Beck, O. J.
The two mining companies which constitute the parties, appellant and appellee, to this appeal, were, in the month of December, A. D. 1880, the respective owners of adjoining mining claims in Lake county. The appellee, being the owner of the .¿Etna mine, complained that the appellant company had, by its agents and servants, crossed the boundary line and committed various trespasses upon its property, including the running of divers drifts, levels and other developments,, and the extraction of valuable ores and mineral-bearing substances. It was finally agreed to submit the whole controversy to the decision of five certain individuals, as arbitrators, and in pursuance of this agreement articles of submission were entered into on the 8th day of December, 1880, the respective corporations binding [52]*52themselves to abide by the award that should be made by the arbitrators, or any three or more of them, provided the award was in writing and ready to be filed with the clerk of the district court of Lake county on or before the 1st day of January, 1881.
The arbitrators agreed upon duly qualified, investigated the subject of dispute, and on the 29th day of December made their award in writing in favor of the appellee. It was filed with the clerk of the district court on the same day. All the arbitrators signed the award, although one of them, Nelson Hallock, dissented from the conclusion arrived at by his associates.
Afterwards, on the 3d day of January, 1881, the appellant filed a motion to vacate the award, assigning as grounds of the motion certain acts and omissions of the arbitrators pending the investigation.
The district court denied the motion and entered judgment upon the award. The appellant then filed a motion to set aside the judgment, which was also denied.
Exceptions were reserved to these rulings, and it is now assigned for error that the district court erred in refusing to set aside the judgment, and in refusing to vacate the award.
'We learn from the record that the arbitrators had three meetings. The first meeting was at the .¿Etna mine, which they visited for the purpose of personally inspecting its workings. The second meeting was held for the purpose of hearing testimony; and the third and last meeting was to hear further testimony, and to deliberate upon and make their award. '
The first ground assigned, in the motion to vacate the award, is that the abitrators did not all meet or act together during the investigation of the matters submitted to them.
The specific objections urged under this head are, that Henderson, one of the arbitrators, did not attend the meeting at the mine, and that Hallock, another arbitra[53]*53tor, did not attend the second meeting, at which most of the testimony was heard and taken.
The appellant supported these objections by affidavits, but the conceded facts concerning the' same are embodied in a stipulation signed by the counsel of the respective parties which is inserted in the bill of exceptions.
Referring to the objection that Henderson failed to attend the meeting at the mine, it is proper to consider the object of that meeting, and the action taken thereat. The arbitrators say that they considered it a necessary part of the investigation which they were required to make in the case; but the record shows that no witnesses were examined at this meeting; that no measurements were taken and no rulings made. Its object appears to have been to afford the arbitrators an opportunity to personally inspect the mine 'and its workings, so as to enable them to comprehend the testimony to be introduced, and the more intelligently to investigate the controversy.
Although Henderson did not visit the mine at the same time the others did, he afterwards, and before the award, visited it in company with one of the other arbitrators, and made the same personal inspection which the others had previously made. He also attended the second and third meetings, was present when all the witnesses were examined, and participated in all the deliberations of the board.
In view of these facts we do not think that the failure of Henderson to meet all his associates at the mine vitiated the award. Merely inspecting the subject-matter of a controversy, without taking testimony or deciding points involved in the litigation, does not constitute a hearing. Such a meeting does not necessarily require the joint action of all the members of a commission, as do meetings at which testimony is to be heard or consultation is to be had and rulings made.
A more serious question is presented by the objection [54]*54that arbitrator EEallock did not attend the second meeting, at which the greater portion of the testimony was heard and taken.
This was a meeting which all the arbitrators were required to attend by an express provision of the statute then in force. The provision was:
££ All the arbitrators shall meet and act together during the investigation; but when met, a majority may determine any question.'1'’ Code of Civil Procedure, 1877, § 283.
The absence of Hallock from this meeting was clearly an irregularity, but whether it was fatal to the validity of the award depends upon whether it was such an irregularity as could be waived by the parties.
The stipulation of counsel shows that the appellant was present and knew of Hallock’s absence. It is not pretended that any objection was made to proceeding with the hearing without him, as he had requested should be done when notified to be present.
The simple inquiry, therefore, is whether, under these circumstances, the absence of the arbitrator could be waived by the parties. The well settled rule of law relating to all irregularities in the proceedings of arbitrators which are not jurisdictional is, that an objection, to be availing, must be seasonably made; that if a party, knowing of an irregularity in the proceedings, in order to avail himself of all chances of an award in his favor, remains silent and permits the investigation to proceed, and money to be expended, and the time of all concerned to be consumed for the purpose, he will not afterwai’ds be heard to question the validity of an award that is unfavorable to him. His silence will be construed into consent that the proceedings continue without objection, notwithstanding the error; .for had an objection been interposed before the award was made, the irregularitj1- might have been corrected. Neither legal nor moral considerations, therefore, entitle him to raise the objection afterwards. [55]*55Morse on Arbitration and Award, p. 171; Maynard v. Frederick, 7 Cush. 250; Broom’s Legal Max. *137.
The point to be determined in this connection is whether the irregularity complained of is jurisdictional; for it is an elementary principle that consent cannot confer jurisdiction. A void proceeding is a nullity, and the defects which make it void are incapable of being waived. Mr. Sedgwick says: “So it is well settled that not even the most formal and solemn consent can give jurisdiction to a court not authorized to take it. And whenever the objection is raised, although it may be a breach of faith and good morals to insist upon it, still it will be fatal.” Sedgwick’s Statutory and Constitutional Law, p. 87.
Accordingly this court held in Haverly Invincible Mining Co. v. Howcut, 5 Col.
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Beck, O. J.
The two mining companies which constitute the parties, appellant and appellee, to this appeal, were, in the month of December, A. D. 1880, the respective owners of adjoining mining claims in Lake county. The appellee, being the owner of the .¿Etna mine, complained that the appellant company had, by its agents and servants, crossed the boundary line and committed various trespasses upon its property, including the running of divers drifts, levels and other developments,, and the extraction of valuable ores and mineral-bearing substances. It was finally agreed to submit the whole controversy to the decision of five certain individuals, as arbitrators, and in pursuance of this agreement articles of submission were entered into on the 8th day of December, 1880, the respective corporations binding [52]*52themselves to abide by the award that should be made by the arbitrators, or any three or more of them, provided the award was in writing and ready to be filed with the clerk of the district court of Lake county on or before the 1st day of January, 1881.
The arbitrators agreed upon duly qualified, investigated the subject of dispute, and on the 29th day of December made their award in writing in favor of the appellee. It was filed with the clerk of the district court on the same day. All the arbitrators signed the award, although one of them, Nelson Hallock, dissented from the conclusion arrived at by his associates.
Afterwards, on the 3d day of January, 1881, the appellant filed a motion to vacate the award, assigning as grounds of the motion certain acts and omissions of the arbitrators pending the investigation.
The district court denied the motion and entered judgment upon the award. The appellant then filed a motion to set aside the judgment, which was also denied.
Exceptions were reserved to these rulings, and it is now assigned for error that the district court erred in refusing to set aside the judgment, and in refusing to vacate the award.
'We learn from the record that the arbitrators had three meetings. The first meeting was at the .¿Etna mine, which they visited for the purpose of personally inspecting its workings. The second meeting was held for the purpose of hearing testimony; and the third and last meeting was to hear further testimony, and to deliberate upon and make their award. '
The first ground assigned, in the motion to vacate the award, is that the abitrators did not all meet or act together during the investigation of the matters submitted to them.
The specific objections urged under this head are, that Henderson, one of the arbitrators, did not attend the meeting at the mine, and that Hallock, another arbitra[53]*53tor, did not attend the second meeting, at which most of the testimony was heard and taken.
The appellant supported these objections by affidavits, but the conceded facts concerning the' same are embodied in a stipulation signed by the counsel of the respective parties which is inserted in the bill of exceptions.
Referring to the objection that Henderson failed to attend the meeting at the mine, it is proper to consider the object of that meeting, and the action taken thereat. The arbitrators say that they considered it a necessary part of the investigation which they were required to make in the case; but the record shows that no witnesses were examined at this meeting; that no measurements were taken and no rulings made. Its object appears to have been to afford the arbitrators an opportunity to personally inspect the mine 'and its workings, so as to enable them to comprehend the testimony to be introduced, and the more intelligently to investigate the controversy.
Although Henderson did not visit the mine at the same time the others did, he afterwards, and before the award, visited it in company with one of the other arbitrators, and made the same personal inspection which the others had previously made. He also attended the second and third meetings, was present when all the witnesses were examined, and participated in all the deliberations of the board.
In view of these facts we do not think that the failure of Henderson to meet all his associates at the mine vitiated the award. Merely inspecting the subject-matter of a controversy, without taking testimony or deciding points involved in the litigation, does not constitute a hearing. Such a meeting does not necessarily require the joint action of all the members of a commission, as do meetings at which testimony is to be heard or consultation is to be had and rulings made.
A more serious question is presented by the objection [54]*54that arbitrator EEallock did not attend the second meeting, at which the greater portion of the testimony was heard and taken.
This was a meeting which all the arbitrators were required to attend by an express provision of the statute then in force. The provision was:
££ All the arbitrators shall meet and act together during the investigation; but when met, a majority may determine any question.'1'’ Code of Civil Procedure, 1877, § 283.
The absence of Hallock from this meeting was clearly an irregularity, but whether it was fatal to the validity of the award depends upon whether it was such an irregularity as could be waived by the parties.
The stipulation of counsel shows that the appellant was present and knew of Hallock’s absence. It is not pretended that any objection was made to proceeding with the hearing without him, as he had requested should be done when notified to be present.
The simple inquiry, therefore, is whether, under these circumstances, the absence of the arbitrator could be waived by the parties. The well settled rule of law relating to all irregularities in the proceedings of arbitrators which are not jurisdictional is, that an objection, to be availing, must be seasonably made; that if a party, knowing of an irregularity in the proceedings, in order to avail himself of all chances of an award in his favor, remains silent and permits the investigation to proceed, and money to be expended, and the time of all concerned to be consumed for the purpose, he will not afterwai’ds be heard to question the validity of an award that is unfavorable to him. His silence will be construed into consent that the proceedings continue without objection, notwithstanding the error; .for had an objection been interposed before the award was made, the irregularitj1- might have been corrected. Neither legal nor moral considerations, therefore, entitle him to raise the objection afterwards. [55]*55Morse on Arbitration and Award, p. 171; Maynard v. Frederick, 7 Cush. 250; Broom’s Legal Max. *137.
The point to be determined in this connection is whether the irregularity complained of is jurisdictional; for it is an elementary principle that consent cannot confer jurisdiction. A void proceeding is a nullity, and the defects which make it void are incapable of being waived. Mr. Sedgwick says: “So it is well settled that not even the most formal and solemn consent can give jurisdiction to a court not authorized to take it. And whenever the objection is raised, although it may be a breach of faith and good morals to insist upon it, still it will be fatal.” Sedgwick’s Statutory and Constitutional Law, p. 87.
Accordingly this court held in Haverly Invincible Mining Co. v. Howcut, 5 Col. 574, that parties to a litigation could not, by agreement, confer jurisdiction to try a cause upon one not a judicial officer authorized by law to hold the court. See, also, Derry v. Ross et al. 5 Col. 295.
That many statutory provisions relating to judicial proceedings may be waived by the litigants, and that the waiver may be either express or implied, is beyond controversy. That other provisions cannot be waived is equally well established.
A provision which, if insisted on, would inure to the benefit of a party, not involving principles of public policy, may be waived, and its non-observance will not invalidate the result of the proceeding. But where the requirement is a prerequisite to jurisdiction, or where the purpose of the enactment is to secure general objects of public policy or morals, its observance cannot be dispensed with by consent of parties. Sedgwick’s Statutory and Constitutional Law, pp. 87, 359; Selleck v. Sugar Hollow T. Co. 13 Conn. 452; Ives v. Finch, 22 id. 101; Florence, etc. R'y Co. v. Ward, S. C. Kansas, February, 1883; Abbott v. Dexter, 6 Cush. 108.
It sometimes becomes a difficult question to determine [56]*56whether a statutory requirement is a prerequisite to jurisdiction or not. An illustration of the difficulty is furxxished by the contrariety of judicial opixxion upon the usual statutory provisioxi that ax’bitiutors shall be sworn before proceeding to hear any testixnoxry. Courts which have held that the oath may be waived base their ruling upon the proposition that the taking of the oath is not a prerequisite to jurisdiction, while those of opinion that the oath may not be waived, hold that it is a prerequisite to jurisdiction. Amoxig the cases takixxg the forxner view are Howard v. Sexton, 4 Comst. 157; Browning v. Wheeler, 24 Wend. 257; Woodrow v. O’Connor, 28 Vt. 776; Tucker v. Allen, 47 Mo. 488.
In the following cases the contrary view is presented: Inslee v. Flagg, 26 N. J. Law, 368; Overton v. Alpha, 13 La. An. 558; Combs v. Little, 3 Green Ch. 310; Hepburn v. Jones, 4 Col. 98.
We are of opixxion that the failure of Hallock to attend the meeting referred to was not jurisdictional.
It follows, therefore, that the error complained of was axi irregularity axxd might be waived by the parties; also that ixxasmuch as the stipulation shows that the appellaxxt was presexxt at the meetixxg in questioxx, axid knew of the absexxce of the arbitrator, but ixxterposed no objectioxi to proceeding without him, that the objection made after the award was made axxd filed came too late.
The appellant does not appear to have been ixx any maixíxer prejudiced by the irx-egularity coxnplaixxed of. All the testixxxoixy produced at the meeting was written dowxx by a stenographer, and afterwards transcribed by him. The transcript was submitted to Hallock, axxd x-ead axxd exaxnixxed by him without objectioxx, at thefixxal xneetixxg.
All the arbitrators were presexxt at the last meeting, axxd all, with the whole evidence before them, coxxsulted axxd deliberated together coxxcerxxixxg their awax-d. The objection caxxxxot be sustained. White v. Robinson, 60 Ill. 499; Akridge v. Patillo, 44 Ga. 585.
[57]*57The point raised, that the arbitrators made no examination of the books of the Gflass-Pendery Company, as required by the articles of submission, is wholly without merit. The stipulation of counsel shows that the appellant did not produce the books for examination, and further, that a complete statement of all that the books contained, pei’tinent to the case, was, by consent of the appellant, furnished for and used by the arbitrators instead of the books.
The oral objection urged on hearing of the motion below, that the arbitrators refused to allow one Joseph Uhl to be examined as a witness before them on part of the appellant, cannot be sustained in the form presented by the record. The request to examine Uhl as a witness does not appear to have been made by an officer or stockholder' of the company, nor by a person authorized to make it. It was made by the foreman of the Glass-Pen- ' dery mine, whose position indicates simply an employee in the mine. Nor is it shown what facts the proposed witness could have testified to, without which we cannot say that the testimony would have been material or pertinent.
In the present state of the record it does not appear that the arbitrators refused to receive testimony pertinent to the controversy which was offered by one of the parties thereto, or that they rejected competent testimony upon a point that needed to be proved; nor is it shown that they omitted to pass upon any matters included in the submission.
Upon the whole record we discover no evidence of misconduct upon the part of the arbitrators, and no evidence that any action taken by them was prejudicial to the rights of the appellant. Every step in their proceedings appears to have been taken with the knowledge and express or implied consent of the appellant, and no objections to their proceedings were made until the award was made and found to be in favor of the appellee.
[58]*58The motion to vacate the award was. properly denied, and the same grounds being ui’ged upon the motion to set aside the judgment, it, too, was properly denied.
Affirmed.