IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 13-0354 Filed November 13, 2014
GLENN L. MCGHEE, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Des Moines County, Michael J.
Schilling, Judge.
Glenn McGhee appeals the district court’s denial of his application for
postconviction relief. AFFIRMED.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Vidhya K. Reddy, Assistant
Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Tyler J. Buller, Assistant Attorney
General, Michael J. Walton, County Attorney, and Jerald Feuerbach and
Kimberly K. Shepherd, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee State.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Doyle and McDonald, JJ. 2
DOYLE, J.
In 1972, six men were involved in a robbery at the Shamrock Tavern in
Davenport. During the robbery, the bartender and two bar patrons were shot and
killed. Three other bar patrons—two who were shot and one who was beaten—
survived. Several witnesses implicated McGhee in the incident. McGhee and
four co-defendants were charged with three counts of murder, three counts of
aggravated robbery, and two counts of assault with intent to commit murder.
McGhee was tried separately from the other defendants and the primary theory
of his defense at trial was the witnesses’ mistaken identification of him as one of
the robbery perpetrators.
The jury found McGhee guilty as charged. McGhee appealed, challenging
whether the court improperly denied his request for a psychiatric evaluation to
determine the feasibility of a not-guilty plea by reason of insanity. The Iowa
Supreme Court affirmed the judgment and sentence entered by the district court.
State v. McGhee, 220 N.W.2d 908, 914 (Iowa 1974).
In 2003, McGhee filed an application for postconviction relief. Over nearly
a decade, McGhee was reappointed counsel and his application survived the
State’s motion for summary dismissal.1 Despite instruction by the district court,
an amended or “recast” application for postconviction relief (PCR) was not filed.
1 Because McGhee’s claims were based in part on newly discovered evidence, the district court determined his claim survived summary judgment as an exception to the statutory limitations period. See Iowa Code § 822.3 (“[A]pplications must be filed within three years from the date the conviction or decision is final or, in the event of an appeal, from the date the writ of procedendo is issued. However, this limitation does not apply to a ground of fact or law that could not have been raised within the applicable time period.”). 3
The district court honed McGhee’s claims to include an alleged Brady violation2
with regard to four police reports (Exhibits 2, 3, 4, and 5) which, according to
McGhee, were withheld from his trial counsel and were critical to his defense
because they related to whether the State’s witnesses could identify McGhee as
one of the robbery perpetrators.3 In 2013, following a hearing, the district court
entered an order denying postconviction relief to McGhee.
McGhee appeals, contending the district court erred in denying his claim
of a Brady violation where the police reports at issue were withheld from the
defense during his criminal trial and could have been used to impeach the State’s
witnesses and show “the identification procedures resulting in McGhee’s
identification were flawed and unduly suggestive.” Because McGhee’s claims
are of a constitutional nature, we conduct a de novo review. See Aguilera v.
State, 807 N.W.2d 249, 252 (Iowa 2011).
To establish a Brady violation has occurred, McGhee must prove by a
preponderance of the evidence “(1) the prosecution suppressed evidence; (2) the
evidence was favorable to the defendant; and (3) the evidence was material to
the issue of guilt.” DeSimone v. State, 803 N.W.2d 97, 103 (Iowa 2011) (citing
Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82 (1999)). At the outset, with regard to
Exhibits 2, 3, and 5, McGhee has not proved the first element of the Brady
analysis. McGhee’s trial counsel testified, unequivocally, that he had received
and reviewed Exhibits 2, 3, and 5 and had used those police reports in
preparation for trial. In light of this testimony by trial counsel, we conclude
2 A Brady violation is a due process violation that occurs when the State fails to turn over exculpatory evidence. See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963). 3 We observe Exhibits 2, 3, and 5 noted eyewitness identifications of McGhee. 4
McGhee has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence Exhibits 2, 3,
and 5 were suppressed by the State. Cf. Aguilera, 807 N.W.2d at 253
(concluding the defendant had shown suppression of evidence where “Aguilera’s
first attorney testified he never received the DCI file, an inspection of the public
defender’s file did not reveal any such DCI file, and the State could not offer any
document showing the DCI file had been delivered to Aguilera”).
Turning to Exhibit 4, trial counsel testified “in all probability” he did review
that police report, but it was “not ringing a bell.” In any event, we conclude
McGhee did not prove the remaining two elements of the Brady analysis with
regard to Exhibit 4. Exhibit 4 is a police report dated March 21, 1972, detailing a
lineup held before several State witnesses. McGhee, however, was not present
at the lineup nor was his photo displayed. When asked if he would have used
Exhibit 4 at trial, McGhee’s trial counsel testified, “The document does not
mention Glenn McGhee. It doesn’t purport to be a record of a lineup or lineups
that involved him . . . . It doesn’t involve any identification—purported
identification of Glenn McGhee . . . .” This testimony suggests trial counsel
would not have used Exhibit 4 at trial or in preparation for trial. And even if trial
counsel could have used Exhibit 4 for impeachment purposes during cross-
examination on the issue of which men some of the State’s witnesses believed
they saw enter the bar prior to the robbery, see DeSimone, 803 N.W.2d at 105
(“Impeachment evidence . . . as well as exculpatory evidence, falls within the
Brady rule.”), trial counsel raised similar concerns during other parts of trial.
Under these circumstances, we conclude McGhee has failed to prove by a
preponderance of the evidence Exhibit 4 was exculpatory and material. For 5
these reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court denying postconviction
relief to McGhee on an alleged Brady violation.4
McGhee alternatively contends his postconviction counsel was ineffective
in failing to better develop the facts relating to his claim of an alleged Brady
violation. We review this claim de novo. See Lado v. State, 804 N.W.2d 248,
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 13-0354 Filed November 13, 2014
GLENN L. MCGHEE, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Des Moines County, Michael J.
Schilling, Judge.
Glenn McGhee appeals the district court’s denial of his application for
postconviction relief. AFFIRMED.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Vidhya K. Reddy, Assistant
Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Tyler J. Buller, Assistant Attorney
General, Michael J. Walton, County Attorney, and Jerald Feuerbach and
Kimberly K. Shepherd, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee State.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Doyle and McDonald, JJ. 2
DOYLE, J.
In 1972, six men were involved in a robbery at the Shamrock Tavern in
Davenport. During the robbery, the bartender and two bar patrons were shot and
killed. Three other bar patrons—two who were shot and one who was beaten—
survived. Several witnesses implicated McGhee in the incident. McGhee and
four co-defendants were charged with three counts of murder, three counts of
aggravated robbery, and two counts of assault with intent to commit murder.
McGhee was tried separately from the other defendants and the primary theory
of his defense at trial was the witnesses’ mistaken identification of him as one of
the robbery perpetrators.
The jury found McGhee guilty as charged. McGhee appealed, challenging
whether the court improperly denied his request for a psychiatric evaluation to
determine the feasibility of a not-guilty plea by reason of insanity. The Iowa
Supreme Court affirmed the judgment and sentence entered by the district court.
State v. McGhee, 220 N.W.2d 908, 914 (Iowa 1974).
In 2003, McGhee filed an application for postconviction relief. Over nearly
a decade, McGhee was reappointed counsel and his application survived the
State’s motion for summary dismissal.1 Despite instruction by the district court,
an amended or “recast” application for postconviction relief (PCR) was not filed.
1 Because McGhee’s claims were based in part on newly discovered evidence, the district court determined his claim survived summary judgment as an exception to the statutory limitations period. See Iowa Code § 822.3 (“[A]pplications must be filed within three years from the date the conviction or decision is final or, in the event of an appeal, from the date the writ of procedendo is issued. However, this limitation does not apply to a ground of fact or law that could not have been raised within the applicable time period.”). 3
The district court honed McGhee’s claims to include an alleged Brady violation2
with regard to four police reports (Exhibits 2, 3, 4, and 5) which, according to
McGhee, were withheld from his trial counsel and were critical to his defense
because they related to whether the State’s witnesses could identify McGhee as
one of the robbery perpetrators.3 In 2013, following a hearing, the district court
entered an order denying postconviction relief to McGhee.
McGhee appeals, contending the district court erred in denying his claim
of a Brady violation where the police reports at issue were withheld from the
defense during his criminal trial and could have been used to impeach the State’s
witnesses and show “the identification procedures resulting in McGhee’s
identification were flawed and unduly suggestive.” Because McGhee’s claims
are of a constitutional nature, we conduct a de novo review. See Aguilera v.
State, 807 N.W.2d 249, 252 (Iowa 2011).
To establish a Brady violation has occurred, McGhee must prove by a
preponderance of the evidence “(1) the prosecution suppressed evidence; (2) the
evidence was favorable to the defendant; and (3) the evidence was material to
the issue of guilt.” DeSimone v. State, 803 N.W.2d 97, 103 (Iowa 2011) (citing
Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82 (1999)). At the outset, with regard to
Exhibits 2, 3, and 5, McGhee has not proved the first element of the Brady
analysis. McGhee’s trial counsel testified, unequivocally, that he had received
and reviewed Exhibits 2, 3, and 5 and had used those police reports in
preparation for trial. In light of this testimony by trial counsel, we conclude
2 A Brady violation is a due process violation that occurs when the State fails to turn over exculpatory evidence. See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963). 3 We observe Exhibits 2, 3, and 5 noted eyewitness identifications of McGhee. 4
McGhee has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence Exhibits 2, 3,
and 5 were suppressed by the State. Cf. Aguilera, 807 N.W.2d at 253
(concluding the defendant had shown suppression of evidence where “Aguilera’s
first attorney testified he never received the DCI file, an inspection of the public
defender’s file did not reveal any such DCI file, and the State could not offer any
document showing the DCI file had been delivered to Aguilera”).
Turning to Exhibit 4, trial counsel testified “in all probability” he did review
that police report, but it was “not ringing a bell.” In any event, we conclude
McGhee did not prove the remaining two elements of the Brady analysis with
regard to Exhibit 4. Exhibit 4 is a police report dated March 21, 1972, detailing a
lineup held before several State witnesses. McGhee, however, was not present
at the lineup nor was his photo displayed. When asked if he would have used
Exhibit 4 at trial, McGhee’s trial counsel testified, “The document does not
mention Glenn McGhee. It doesn’t purport to be a record of a lineup or lineups
that involved him . . . . It doesn’t involve any identification—purported
identification of Glenn McGhee . . . .” This testimony suggests trial counsel
would not have used Exhibit 4 at trial or in preparation for trial. And even if trial
counsel could have used Exhibit 4 for impeachment purposes during cross-
examination on the issue of which men some of the State’s witnesses believed
they saw enter the bar prior to the robbery, see DeSimone, 803 N.W.2d at 105
(“Impeachment evidence . . . as well as exculpatory evidence, falls within the
Brady rule.”), trial counsel raised similar concerns during other parts of trial.
Under these circumstances, we conclude McGhee has failed to prove by a
preponderance of the evidence Exhibit 4 was exculpatory and material. For 5
these reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court denying postconviction
relief to McGhee on an alleged Brady violation.4
McGhee alternatively contends his postconviction counsel was ineffective
in failing to better develop the facts relating to his claim of an alleged Brady
violation. We review this claim de novo. See Lado v. State, 804 N.W.2d 248,
250 (Iowa 2011) (observing a postconviction applicant “has a statutory, not
constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel on postconviction relief,” but
the court still applies a de novo review). To prevail, McGhee must show (1) a
deficiency in counsel’s performance, and (2) that the deficient performance
prejudiced his defense. State v. Ross, 845 N.W.2d 692, 697-98 (Iowa 2014)
(citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). “Even though these
claims are generally preserved for postconviction relief, when presented with a
sufficient record this court will address such a claim.” State v. Maxwell, 743
N.W.2d 185, 195 (Iowa 2008). If we determine the claim cannot be addressed
on appeal, however, we must preserve it for a postconviction-relief proceeding,
4 In light of McGhee’s heavy reliance on the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in White v. Helling, 194 F.3d 937, 939 (8th Cir. 1999) (granting a new trial to one of McGhee’s co-defendants upon holding material exculpatory evidence was withheld from the defense) to support his claim in this case, we feel compelled to note the reasons why McGhee’s reliance on White is misplaced. First, in White, the court determined Exhibits 2, 3, 4, and 5 were withheld from the defense, see 194 F.3d at 943 (describing the police reports as “[n]ew evidence, never before revealed”), whereas McGhee’s trial counsel testified he had received and reviewed Exhibits 2, 3, and 5, and likely had reviewed Exhibit 4 even though it did not contain any information about McGhee. Second, White relied on a coercion defense at trial, which this court described as “credible,” see White v. State, 380 N.W.2d 1, 5 (Iowa Ct. App. 1985), whereas McGhee’s defense theory was misidentification even though a handful of witnesses identified him as being one of the robbery perpetrators. Third, White was present for the lineup referenced in Exhibit 4 and was mentioned in the police notes, see White, 194 F.3d at 945 (noting Exhibit 4 was “the first time [eyewitness] Stouffer had identified [White]”), whereas McGhee was not present at the lineup nor was his photo displayed and the police report did not reference McGhee. In sum, the court’s decision in White is neither persuasive nor binding on this court. 6
regardless of our view of the potential viability of the claim. State v. Johnson,
784 N.W.2d 192, 198 (Iowa 2010).
To support his claim, McGhee points to the following list of questions
included in the district court’s PCR ruling, described by the court as “legitimate
questions that could be asked of trial counsel concerning the reports”:
1. If you had the reports, why did you not mention them directly in cross-examination? Why did you ask [Detective] Hoeper for his notes?; 2. If you had the reports, why did you not cross-examine officers or identification witnesses about these items: a. Exhibit 3 – police refer to [eyewitness] Abbott as the best of the witnesses yet he could not identify McGhee; b. Exhibit 3 – police note if [eyewitness] Stouffer is “coached properly” he could remember much more. To the Court it seems very important that the officers used the term “coached.” This certainly raises the possibility that improper suggestiveness of eyewitnesses occurred; c. Exhibit 5 – police note [eyewitness] Stouffer went over the five mug shots including one of McGhee, and picked out [co-defendant] Sherman White as the man he gave the billfold to. There is no mention made of McGhee. Also, there is a clear indication Stouffer had now identified both [co-defendants] Cunningham and White as the person who took his wallet. Arguably, this shows both confusion and the possibility of suggestiveness by law enforcement.
McGhee claims to the extent we conclude trial counsel’s “responses on the
above matters are necessary to the question of whether a Brady violation was
established,” then his postconviction counsel was ineffective “in failing to enter
those matters into the record.”
We have addressed McGhee’s claim on an alleged Brady violation under
this record and found it to be without merit. Accordingly, we need not reach
McGhee’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim on this issue. Although the 7
district court raises insightful questions, those questions are beyond the scope of
our analysis of McGhee’s Brady violation claim on appeal.5 Trial counsel
testified, under oath, that he received and reviewed Exhibits 2, 3, and 5;
accordingly, McGhee has failed to show the prosecution suppressed that
evidence. And McGhee has not shown Exhibit 4 was exculpatory and material to
his defense.
We affirm the district court’s ruling denying McGhee’s application for
postconviction relief.
AFFIRMED.
5 McGhee did not claim his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to assert claims regarding the police lineup or suggestiveness of the photo identifications. And McGhee did not appeal the district court’s denial of his PCR claim regarding trial counsel’s performance during cross-examination of witnesses or pre-trial investigation—which, arguably, could entail discussion of the questions above.