[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________ FILED U.S. COURT OF APPEALS No. 11-13159 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT APRIL 11, 2012 Non-Argument Calendar JOHN LEY ________________________ CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 1:10-cv-02150-SCJ
GLORIA LEE, as Surviving Spouse of Roger Earl Lee, Deceased,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
HUFFMASTER CRISIS RESPONSE, LLC, HUFFMASTER MANAGEMENT, INC.,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(April 11, 2012)
Before TJOFLAT, EDMONDSON and FAY, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff-Appellant Gloria Lee appeals the grant of summary judgment in
favor of Huffmaster Crisis Response, LLC and Huffmaster Management, Inc.
(collectively “Huffmaster”) in a wrongful death action she brought as the
surviving spouse of Roger Earl Lee (“Mr. Lee”). No reversible error has been
shown; we affirm.
Huffmaster was engaged as an independent contractor by The Clorox
International Company (“Clorox”) to provide security services at Clorox’s Tampa
facility. Clorox’s facility handles hazardous chemicals and has been designated a
“Critical Infrastructure Site” by the Department of Homeland Security; it is
considered a possible target for terrorism.
Clorox hired National Freight, Inc. to transport a load of bleach from
Clorox’s Houston facility to its Tampa facility. National Freight, Inc. engaged Mr.
Lee, who worked as an independent contractor, to accomplish the transport.
On 22 February 2008, Mr. Lee arrived at Clorox’s Tampa facility just before
4:00 a.m.; his scheduled delivery time was 10:00 a.m. The security guard, a
Huffmaster employee, advised Mr. Lee that he could not enter the facility before
its scheduled opening at 6:30 a.m. Clorox’s policy -- which Huffmaster was
responsible for enforcing -- was to refuse entry onto Clorox’s premises during
2 non-business hours to truckers and other non-employees. Mr. Lee was aware of
Clorox’s policy of denying middle-of-the-night admittance from a previous
delivery he had made just two months earlier. The security guard advised that Mr.
Lee could park under a nearby highway overpass until the facility opened. Mr.
Lee told the security guard that he would prefer to park on the street outside of
Clorox’s property. The security guard offered no objection to Mr. Lee’s choice to
park on public property adjacent to Clorox’s facility. At approximately 4:30 a.m.,
while Mr. Lee was asleep in his truck, an unknown assailant broke into the truck
and fatally shot Mr. Lee.
Plaintiff filed this wrongful death action against Huffmaster; Plaintiff
argued that under Florida law Huffmaster owed Mr. Lee a duty of reasonable care
to prevent foreseeable harm from third-party misconduct and a duty to warn of
known dangerous conditions in the area immediately outside Clorox’s facility.
Huffmaster countered that Plaintiff’s negligence-based claims fail as a matter of
law because no duty was owed Mr. Lee by Huffmaster, and Huffmaster did not
proximately cause Mr. Lee’s death.
Under Florida law, “[t]he general rule is that a party has no legal duty to
prevent the misconduct of third persons.... Florida courts have long been loathe to
impose liability based on a defendant’s failure to control the conduct of a third
3 party.” K.M. ex rel. D.M. v. Publix Super Markets, Inc., 895 So.2d 1114, 1117
(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005) (internal quotations and citations omitted). But
exceptions to the general rule exist; Plaintiff argues a number of these exceptions
operated to impose a duty on Huffmaster.
A duty may be imposed where the defendant’s conduct creates a foreseeable
zone of risk. See McCain v. Fla. Power Corp., 593 So.2d 500, 503 (Fla. 1992)
(“Where a defendant’s conduct creates a foreseeable zone of risk, the law
generally will recognize a duty placed upon defendant either to lessen the risk or
see that sufficient precautions are taken to protect others from the harm that the
risk poses.”). Plaintiff argues that in the light of the high crime rate in the
neighborhood surrounding Clorox’s facility and the inadequacy of the lighting in
that area, Huffmaster’s refusal to allow truckers early entry into its facility created
a foreseeable zone of risk. But Huffmaster’s denial of entry into Clorox’s facility
when that facility was closed did not create directly a foreseeable risk of harm. As
the district court noted -- and Plaintiff does not allege to the contrary --
Huffmaster was not an active participant in the criminal act causing Lee’s death;
no evidence was proffered that the high crime rate near the Clorox plant was
related to the delivery entrance policy; and no evidence suggested that Huffmaster
controlled access to the public street where the crime occurred.
4 We can speculate that had Mr. Lee been allowed early entry into the facility
his tragic death likely would have been avoided. But that does not mean
Huffmaster’s acts created or controlled the foreseeable risk. Clorox’s entry policy
as enforced by Huffmaster was known to Mr. Lee when he chose nevertheless to
arrive at the facility hours before it opened knowing he would be denied entry.
Huffmaster had no control over Mr. Lee’s rejection of the security guard’s
suggestion that he park at a nearby highway overpass or over his decision to park
on a public street adjacent to Clorox’s facility. That the public premises where
Mr. Lee parked were inadequately lighted represents no breach by Huffmaster.
And Huffmaster had no control over the criminal who took Mr. Lee’s life. In
short, Huffmaster took no affirmative step nor failed to take a step that directly
and necessarily created a risk of foreseeable harm. See Demelus v. King Motor
Co. of Fort Lauderdale, 24 So.3d 759, 761 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2009) (“To impose
a duty, it is not enough that a risk merely exists or that a particular risk is
foreseeable; rather, the defendant’s conduct must create or control the risk before
liability may be imposed”); Aquila v. Hilton, Inc., 878 So.2d 392, 396 (Fla. Dist.
Ct. App. 2004).
The district court also took issue with Plaintiff on the foreseeability of the
tragedy that befell Mr. Lee. Although it appears to be widely acknowledged that
5 the Clorox plant was in a high crime area, no truck driver had ever been assaulted,
shot, robbed or harassed in the area around the facility. Plaintiff failed to show
that the negligent act of which Plaintiff complained had so frequently caused the
same injury that the same result could be expected so as to support imposition of a
legal duty. See Palm Beach-Broward Medical Imaging Center, Inc. v. Continental
Grain Co., 715 So.2d 343, 345 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1998); see also Biglen v.
Florida Power & Light Co., 910 So.2d 405, 408 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005
(“foreseeability [is] the polestar to finding both the existence of a legal duty and
its scope.”) .
Plaintiff also argues that a special relationship existed between Huffmaster
and Mr. Lee -- that of landowner or business-invitee -- that gave rise to a duty to
prevent harm caused by third persons. Florida has adopted the Restatement
(Second) of Tort § 315 (1965) which states: “[t]here is no duty so to control the
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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________ FILED U.S. COURT OF APPEALS No. 11-13159 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT APRIL 11, 2012 Non-Argument Calendar JOHN LEY ________________________ CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 1:10-cv-02150-SCJ
GLORIA LEE, as Surviving Spouse of Roger Earl Lee, Deceased,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
HUFFMASTER CRISIS RESPONSE, LLC, HUFFMASTER MANAGEMENT, INC.,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(April 11, 2012)
Before TJOFLAT, EDMONDSON and FAY, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff-Appellant Gloria Lee appeals the grant of summary judgment in
favor of Huffmaster Crisis Response, LLC and Huffmaster Management, Inc.
(collectively “Huffmaster”) in a wrongful death action she brought as the
surviving spouse of Roger Earl Lee (“Mr. Lee”). No reversible error has been
shown; we affirm.
Huffmaster was engaged as an independent contractor by The Clorox
International Company (“Clorox”) to provide security services at Clorox’s Tampa
facility. Clorox’s facility handles hazardous chemicals and has been designated a
“Critical Infrastructure Site” by the Department of Homeland Security; it is
considered a possible target for terrorism.
Clorox hired National Freight, Inc. to transport a load of bleach from
Clorox’s Houston facility to its Tampa facility. National Freight, Inc. engaged Mr.
Lee, who worked as an independent contractor, to accomplish the transport.
On 22 February 2008, Mr. Lee arrived at Clorox’s Tampa facility just before
4:00 a.m.; his scheduled delivery time was 10:00 a.m. The security guard, a
Huffmaster employee, advised Mr. Lee that he could not enter the facility before
its scheduled opening at 6:30 a.m. Clorox’s policy -- which Huffmaster was
responsible for enforcing -- was to refuse entry onto Clorox’s premises during
2 non-business hours to truckers and other non-employees. Mr. Lee was aware of
Clorox’s policy of denying middle-of-the-night admittance from a previous
delivery he had made just two months earlier. The security guard advised that Mr.
Lee could park under a nearby highway overpass until the facility opened. Mr.
Lee told the security guard that he would prefer to park on the street outside of
Clorox’s property. The security guard offered no objection to Mr. Lee’s choice to
park on public property adjacent to Clorox’s facility. At approximately 4:30 a.m.,
while Mr. Lee was asleep in his truck, an unknown assailant broke into the truck
and fatally shot Mr. Lee.
Plaintiff filed this wrongful death action against Huffmaster; Plaintiff
argued that under Florida law Huffmaster owed Mr. Lee a duty of reasonable care
to prevent foreseeable harm from third-party misconduct and a duty to warn of
known dangerous conditions in the area immediately outside Clorox’s facility.
Huffmaster countered that Plaintiff’s negligence-based claims fail as a matter of
law because no duty was owed Mr. Lee by Huffmaster, and Huffmaster did not
proximately cause Mr. Lee’s death.
Under Florida law, “[t]he general rule is that a party has no legal duty to
prevent the misconduct of third persons.... Florida courts have long been loathe to
impose liability based on a defendant’s failure to control the conduct of a third
3 party.” K.M. ex rel. D.M. v. Publix Super Markets, Inc., 895 So.2d 1114, 1117
(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005) (internal quotations and citations omitted). But
exceptions to the general rule exist; Plaintiff argues a number of these exceptions
operated to impose a duty on Huffmaster.
A duty may be imposed where the defendant’s conduct creates a foreseeable
zone of risk. See McCain v. Fla. Power Corp., 593 So.2d 500, 503 (Fla. 1992)
(“Where a defendant’s conduct creates a foreseeable zone of risk, the law
generally will recognize a duty placed upon defendant either to lessen the risk or
see that sufficient precautions are taken to protect others from the harm that the
risk poses.”). Plaintiff argues that in the light of the high crime rate in the
neighborhood surrounding Clorox’s facility and the inadequacy of the lighting in
that area, Huffmaster’s refusal to allow truckers early entry into its facility created
a foreseeable zone of risk. But Huffmaster’s denial of entry into Clorox’s facility
when that facility was closed did not create directly a foreseeable risk of harm. As
the district court noted -- and Plaintiff does not allege to the contrary --
Huffmaster was not an active participant in the criminal act causing Lee’s death;
no evidence was proffered that the high crime rate near the Clorox plant was
related to the delivery entrance policy; and no evidence suggested that Huffmaster
controlled access to the public street where the crime occurred.
4 We can speculate that had Mr. Lee been allowed early entry into the facility
his tragic death likely would have been avoided. But that does not mean
Huffmaster’s acts created or controlled the foreseeable risk. Clorox’s entry policy
as enforced by Huffmaster was known to Mr. Lee when he chose nevertheless to
arrive at the facility hours before it opened knowing he would be denied entry.
Huffmaster had no control over Mr. Lee’s rejection of the security guard’s
suggestion that he park at a nearby highway overpass or over his decision to park
on a public street adjacent to Clorox’s facility. That the public premises where
Mr. Lee parked were inadequately lighted represents no breach by Huffmaster.
And Huffmaster had no control over the criminal who took Mr. Lee’s life. In
short, Huffmaster took no affirmative step nor failed to take a step that directly
and necessarily created a risk of foreseeable harm. See Demelus v. King Motor
Co. of Fort Lauderdale, 24 So.3d 759, 761 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2009) (“To impose
a duty, it is not enough that a risk merely exists or that a particular risk is
foreseeable; rather, the defendant’s conduct must create or control the risk before
liability may be imposed”); Aquila v. Hilton, Inc., 878 So.2d 392, 396 (Fla. Dist.
Ct. App. 2004).
The district court also took issue with Plaintiff on the foreseeability of the
tragedy that befell Mr. Lee. Although it appears to be widely acknowledged that
5 the Clorox plant was in a high crime area, no truck driver had ever been assaulted,
shot, robbed or harassed in the area around the facility. Plaintiff failed to show
that the negligent act of which Plaintiff complained had so frequently caused the
same injury that the same result could be expected so as to support imposition of a
legal duty. See Palm Beach-Broward Medical Imaging Center, Inc. v. Continental
Grain Co., 715 So.2d 343, 345 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1998); see also Biglen v.
Florida Power & Light Co., 910 So.2d 405, 408 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005
(“foreseeability [is] the polestar to finding both the existence of a legal duty and
its scope.”) .
Plaintiff also argues that a special relationship existed between Huffmaster
and Mr. Lee -- that of landowner or business-invitee -- that gave rise to a duty to
prevent harm caused by third persons. Florida has adopted the Restatement
(Second) of Tort § 315 (1965) which states: “[t]here is no duty so to control the
conduct of a third person as to prevent him from causing physical harm ... unless...
a special relation exists between the actor and the other which gives to the other a
right to protection.” See K.M. ex rel. D.M., 895 So.2d at1117. But as the district
court set out, if any special relationship could be found to exist, it was between
Clorox and Mr. Lee not Huffmaster and Mr. Lee. Although we accept that Florida
law continues to evolve on the special relationships that might give rise to a duty,
6 see Janis v. Pratt & Whitney Canada, Inc., 370 F.Supp 2d 1226, 1230 (M.D. Fla.
2005), the record here fails as a matter or law to show a special relationship that
supports imposition of a duty upon Huffmaster to prevent off-premises third-party
harm to Mr. Lee.
Plaintiff also argues that a duty to protect arose from Huffmaster’s actual or
constructive control over the site where the tragedy occurred. Where the
defendant controls the “(1) the instrumentality; (2) the premises on which the tort
was committed; or (3) the tortfeasor,” Daly v. Denny’s, Inc., 694 So.2d 775, 777
(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997), Florida recognizes a duty to protect against third-party
torts. Id. But Mr. Lee’s murder occurred on public property; it did not occur on
premises owned or controlled by Huffmaster. We agree with the district court that
no evidence was proffered that Huffmaster had actual or constructive control over
the public street where the tragedy occurred.
Plaintiff’s last argument is that Huffmaster’s superior knowledge about
crime rates in the area surrounding Clorox’s facility created a duty to warn Mr.
Lee about the danger to which he exposed himself. Again, however, the absence
of a special relationship between Huffmaster and Mr. Lee is fatal to Plaintiff’s
claim. We are cited to no Florida case where a duty to warn was recognized but
no special relationship existed to give rise to that duty. And so Plaintiff’s reliance
7 on Shurben v. Dollar Rent-A-Car, 676 So.2d 467 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1996), where
a customer-rental agency relationship existed, is misplaced. See T.W. v. Regal
Trace, Ltd., 908 So.2d 499, 504 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005) (if no special
relationship is shown, no duty to warn arises; general rule of no liability for third-
party criminal acts applies unless another exception to the general rule may be
invoked).
AFFIRMED.