In The
Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont __________________ NO. 09-14-00038-CV ____________________
GINGER A. BEELER AND DONALD R. BEELER JR., Appellants
V.
BETSY HANCHEY, Appellee
__________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 88th District Court Hardin County, Texas Trial Cause No. 54337 __________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In an accelerated appeal, Ginger A. Beeler and Donald R. Beeler Jr. ask that
we dissolve the trial court’s temporary injunction order that largely prohibits them
from conducting any activity on two tracts of land in Hardin County, Texas. In her
original petition, Betsy Hanchey asserted that she “is and has been an owner of an
undivided interest in the [two tracts at issue].” In response to Hanchey’s petition,
Ginger answered and counterclaimed; in her counterclaim, Ginger alleged that she
1 acquired title to all of one of the tracts and some of a second by adverse
possession. The trial court rendered a temporary order that, among other activities,
enjoined the Beelers from entering the disputed properties.
The order granting Hanchey’s request for a temporary injunction neither sets
a bond nor specifies a date for a trial on the merits of the parties’ claims—both
requirements that are mandated by the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. See Tex. R.
Civ. P. 683, 684. As a result, the order is void. We dissolve the temporary
injunction order and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s interlocutory ruling on a party’s request for a
temporary injunction for abuse of discretion. Davis v. Huey, 571 S.W.2d 859, 861-
62 (Tex. 1978). An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court acts in an
unreasonable or arbitrary manner. See Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701
S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985).
In a case where a party demands an injunction to protect an interest that
involves who should remain in possession of real property pending a trial on the
merits, a trial court is required to decide “the last actual, peaceable, non-contested
status of the parties and real property which existed immediately prior to the
2 pending lawsuit.” Dyer v. Weedon, 769 S.W.2d 711, 715 (Tex. App.—Waco 1989,
no writ). Generally, injunctive relief is “not the proper remedy to try title or right
of possession to property; it is not a possessory remedy to oust one in possession.
Otherwise stated, peaceable but disputed possession of property will not be
transferred by temporary injunction.” Id. at 714. The dispute between the parties
over who had legal title to the tracts, and the dispute between the parties
concerning which will prevail on the question of who is legally entitled to
possession of the tracts, are both matters that were not properly before the trial
court at the temporary injunction hearing. We also do not address either of these
issues in this interlocutory appeal. See Davis, 571 S.W.2d at 861.
Analysis
The Beelers present five issues in their interlocutory appeal. Issues one, two,
and five argue that the trial court, based on the evidence presented at the temporary
injunction hearing, erred by reaching the merits of which party had legal title and
the rights that flow from legal title, such as a legal right to possession of the
property at issue. Issues three and four assert that the temporary injunction is void
because the order fails to require that Hanchey post a bond, and it fails to state a
date for a trial on the merits.
3 Two of the issues the Beelers raise in the appeal argue the trial court’s order
is void. In issue three, the Beelers argue that the order is void because the trial
court failed to set a bond or to require the party for whom it granted relief to post a
bond. Rule 684 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure states: “In the order granting
any . . . temporary injunction, the court shall fix the amount of security to be given
by the applicant.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 684. In issue four, the Beelers argue the trial
court’s “order is void on its face and should not stand because the order does not
state a date for a final trial on the merits.” Hanchey failed to address either issue
three or issue four in her brief.
Instead, Hanchey argues in her brief that the order provides permanent, not
temporary, injunctive relief; she concludes that because the order did not dispose
of all of the issues in the case, it is not a final order from which an interlocutory
appeal is authorized. See Jack B. Anglin Co. v. Tipps, 842 S.W.2d 266, 272 (Tex.
1992) (holding that generally, appellate jurisdiction applies only to final orders or
judgments); see also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014 (West Supp.
2013) (authorizing appellate review of specific interlocutory orders). Alternatively,
Hanchey argues the trial court properly resolved the merits of her claim that she
continues to hold legal title to the tracts. Because jurisdiction is a threshold issue
4 that we must consider before reviewing the Beelers’s issues, we address Hanchey’s
argument first.
We are not persuaded that the trial court’s order grants Hanchey any
permanent relief on her claims. According to Hanchey, the fact that the trial court
failed to set a date for a trial on the merits or to set a bond shows the trial court
intended to grant Hanchey’s request for a permanent injunction. However, the
classification of an order as permanent or temporary is not controlled by
deficiencies that exist in the order’s form. The Fourteenth District Court of
Appeals in Houston explained:
“[I]t is the character and function of an order that determine its classification” as one granting a temporary injunction. Del Valle Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Lopez, 845 S.W.2d 808, 809 (Tex. 1992). “To reject the order’s status as a temporary injunction based on a deficiency in form is to deny review of any defects that may render the order void.” Id. at 809-10. Thus, although an order may lack features of a typical temporary injunction, those deficiencies do not control the classification. Qwest Commc’ns Corp. v. AT&T Corp., 24 S.W.3d 334, 336 (2000) (holding that the trial court’s order granted a temporary injunction even though it was for a fixed duration of three years; the order did not set a bond or trial date; and the trial court did not order the issuance of a writ of injunction); see also Markel v. World Flight, Inc., 938 S.W.2d 74, 78 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, no writ) (appellate jurisdiction is not defeated “merely by the label [the trial court] attaches to the interlocutory order”).
In re Estate of Skinner, 417 S.W.3d 639, 642 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
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In The
Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont __________________ NO. 09-14-00038-CV ____________________
GINGER A. BEELER AND DONALD R. BEELER JR., Appellants
V.
BETSY HANCHEY, Appellee
__________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 88th District Court Hardin County, Texas Trial Cause No. 54337 __________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In an accelerated appeal, Ginger A. Beeler and Donald R. Beeler Jr. ask that
we dissolve the trial court’s temporary injunction order that largely prohibits them
from conducting any activity on two tracts of land in Hardin County, Texas. In her
original petition, Betsy Hanchey asserted that she “is and has been an owner of an
undivided interest in the [two tracts at issue].” In response to Hanchey’s petition,
Ginger answered and counterclaimed; in her counterclaim, Ginger alleged that she
1 acquired title to all of one of the tracts and some of a second by adverse
possession. The trial court rendered a temporary order that, among other activities,
enjoined the Beelers from entering the disputed properties.
The order granting Hanchey’s request for a temporary injunction neither sets
a bond nor specifies a date for a trial on the merits of the parties’ claims—both
requirements that are mandated by the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. See Tex. R.
Civ. P. 683, 684. As a result, the order is void. We dissolve the temporary
injunction order and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s interlocutory ruling on a party’s request for a
temporary injunction for abuse of discretion. Davis v. Huey, 571 S.W.2d 859, 861-
62 (Tex. 1978). An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court acts in an
unreasonable or arbitrary manner. See Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701
S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985).
In a case where a party demands an injunction to protect an interest that
involves who should remain in possession of real property pending a trial on the
merits, a trial court is required to decide “the last actual, peaceable, non-contested
status of the parties and real property which existed immediately prior to the
2 pending lawsuit.” Dyer v. Weedon, 769 S.W.2d 711, 715 (Tex. App.—Waco 1989,
no writ). Generally, injunctive relief is “not the proper remedy to try title or right
of possession to property; it is not a possessory remedy to oust one in possession.
Otherwise stated, peaceable but disputed possession of property will not be
transferred by temporary injunction.” Id. at 714. The dispute between the parties
over who had legal title to the tracts, and the dispute between the parties
concerning which will prevail on the question of who is legally entitled to
possession of the tracts, are both matters that were not properly before the trial
court at the temporary injunction hearing. We also do not address either of these
issues in this interlocutory appeal. See Davis, 571 S.W.2d at 861.
Analysis
The Beelers present five issues in their interlocutory appeal. Issues one, two,
and five argue that the trial court, based on the evidence presented at the temporary
injunction hearing, erred by reaching the merits of which party had legal title and
the rights that flow from legal title, such as a legal right to possession of the
property at issue. Issues three and four assert that the temporary injunction is void
because the order fails to require that Hanchey post a bond, and it fails to state a
date for a trial on the merits.
3 Two of the issues the Beelers raise in the appeal argue the trial court’s order
is void. In issue three, the Beelers argue that the order is void because the trial
court failed to set a bond or to require the party for whom it granted relief to post a
bond. Rule 684 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure states: “In the order granting
any . . . temporary injunction, the court shall fix the amount of security to be given
by the applicant.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 684. In issue four, the Beelers argue the trial
court’s “order is void on its face and should not stand because the order does not
state a date for a final trial on the merits.” Hanchey failed to address either issue
three or issue four in her brief.
Instead, Hanchey argues in her brief that the order provides permanent, not
temporary, injunctive relief; she concludes that because the order did not dispose
of all of the issues in the case, it is not a final order from which an interlocutory
appeal is authorized. See Jack B. Anglin Co. v. Tipps, 842 S.W.2d 266, 272 (Tex.
1992) (holding that generally, appellate jurisdiction applies only to final orders or
judgments); see also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014 (West Supp.
2013) (authorizing appellate review of specific interlocutory orders). Alternatively,
Hanchey argues the trial court properly resolved the merits of her claim that she
continues to hold legal title to the tracts. Because jurisdiction is a threshold issue
4 that we must consider before reviewing the Beelers’s issues, we address Hanchey’s
argument first.
We are not persuaded that the trial court’s order grants Hanchey any
permanent relief on her claims. According to Hanchey, the fact that the trial court
failed to set a date for a trial on the merits or to set a bond shows the trial court
intended to grant Hanchey’s request for a permanent injunction. However, the
classification of an order as permanent or temporary is not controlled by
deficiencies that exist in the order’s form. The Fourteenth District Court of
Appeals in Houston explained:
“[I]t is the character and function of an order that determine its classification” as one granting a temporary injunction. Del Valle Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Lopez, 845 S.W.2d 808, 809 (Tex. 1992). “To reject the order’s status as a temporary injunction based on a deficiency in form is to deny review of any defects that may render the order void.” Id. at 809-10. Thus, although an order may lack features of a typical temporary injunction, those deficiencies do not control the classification. Qwest Commc’ns Corp. v. AT&T Corp., 24 S.W.3d 334, 336 (2000) (holding that the trial court’s order granted a temporary injunction even though it was for a fixed duration of three years; the order did not set a bond or trial date; and the trial court did not order the issuance of a writ of injunction); see also Markel v. World Flight, Inc., 938 S.W.2d 74, 78 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, no writ) (appellate jurisdiction is not defeated “merely by the label [the trial court] attaches to the interlocutory order”).
In re Estate of Skinner, 417 S.W.3d 639, 642 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2013, no pet.).
5 The character and function of the order the trial court rendered in this case
clearly shows that the order was intended to be temporary. Generally, a permanent
injunction will not issue from a party’s request that a trial court grant temporary
relief. See Owens v. Texaco, Inc., 368 S.W.2d 780, 783 (Tex. Civ. App.—
Beaumont 1963, no writ). The order that notified the parties of the date of the
hearing leading to the entry of the order on appeal commanded the Beelers “to
appear and show cause why the temporary injunction prayed for in [Hanchey’s]
petition should not be granted.” Although the temporary injunction hearing was
initially scheduled in August 2013, the record shows that Hanchey’s attorney
rescheduled the hearing for November 2013. In a letter confirming the November
hearing, Hanchey’s attorney notified the attorney for the Beelers that the trial court
would be conducting a hearing on “Plaintiff’s Petition for Temporary
Injunction[.]”
The hearing also shows the trial court acted on Hanchey’s request for
temporary relief. At the beginning of the November 2013 hearing, the trial court
asked Hanchey’s attorney to tell the court what he was asking the court to do.
Hanchey’s attorney responded by advising the trial court that he was asking the
court “to issue a temporary injunction[.]” Near the end of the hearing, the trial
court stated that “all we’re talking about at this hearing is [a] temporary
6 [in]junction, whether or not I want to grant one and if so, how.” With respect to the
arguments that were made regarding which of the parties held legal title, the trial
court stated: “Well, I don’t know how it’s going to be resolved; but this is a
hearing [for a] temporary injunction. I’m going to grant the temporary injunction.”
After Hanchey submitted a proposed order and the attorney for the Beelers filed
objections to it, the trial court rendered the order that is now on appeal.
In addition to the light shed on the character and function of the order by the
notices of the hearing and the transcript from the hearing, the language in the order
itself does not support Hanchey’s suggestion that the trial court intended to grant
Hanchey’s claim for permanent injunctive relief. The order being appealed is titled
“Order Granting Plaintiff’s Application for Temporary Injunction.” The decretal
section of the order states that “IT IS, THERFORE, ORDERED that a
Temporary Injunction hereby issue[.]” Near the end of the order, the order contains
a paragraph indicating that a trial on Hanchey’s request for permanent injunctive
relief would occur on a future date, although the trial court then failed to fill in the
blank and establish a date for trying the case on the merits.
We conclude that the order is properly characterized as one that granted
temporary and not permanent relief. Because the appeal is from an order granting
temporary injunctive relief, we have jurisdiction to consider the Beelers’s appeal.
7 See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(4) (authorizing the appeal of
an interlocutory order granting or refusing a temporary injunction).
Turning to issues three and four of the Beelers’s appeal, we agree that the
deficiencies in the temporary order granting Hanchey’s request for temporary
injunctive relief make the order void. It is settled that a temporary injunction order
is void where the trial court fails to set a bond as required by Rule 684. Ex parte
Lesher, 651 S.W.2d 734, 736 (Tex. 1983) (noting that “an order of injunction
issued without a bond is void on its face”); see also Qwest Communications Corp.
v. AT&T Corp., 24 S.W.3d 334, 337 (Tex. 2000) (per curiam). The requirements of
Rule 684 have been strictly construed. Ebony Lake Healthcare Ctr. v. Tex. Dep’t of
Human Servs., 62 S.W.3d 867, 870 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, no pet.).
The order does not reflect that the trial court set a bond; instead, the order, in
paragraph six, recites that the bond requirement was “waived.” However, the
record before us does not support a finding that the bond requirement was waived.
Before the trial court rendered its order, the Beelers, through a letter from their
attorney, objected to Hanchey’s proposed order because “the proposed order
contains no bond requirement.” The letter further advised the trial court that “the
proposed order incorrectly stated that a bond has been waived. Ginger Beeler and
Don Beeler, Jr. have not waived the applicant’s bond.” The Beelers’s attorney also
8 mentioned that the trial court had not set a bond during the hearing, and nothing in
the record of the hearing reflects that the bond requirement in Rule 684 was
waived. We conclude the record shows the trial court failed to follow the law when
it failed to fix a bond requirement as required by Rule 684.
The temporary injunction order also contains no stated date for a final trial
on the merits, another mandatory requirement contained in the Rules of Civil
Procedure. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 683. The portion of the order setting a trial date
does not contain a date for trial. Rule 683 states that “[e]very order granting a
temporary injunction shall include an order setting the cause for trial on the merits
with respect to the ultimate relief sought.” Id. “The requirements of Rule 683 are
mandatory and must be strictly followed.” InterFirst Bank San Felipe, N.A. v. Paz
Constr. Co., 715 S.W.2d 640, 641 (Tex. 1986) (reversing a temporary injunction
order and declaring it void where order did not include a trial date setting the
matter for trial on the merits); see also Kaufmann v. Morales, 93 S.W.3d 650, 656
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.).
Because the trial court’s temporary injunction order fails to comply with the
mandatory requirements of Rules 683 and 684, we conclude that the order is void.1
1 Given the resolution of issues three and four, we need not address the other issues raised by the Beelers in their appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. Nonetheless, we note that in the third paragraph of the order, the trial court makes several 9 See Qwest Communications, 24 S.W.3d at 337. Accordingly, we reverse the trial
court’s temporary injunction order, dissolve the temporary injunction, and remand
the case to the trial court for further proceedings.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
___________________________ HOLLIS HORTON Justice
Submitted on April 9, 2014 Opinion Delivered June 12, 2014
Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.
findings and conclusions that related to resolving the dispute concerning title. This was a matter that was unnecessary to decide in determining which party was last in peaceful possession until the court could conduct a trial on the merits. Morgan v. Brannon, 95 S.W.2d 509, 510-11 (Tex. Civ. App.—Eastland 1936, no writ); see also Dyer v. Weedon, 769 S.W.2d 711, 714-15 (Tex. App.—Waco 1989, no writ). 10