held it lacked jurisdiction over an appeal by police
officers because “[t]he [qualified immunity] order in question resolved a fact-related
dispute about the pretrial record.” Id. at 307 (emphasis added).
There is one issue that is not properly before us. The district court determined the
record was insufficient at this stage of the litigation to resolve the absolute immunity
claims. When determining whether a defendant is entitled to absolute immunity, we
employ a functional approach. See Perez v. Ellington, 421 F.3d 1128, 1133 (10th Cir.
2005) (quotations omitted). The district court stated “the functions of the various
Defendants, and the agency itself, ha[d] not been established by any factual record which
the Court can evaluate.” (R. Vol. I at 148.) Because this is a factual determination, we
do not address it on this appeal.3 See Weise, 507 F.3d at 1264 (“If a district court cannot
rule on the merits of a qualified immunity defense at the dismissal stage because the
allegations in the pleadings are insufficient as to some factual matter, the district court’s
determination is not immediately appealable.”).
Other than in the absolute immunity context, Glover’s jurisdictional argument has
no merit. The sufficiency of a complaint is a question of law, as is the existence of a
3 The denial of absolute or qualified immunity on a motion to dismiss does not preclude the ODOT defendants from raising the issue in a later motion for summary judgment when the record is more fully developed. See Weise, 507 F.3d at 1265 (recognizing “the denial of qualified immunity at the dismissal stage does not preclude a renewal of that defense at summary judgment after further factual development has occurred”).
-5- clearly established constitutional violation. See Id. at 1267 (“the denial of qualified
immunity on a motion to dismiss constitutes a legal decision because Rule 12(b)(6)
requires a court to accept as true all well-pleaded facts in the complaint”). Because the
remaining issues involve questions of law rather than fact, we have jurisdiction over this
interlocutory appeal.
B. Standard of Review
“The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials from liability
for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or
constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Pearson v.
Callahan, 129 S. Ct. 808, 815 (2009) (quotations omitted). “Because qualified immunity
is an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability it is effectively lost if a
case is erroneously permitted to go to trial.” Id. (quotations omitted). The “plaintiff must
plead that each Government-official defendant, through his own individual actions, has
violated the Constitution.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, --- U.S. ---, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1948 (2009).
The only questions before us are whether Glover’s complaint alleges the defendants
violated a constitutional right and whether the right was clearly established at the time of
the defendants’ conduct. See Bryson v. Gonzales, 534 F.3d 1282, 1285 (10th Cir. 2008).
We review the grant or denial of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo,
“accepting all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint as true.” Howard v.
Waide, 534 F.3d 1227, 1242-43 (10th Cir. 2008). To withstand a motion to dismiss, a
“complaint must contain enough allegations of fact ‘to state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.’” Robbins v. Okla. ex rel. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 519 F.3d 1242, 1247
-6- (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
The purpose of this “plausibility” requirement is “to weed out claims that do not in the
absence of additional allegations have a reasonable prospect of success [and] inform the
defendants of the actual grounds of the claim against them.” Id. at 1248 (emphasis
added). Applied to all civil actions, the Twombly standard “demands more than an
unadorned the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation” and requires more than
“naked assertions devoid of factual development . . . more than a sheer possibility that a
defendant has acted unlawfully.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (quotations omitted). The
necessary degree of specificity is highly dependent on the context and type of case.
Robbins, 519 F.3d at 1247. The complaint “must contain either direct or inferential
allegations respecting all the material elements necessary to sustain a recovery under
some viable legal theory.” Bryson, 534 F.3d at 1286 (quotations omitted).
The ODOT defendants claim Glover failed to allege a sufficient factual basis to
establish a constitutional violation. Many allegations in Glover’s complaint are
conclusory statements providing no concrete way of identifying what actions were taken,
when, or in some instances by whom. A number of allegations refer generally to
“ODOT,” “ODOT officials,” and “top executives,” or “an ODOT executive.” (R. Vol. 1
at 22-25, 28-29, ¶¶ 18-24, 26, 28, 30, 44, 49.) Without more, these allegations provide no
indication which defendant must defend against the charge. In addition, other allegations
provide no dates or other information with which one might put the alleged activities in
some sort of temporal context. We will not consider these general and/or conclusory
allegations. See Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1950 (“a court . . . can . . . begin by identifying
-7- pleadings that . . . are not entitled to the assumption of truth”). We consider whether the
remaining factual allegations are sufficient to “nudge [these] claims across the line from
conceivable to plausible.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570.
C. Count I - Retaliation for Public Criticism
The First Amendment forbids “abridging the freedom of speech, or . . . the right of
the people . . . to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” U.S. Const.
Amend. I. It is well-established “the First Amendment bars retaliation for protected
speech.” Crawford-El v. Britton, 523 U.S. 574, 592 (1998); see also Wilkie v. Robbins,
551 U.S. 537, 555 (2007) (“longstanding recognition that the Government may not
retaliate for exercising First Amendment speech rights”). Whether particular speech is
protected depends on the nature of the expression as well as the speaker’s relationship to
the government. For example, the speech of a private citizen generally enjoys broader
protections than the speech of public employees or public contractors. See Bd. of
Comm’rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr, 518 U.S. 668, 673 (1996) (public contractor);
Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 146 (1983) (government employee); and Pickering v.
Bd. Of Educ. of Twp. High Sch. Dist. 205, Will County, Ill., 391 U.S. 563, 568 (1968)
(public high school teacher). The Supreme Court has recently reiterated corporate
entities are entitled to the protections of the First Amendment and should not be “treated
differently under the First Amendment simply because they are not ‘natural persons.’”
Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm’n., --- S. Ct. ----, 2010 WL 183856, at *20 (2010).
In Pickering, the Supreme Court considered whether a teacher’s criticism of its
employer was protected speech. The Court recognized “the State has interests as an
-8- employer in regulating the speech of its employees that differ significantly from those it
possesses in connection with regulation of the speech of the citizenry in general.” 391
U.S. at 568. To balance the “interests of the teacher, as a citizen, in commenting upon
matters of public concern and the interest of the State, as an employer, in promoting the
efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees,” the Court adopted a
four-part test. Id. A government employee claiming a violation of his or her First
Amendment rights must show 1) the speech in question involves a matter of public
concern; 2) the employee’s interest in the expression outweighs the government
employer’s interest in regulating the speech; and 3) the speech was a substantial factor
driving the challenged governmental action. See Kent v. Martin, 252 F.3d 1141, 1143
(10th Cir. 2001).4 If the employee establishes these elements, the employer may still
defeat the claim upon a demonstration that (4) the employer would have taken the same
employment action in the absence of the protected speech. Id.
4 The Supreme Court recently modified the Pickering test as applied to public employees. See Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410 (2006); see also Brammer-Hoelter v. Twin Peaks Charter Acad., 492 F.3d 1192, 1202 (10th Cir. 2007) (describing the “‘Garcetti/Pickering’ analysis”). In Garcetti, the Court determined speech pursuant to an employee’s official duties is not protected because to so hold “would commit state and federal courts to a new, permanent, and intrusive role, mandating judicial oversight of communications between and among government employees and their superiors in the course of official business.” Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 423. As a result, whether an employer has permissibly acted in response to an employee’s speech now contains Pickering’s four elements and, in addition, an initial element considering “whether the employee speaks pursuant to his official duties.” Brammer-Hoelter, 492 F.3d at 1202 (quotation omitted). The first three elements are issues of law to be decided by the court; the last two are factual issues to be decided by the factfinder. Id. at 1203. The Supreme Court has yet to speak on whether or how this modification may affect the analysis in the context of an independent contractor. In the absence of guidance from the Court we decline to independently do so.
-9- In this case, Glover’s lawsuit was brought in its capacity as a public contractor. A
public contractor’s retaliation claim based on its criticism of the contracting government
agency is protected activity if it can pass the “Pickering balancing test, adjusted to weigh
the government’s interests as contractor rather than as employer . . . .” Umbehr, 518 U.S.
at 673. Thus, to pass the first hurdle, Glover must allege its speech involved a matter of
public concern.
Whether speech involves a matter of public concern depends on “the content,
form, and context” of the speech. Connick, 461 U.S. at 148. “[P]ublic concern is
something that is a subject of legitimate news interest; that is, a subject of general interest
and of value and concern to the public at the time of publication.” City of San Diego v.
Roe, 543 U.S. 77, 83-84 (2004). Our focus is “on the motive of the speaker and whether
the speech is calculated to disclose misconduct or merely deals with personal disputes
and grievances unrelated to the public’s interest.” Lighton v. Univ. of Utah, 209 F.3d
1213, 1224 (10th Cir. 2000).
Glover alleges its comments to the media blamed the increased costs of the
Highway 64 project on ODOT’s faulty design. “[T]he use of public funds and . . . the
objectives, purposes and mission” of a government agency are “well within the rubric of
matters of ‘public concern.’” Schrier v. Univ. of Colo., 427 F.3d 1253, 1263 (10th Cir.
2005) (quotation omitted); see also Gardetto v. Mason, 100 F.3d 803, 814 (10th Cir.
1996) (“persons able to offer a well-informed perspective on expenditures of public funds
may be especially valuable to public debate”). It claims the speech concerned “when and
how a public roadway fail[ed] . . . [and] relate[d] to the expenditure of tax funds by
- 10 - government officials.” (R. Vol. I at 25.) We agree. Glover sufficiently alleged its public
comments regarding ODOT’s poor design of Highway 64 was protected speech. See
Lancaster v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 5, 149 F.3d 1228, 1234 (10th Cir. 1998) (speech
calculated to disclose wrongdoing or inefficiency in the conduct of official duties).
Moving to Pickering’s second step, ODOT has not argued it has an overriding
interest in limiting Glover’s protected speech. Without more from ODOT, the asserted
public interest in learning the true cause of substantial public expenditures would
normally outweigh ODOT’s interest in suppressing these comments. We do not decide
that no interest can satisfy Pickering’s second step, only that no such interest has yet been
asserted.
Having sufficiently alleged a protected activity, we consider Glover’s allegations
as they relate to specific acts by individual defendants. Glover alleges retaliation in three
different forms: (1) an investigation by Skip Nicholson; (2) a policy instituted by Darren
Saliba, an ODOT engineer and (3) the suspension of Glover’s prequalified bidder status.
1. Skip Nicholson
Glover claims Nicholson, with help and encouragement from an ODOT attorney,
Norman Hill, initiated an investigation of Glover in violation of ODOT policy.5 (R. Vol.
1 at 26.) Paragraph 37 of the complaint alleges Nicholson encouraged Hill to seek a
search warrant for Glover’s “home and/or office” knowing there was no probable cause;
5 Allegations of policy violations are irrelevant because Section 1983 “does not provide a remedy for abuses that do not violate federal laws.” Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 119 (1992).
- 11 - Nicholson encouraged law enforcement to subpoena records from hotels where Mr.
Glover stayed on vacation; Nicholson investigated insurance claim allegations unrelated
to ODOT; Nicholson once called an environmental agency because trash was burned on
Mr. Glover’s property and; Nicholson and Hill caused Glover to be audited by the IRS.
(R. Vol. I at 25-26.)
Other than the IRS audit, Glover does not allege Nicholson’s (or Hill’s) actions
actually caused a third party to take any action against it. The complaint does not allege
Nicholson’s “encouragement” led to the issuance of a warrant or subpoena or a response
from the (unknown) environmental agency. It does not allege Nicholson’s insurance
investigation involved contact with Glover or resulted in harm. The complaint does not
claim these activities had any impact on the report recommending Glover’s debarment.
Merely “encouraging” or engaging in action is not an actionable constitutional violation
unless it results in some harm to the plaintiff. A claim must assert specific injuries-in-
fact caused by the individual defendants. See Pignanelli v. Pueblo Sch. Dist. No. 60, 540
F.3d 1213, 1219 (10th Cir. 2008) (injury-in-fact must be fairly traceable to the
defendants); see also Loving v. Boren, 133 F.3d 771, 772-73 (10th Cir. 1998) (plaintiff
must show injury-in-fact to have standing in the First Amendment context).
Similarly, while Glover does say “Nicholson, Hill and other defendants . . .
unlawfully caused” an IRS audit, the complaint does not say when or how this was done.
Without deciding the issue, for present purposes we assume the cost and time spent
complying with an audit could satisfy the injury-in-fact requirement. Even so, the
complaint does not allege the IRS investigation was without cause – a necessary element
- 12 - of his claim.6
The Supreme Court has specifically addressed the parameters of a claim for
retaliation such as the one Glover alleges here. In Hartman v. Moore, the plaintiff filed a
claim for civil liability under Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388
(1971)7 alleging, inter alia, postal inspectors launched a criminal investigation against
him without cause and they pressured the United States Attorney’s Office to have him
indicted in retaliation for his lobbying activities and criticism of the postal service. 547
U.S. 250, 254 (2006). The Court distinguished “ordinary” retaliatory claims from those
in which the defendant caused another party to act, stating:
[T]he defendant will be a nonprosecutor, an official, like an inspector here, who may have influenced the prosecutorial decision but did not himself make it, and the cause of action will not be strictly for retaliatory prosecution, but for successful retaliatory inducement to prosecute . . . . Thus, the causal connection required here is not merely between the retaliatory animus of one person and that person’s own injurious action, but between the retaliatory animus of one person and the action of another.
Id. at 262. In that situation, the Court determined a plaintiff must plead and prove “that
6 To be sure, in some circumstances “[a]n act taken in retaliation for the exercise of a constitutionally protected right is actionable under § 1983 even if the act, when taken for a different reason, would have been proper.” DeLoach v. Bevers, 922 F.2d 618, 620 (10th Cir. 1990) (quoting Matzker v. Herr, 748 F.2d 1142, 1150 (7th Cir.1984). In DeLoach, we held a police detective could not “hide behind the decisions of others involved in DeLoach’s arrest and prosecution if she deliberately conceals and mischaracterizes exculpatory evidence.” Id. at 621. We have also held that “[p]rison officials may not retaliate against or harass an inmate because of the inmate’s exercise of his constitutional rights . . . . [and] [t]his principle applies even where the action taken in retaliation would be otherwise permissible.” Peterson v. Shanks, 149 F.3d 1140, 1144 (10th Cir. 1998) (quotations and citations omitted). But here, Glover’s claim does not rely on any direct action by Nicholson, nor does he allege Nicholson misled the IRS. 7 “[A] Bivens action is the federal analog to suits brought against state officials under Rev. Stat. § 1979, 42 U.S.C. § 1983.” Hartman, 547 U.S. 254, n.2.
- 13 - the nonprosecuting official acted in retaliation, and must also show that he induced the
prosecutor to bring charges that would not have been initiated without his urging.” Id. In
other words, “[s]ome sort of allegation . . . is needed both to bridge the gap between the
nonprosecuting government agent’s motive and the prosecutor’s action, and to address
the presumption of prosecutorial regularity.” Id. at 263.
While Hartman addressed only a claim based on a criminal prosecution, we have
extended its principles to circumstances similar to those presented here. See McBeth v.
Himes, 598 F.3d 708 (10th Cir. 2010). McBeth, a licensed day care operator claimed,
Himes, a police investigator, complained to the Department of Human Services (DHS)
that she was not cooperating with his investigation in retaliation for her consulting an
attorney. She alleged she was informed by DHS that her license would be suspended
because of the complaint. “Directly as a result of this ‘coercion,’ . . . she surrendered her
license.” Id. at 713. Thus, McBeth claimed Himes caused her to lose her license in
retaliation for exercising her First Amendment rights.
Himes contended “his alleged complaint to DHS could not have caused DHS to
seek suspension of McBeth’s daycare license because DHS already possessed the legal
authority to suspend McBeth’s license and would have done so even in the absence of his
complaint.” Id. at 717. Although McBeth argued Hartman was limited to claims of
retaliatory prosecution, we disagreed. We held the retaliation claim against Himes was
actually a “successful retaliatory inducement” claim. Id. at 719. Thus, “the logic of
[Hartman’s] rule necessitates its application . . . where ‘multi-layered causation’
complicates the court’s inquiry into whether the defendant’s retaliatory animus caused
- 14 - the adverse action that harmed the plaintiff.” Id. at 720.
The authority of the IRS to – and its decision to in fact - conduct an audit triggers
the multi-layered causation pleading requirements. Glover must allege (and ultimately
prove) that the officials who undertook the allegedly adverse action, the IRS, lacked
cause to do so. The blanket allegation of “unlawfully caus[ing]” does not allege with
sufficient specificity that the IRS lacked cause to conduct any audit which took place.
(R. Vol. I at 26.) Because the complaint fails to allege Nicholson’s investigation caused
harm to Glover, the First Amendment retaliation claim against Nicholson fails to state a
constitutional violation.
2. Darren Saliba
Glover alleged while Saliba supervised its contracts, he “adopted an arbitrary and
unreasonable policy of never approving any claims by [Glover], no matter how
reasonable, after [Glover] had been awarded a contract with ODOT.” (R. Vol. I at 27.)
Glover points to two instances where “Saliba arbitrarily denied the use of [recycled
asphalt] thereby increasing [Glover]’s costs” causing Glover to file a claim, and “on
another occasion, . . . Saliba would not approve an additional cost for disposing of . . .
debris.” (Id.at 27-28) Glover alleged Saliba’s denials were in retaliation for Glover’s
claim ODOT had poorly designed defective roads and sought redress in court. (See id.)
While Glover is not required to prove its case in the pleadings, the complaint must
allege facts which plausibly support the allegation that Saliba’s alleged actions involved a
retaliatory motive. See Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1952 (a First Amendment complaint alleging
a policy against post-September-11 detainees “must contain facts plausibly showing that
- 15 - petitioners purposefully adopted a policy . . . because of . . . race, religion, or national
origin”). Lets examine the allegations as they relate to Saliba’s actions.
The complaint alleges that each defendant acted “in concert” with each other,
presumably to link the commissioners’ and other defendants’ retaliatory intent to Saliba.
(R. Vol. I at 20.) However, there are no factual allegations connecting Saliba to the
commissioners or any other defendant. For instance, there are no allegations Saliba
regularly works with the ODOT commissioners, Hill, Ridley or Evans or that he speaks
with one or more of them with any regularity. It does not allege he has ever worked in
proximity to them. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual
content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable
for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949. If it were reasonable to assume
Saliba worked in concert with these defendants, it would also be reasonable to assume
any employee from any of the twenty-seven Central Office Divisions (see
http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/hqdiv/indexg.htm) or any of the eight field divisions from
across the state (see http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/flddiv.htm) also worked in concert
with them. Such an assumption strains credulity.
Even assuming the complaint alleges a plausible connection between Saliba and
these defendants, it fails to allege any level of temporal proximity between Saliba’s
alleged policy against Glover and Glover’s public speech. While it is safe to assume the
two contract disputes occurred after the public fight over Highway 64, we have no
indication of whether Saliba’s actions took place within days, weeks, or even years of
Glover’s public statements. The complaint provides nothing which actually ties the
- 16 - Highway 64 comments and Saliba’s actions together except the categorical statement that
Saliba “took [his] course of action in retaliation for [Glover] seeking redress in court and
because Glover published [derogatory comments on Highway 64].” (R. Vol. I at 28.) In
sum, as the complaint is worded, it contains no allegation of a connection between
Saliba’s work and the commissioners or even an explanation of how Saliba’s decisions
related to Glover’s public comments. The facts – two alleged contract disputes – do not
rule out the possibility of retaliatory motive, “and thus at some level they are consistent
with a viable First Amendment claim, but mere possibility is not enough.” Moss v. U.S.
Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 971-72 (9th Cir. 2009). Glover fails to “nudge[] [his] claims
across the line from conceivable to plausible. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570.
3. The Commissioners, Hill, Ridley and Evans
Glover’s complaint asserts ODOT employees Ridley, Evans, and Hill prepared a
report which recommended Glover be designated an “irresponsible bidder” and
suspended from obtaining future work with ODOT because of Glover’s comments to the
media regarding the Highway 64 project. In paragraph 50, Glover alleges “a large
portion of the report was concerning an investigation of Highway 648 wherein ODOT
was being blamed for poor design.” (R. Vol. I at 30.) This allegation, while tenuous,
8 The complaint does not say whether the “investigation of Highway 64” alleged in this paragraph is part of Nicholson’s allegedly unlawful investigation referenced in other paragraphs. To the contrary, the complaint alleges Nicholson’s “unlawful” investigation had “no rational nexus between . . . [Glover] and his relationship with ODOT,” was “unrelated to ODOT,” and was “completely unrelated to any ODOT endeavor.” (R. Vol. I at 26-27.) Because it is alleged Nicholson’s investigatory activities were unrelated to ODOT, we must conclude the investigation referred to in the report is not the Nicholson investigation.
- 17 - connects Glover’s statements to the media during the Highway 64 dispute to Ridley’s,
Evans’ and Hill’s motivation to recommend Glover’s debarment in an official report.
Paragraph 53 alleges the ODOT Commissioners unanimously adopted this report even
though “it listed lawfully protected acts” as a basis for suspension. (R. Vol. I at 29.)
Although we do not know precisely what “lawfully protected acts” were listed, we may
infer Glover’s public criticism was among them. Thus, the complaint alleges Ridley,
Evans and Hill authored the report in retaliation for Glover’s speech and the
Commissioners, knowing the retaliatory basis for the recommendation, approved the
recommendation and suspended Glover from working for ODOT. These allegations are
sufficient to state a claim for retaliation in violation of Glover’s First Amendment right to
freedom of speech.
D. Count II – Retaliation for Petitions for Redress
Paragraph 47 of the complaint alleges the report specifically referred to Glover’s
prior judicial and administrative challenges (Glover’s petitions for redress) as “a primary
factor” for its recommendation Glover be disqualified from bidding. (R. Vol. I at 29.)
As discussed above, the allegations regarding the report sufficiently state a constitutional
claim if the speech on which the claim is based is protected. The question is whether
Glover must allege its judicial and administrative petitions involved a matter of public
concern in order to state a claim for relief.
In Van Deelen v. Johnson, we reversed the district court’s dismissal of a private
citizen’s § 1983 claim alleging county authorities retaliated against him for filing a
lawsuit and eight tax appeals. 497 F.3d 1151, 1153 (10th Cir. 2007). We rejected the
- 18 - district court’s conclusion that a private citizen’s petitions must involve a matter of public
concern and stated:
This is, of course, not to say that the “public concern” test proffered by defendants and adopted by the district court has no place in the law of the First Amendment. Rather, the test quite properly applies to claims brought by government employees -- but its scope reaches no further.
Id. at 1156. Arguably, this statement absolves Glover from having to plead its petitions
involved a matter of public concern as it is not a public employee. However, a public
contractor’s claim based on its right to petition was not at issue in Van Deelen.
Neither this Circuit nor the Supreme Court has directly addressed whether a public
contractor’s petitions must involve a matter of public concern in order to qualify as
protected speech. The two circuits which have published cases on the issue, the Sixth
and Eighth Circuits, reached opposite conclusions.
In Gable v. Lewis, a female operator of an automobile towing company brought a
§ 1983 action against the Ohio Highway Patrol. 201 F.3d 769, 770 (6th Cir. 2000). She
alleged the Patrol removed her from a towing referral list in retaliation for her lawsuit
claiming sex-based discrimination in the Patrol’s allocation of towing business. The
Patrol argued the petition clause was inapplicable because the operator’s discrimination
complaint was personal, not “a matter of ‘public concern.’” Id. The court disagreed.
The Sixth Circuit began its analysis by stating, “[t]he petition clause is analytically
distinct from, although related to, the free speech clause.” Id. at 771. It looked to the
Supreme Court’s decision in California Motor Transp. v. Trucking Unlimited, 404 U.S.
508, 510-11 (1972), as authority supporting the protection of personal interests under the
- 19 - First Amendment right to petition.9 The court then examined the justifications for
limiting public employees’ speech and found “the reason for the ‘public concern’ test . . .
[did] not apply . . . because the plaintiff was not a governmental employee subject to the
discipline of a governmental employer.” Id. Rather, “[s]he was simply a citizen offering
services to a state agency.” Id. It noted “no authority in the Sixth Circuit limit[ed]
petitioning activity by public employees to matters of ‘public concern’ either generally or
in the governmental employment context.” Id. at 771-72. Based on this reasoning, the
court held “there is no basis in our First Amendment jurisprudence for applying [the]
public concern test to petitioning activity by a private business woman who is simply
supplying services to a governmental agency as an independent contractor.” Id. at 772.
In Heritage Constructors, Inc. v. City of Greenwood, Ark., the Eighth Circuit
applied a different analysis. 545 F.3d 599 (8th Cir. 2008). There, a public contractor
claimed the City declared it was no longer a “responsible bidder” in retaliation for its
prior arbitration claim against the city. Id. at 600. The Eighth Circuit did not rely on
California Motor Transp., but instead looked to Board of County Comm'rs v. Umbehr.10
9 In California Motor Transp., the Supreme Court reversed the dismissal of a civil suit between two trucking companies brought under § 4 of the Clayton Act. The plaintiff alleged the defendant had “conspired to monopolize trade and commerce in the transportation of goods . . . [by instituting] state and federal proceedings to resist and defeat applications by respondents to acquire operating rights or to transfer or register those rights.” 404 U.S. at 509. The Court stated “it would be destructive of rights of association and of petition” to allow a defendant to prevent a plaintiff’s access to state and federal agencies and courts “respecting resolution of their business and economic interests.” Id. at 510-11. 10 The Heritage court acknowledged the “Umbehr opinion discusses only independent contractors whose contracts have been terminated. It specifically does not
- 20 - Id. at 601. The court found instructive Umbehr’s companion opinion, O'Hare Truck
Serv. Inc. v. City of Northlake, 518 U.S. 712, 715 (1996), which applied the Umbehr rule
to “a regular provider of services.” Id. In O’Hare the contractor claimed he was
“removed from an official list of contractors authorized to perform public services”
because he supported the mayor’s opponent. Id. at 714-16. Because the injury in O’Hare
was identical to Heritage’s claim - removal from a list of authorized construction
contractors - the court concluded, “[o]n these facts, Heritage cannot be distinguished
from the service provider in O’Hare.” Heritage, 545 F.3d at 602.
The Eighth Circuit, unlike the Sixth Circuit, has held, “a public employee’s right-
to-petition claim must involve a matter of public concern, just as a freedom-of-speech
claim must.” Id. The court concluded “[t]he Umbehr and O’Hare cases hold . . . the
same framework and analysis apply to government contractors as to government
employees.” Id. at 602. Because Heritage did not allege its petition was a matter of
public concern, the court affirmed the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the
defendants. Id. at 603.
We find the Eighth Circuit’s analysis compatible with our precedent. In this
Circuit, a public employee’s right to petition for redress of grievances is analyzed no
different than a public employee’s right to free speech. See Schalk v. Gallemore, 906
F.2d 491, 498 (10th Cir. 1990) (“In the instant case, [the public employee’s] right to
address ‘bidders or applicants for new government contracts who cannot rely on such a [pre-existing commercial] relationship [with the government].’” 545 F.3d at 601 (quoting Umbehr, 518 U.S. at 685).
- 21 - petition is inseparable from her right to speak. As such, we see no reason to subject this
claim to a different sort of analysis.”). A public employee’s claim for retaliation based
on his right to petition must state the petition involved a matter of public concern.
Martin v. City of Del City, 179 F.3d 882, 887-89 (10th Cir. 1999) (involving the alleged
retaliation for a municipal grievance appeal). We have determined “that a public
employee plaintiff who has ‘petitioned’ is in no better position than one who has merely
exercised free speech.” Id. at 889 (quotations omitted). Given this precedent and
Umbehr’s counsel that we apply the public concern requirement to a public contractor’s
speech, 518 U.S. at 674, we hold the public concern requirement applies equally to a
public contractor’s retaliation claim based on the right to petition. Glover alleges only
private contract disputes with ODOT based on the terms of its contracts. Because it
alleges nothing which may elevate the issues to a matter of public concern it has failed to
state a claim on which relief may be granted.
E. Count III – Retaliation for Exercising Due Process
The Fourteenth Amendment provides: “No State shall . . . deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. Amend. XIV, § 2.
Glover does not allege it did not receive due process. Rather, it alleges ODOT removed
its prequalified bidder status in retaliation for the exercise of its due process rights.
[Appellee’s Br. at 28.]
Glover argues it need not plead a property or liberty interest because its due
process claim is similar to its First Amendment claim which does not require such
interest. We disagree. To the extent Glover argues retaliation for his past petitions for
- 22 - redress, this is simply an attempt to dress First Amendment claims in Fourteenth
Amendment garb. We have already addressed the First Amendment claim in its proper
context and will not accept the invitation to do the same again in the proposed context.
To the extent he is claiming a due process violation in the debarment proceedings, our
case law makes clear “[i]n order to make out a claim for a violation of due process, a
claimant must have a liberty or property interest in the outcome of the proceedings.”
Arumbala-Medina v. Holder, 572 F.3d 824, 828 (10th Cir. 2009).
There is no protected property or liberty interest when the outcome of the process
is within the government official’s complete discretion. See Nichols v. Bd. Of County
Comm’rs of the Cty. of La Plata, Colo., 506 F.3d 962, 970 (10th Cir. 2007) (property
interest); Cardoso v. Calbone, 490 F.3d 1194, 1198 (10th Cir. 2007) (liberty interest).
Oklahoma law clearly states the prequalified bidder determination is subject to the
Commission’s sole discretion. See OKLA. STAT. ANN. tit. 61, § 118 (“The Commission . .
. shall be the sole judge of the qualifications of prospective bidders and shall ascertain, to
their exclusive satisfaction, the qualifications of each prequalified bidder.”).
Glover states, “[i]f there must be a property interest, then Defendants’ contention
that Glover did not have a property interest is just incorrect . . . . [T]he Oklahoma
Supreme Court has determined that a contractor who has or should have been accepted as
the lowest responsible bidder has a property interest.” (Appellee’s Brief at 29 (citing
Rollings Constr., Inc. v. Tulsa Metro. Water Auth., 745 P.2d 1176, 1179 (Okla. 1987).)
Rollings is inapposite.
In Rollings, a contractor filed suit because the second lowest bidder was awarded a
- 23 - contract. In fact, the Oklahoma Supreme Court held “Rollings had no property rights in
Contract 5 until such time as it was or should have been determined to have been the
lowest responsible bidder by the Board of Trustees of the Water Authority, and that event
did not occur.” Id. We are not considering ODOT’s activities under its contracts or an
award of a contract to a higher bidder. Glover’s claims concern the removal of the
prequalified status. While the revocation or removal of a license or certificate “essential
in the pursuit of a livelihood requires procedural due process under the Fourteenth
Amendment, Stidham v. Peace Officer Standards & Training, 265 F.3d 1144, 1150 (10th
Cir. 2001) (quotations omitted), Oklahoma law clearly states prequalification to bid on
contracts “does not constitute a license.” Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 61, § 118. Consequently,
Glover fails to allege a viable due process claim.
F. Count IV - Equal Protection
The Fourteenth Amendment also states “No State shall . . . deny to any person
within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” U.S. Const. Amend. XIV, § 2.
The complaint alleges the “defendants singled out [Glover] for disparate treatment from
others similarly situated for no rational reason . . . [other than] their personal animosity
against [Glover]” in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s guaranty of equal
protection. (R. Vol. I at 32.) Glover brings this claim under a class-of-one theory.
“[E]qual protection jurisprudence has typically been concerned with governmental
classifications that affect some groups of citizens differently than others.” Engquist v.
Oregon Dept. of Agric., 128 S. Ct. 2146, 2152 (2008) (quotations omitted). However, the
Supreme Court has recognized “an equal protection claim can in some circumstances be
- 24 - sustained even if the plaintiff has not alleged class-based discrimination, but instead
claims that she has been irrationally singled out as a so-called “class of one.” Id. Glover
relies on Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, where a private citizen claimed the village
retaliated against her for bringing an earlier lawsuit by conditioning the connection of her
water supply on an easement more than double what it required of her neighbors. 528
U.S. 562, 563 (2000). The Court held her complaint stated a valid claim under the Equal
Protection Clause because it alleged she had “been intentionally treated differently from
others similarly situated and that there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment.”
Id. at 564.
Recently the Supreme Court refused to recognize a “class of one” equal protection
claim in the public employee context. In Engquist, a public employee brought a “‘class-
of-one’ equal protection claim alleging she was fired, not because she was a member of
an identified class (unlike her race, sex, and national origin claims), but simply for
‘arbitrary, vindictive, and malicious reasons.’” 128 S. Ct. at 1249. The Court reasoned
the Pickering analysis, as well as other Supreme Court cases distinguishing the scope of a
public employee’s right to bring a claim against a government employer, applied equally
to Engquist’s claim. Id. at 2151-52. It found the “significant” circumstance” in Olech
was the existence of a clear standard against which departures, even for a single plaintiff,
could be readily assessed.” Id. at 2153. Unlike Olech, however, the government’s role as
employer “involve[s] discretionary decisionmaking based on a vast array of subjective,
individualized assessments.” Id. at 1254. Because “an allegation of arbitrary differential
treatment” could likely be made in every instance of a personnel decision by the
- 25 - government, the Court concluded “the class-of-one theory of equal protection has no
application in the public employment context.” Id. at 2156.
We have applied Engquist to public employees’ equal protection claims. See
Pignanelli, 540 F.3d at 1220; see also Kelley v. City of Albuquerque, 542 F.3d 802, 822
(10th Cir. 2008). While we have not considered Enquist in the public contractor context,
at least one court has applied Engquist to reject such a claim. See Douglas Asphalt Co. v.
Qore, Inc., 541 F.3d 1269, 1274 (11th Cir. 2008). We need not decide this issue today.
Glover’s class-of-one claim fails for an independent reason.
Glover has failed to allege, as it must, the identity or characteristics of other
similarly situated contractors and how those similarly situated contractors were treated
differently. See Robbins, 519 F.3d at 1253 (allegations give “no explanation of the
characteristics of [those] similarly situated and how they were allegedly treated
differently”). Unlike the plaintiff in Olech, who alleged specific property owners
received more favorable treatment, Glover does not identify any contractor who was
treated differently. The complaint contains no instance where Saliba granted similar
requests made by other contractors, no similar circumstances where another contractor
was not investigated, and no specific action taken by top executives that would not have
been taken by supervisors. Nor does it identify a single similarly-situated contractor
which did not lose its prequalification status after numerous legal challenges or
statements to the media. Without additional information, Glover’s class-of-one equal
protection claim fails to state a claim.
- 26 - G. Qualified Immunity
The Supreme Court has clearly stated that the speech of “independent contractors
[is] protected, and the Pickering balancing test, adjusted to weigh the government’s
interests as contractor rather than as employer, determines the extent of [the] protection.”
Umbehr, 518 U.S. at 673; see also Worrell v. Henry, 219 F.3d 1197, 1205 (10th Cir.
2000) (“the government may not deny a benefit to a person on a basis that infringes his
constitutionally protected freedom of speech even if he has no entitlement to that benefit”
(quoting Umbehr)). Glover alleged the report, the recommendation and the Board’s
adoption of the recommendation were in retaliation for its protected speech. As the cases
above indicate, freedom from retaliation for protected activity was clearly established
when the defendants acted and they are not entitled to qualified immunity.
III. CONCLUSION
Count I sufficiently alleges the individual ODOT Commissioners, and ODOT
employees Hill, Ridley and Evans wrote or adopted a recommendation that Glover be
denied its prequalified bidder status in retaliation for its public criticisms of the Highway
64 design in violation of the First Amendment. Glover’s constitutional protection was
clearly established at the time these individual defendants engaged in the alleged
retaliation. The district court’s denial of these defendants’ motion to dismiss and claim
of qualified immunity is AFFIRMED. The remaining allegations in the Glover’s
complaint fail to state a claim for which relief may be granted. The district court’s denial
of all the ODOT defendants’ motion to dismiss as to Count II, Count III and Count IV is
- 27 - REVERSED. We REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this order.
Entered by the Court:
Terrence L. O’Brien United States Circuit Judge
- 28 -