Virgin, J.
The plaintiffs are the nephews and niece and next of kin of the late Orrin Gilpatrick and the defendants are the administrator and next of kin of the widow of Orrin, neither of whom left any children.
The plaintiffs seek to establish their title to the proceeds of certain-real and personal estate, on the ground that Orrin, having expressed to his wife Ms intention of leaving all his property to Ms heirs (plaintiffs) was induced by her to sell and will it to her in form absolute, in sole consequence of Ms reliance upon her assurance that she would use it during her natural life only and seasonably transfer the remainder to his own heirs; that she did not fulfil her agreement, but died intestate, whereupon the property descended to her heirs instead of Ms; and that by reason of the premises it became vested in her in trust, — to enforce wMch trust is the object of this bill.
The presiding justice, who saw and heard all of the witnesses testify, found the facts in favor of the plaintiffs, wliich finding we should be slow to reverse unless clearly satisfied that it was erroneous. Young v. Witham, 75 Maine, 536. But after a very careful examination of the stenographer’s report of the direct and uncontradicted testimony of the Gilpatricks’ life-long, trusted friend and Ms wife and daughter in whose family Mrs. G. lived during four years of her widowhood; of their family physician of many years, their business adviser, scrivener and executor of Mr. G.’s will and the writer at her dictation of what Mrs. G. called a “certification;” of the neighbor who purchased the hay during the last ten years of Mr. G.’s life and of her thereafter, — all disinterested witnesses, — whose testimony of Mr. G.’s frequent expressions to his wife, for months before Ms decease, of Ms desire and intention that his property should go to Ms own heirs; of her final -agreement to transfer the remainder thereof “after she was done with it,” provided he would give it to her absolutely; of her frequent and freely expressed admissions of such agreement and of her own construction of it as evidenced by her own acts in executing all the stipulations thereof except the final transfer of the remainder of the property to Ms heirs and putting even that in writing signed by her; and of the peculiar instructions of Mr. G. [149]*149as to the phraseology of the will, — not to use the word “give,”— we are fully satisfied that the justice’s finding of facts was correct; and that the following, among other facts are clearly established :
That Orrin Gilpatriek died in February, 1875, possessed of a farm which came down to him from his paternal grandfather and of other property all of the value of more than $9000, and which he desired to go to his heirs; that his widow died in 1888 leaving property which she had owned in her own right, consisting chiefly of money invested in town securities, amounting to some $5000; that they left no children, but a widow of a deceased son; that they always kept their individual property separate; that for several months before his decease, they had frequently discussed the mode of the disposition of his property, and, as she had so much in her own right, he frequently expressed to her his intention of giving his to his own heirs; that, a short time before his death, she finally induced him to give some of the personal property and will the remainder of his estate to her in form absolute upon her assurance that she would only use it, if necessary, during her natural life, pay their daughter-in-law $500, reconvey certain real estate, the legal title of which he held, to one Glidden, erect a monument in, and keep in repair their private cemetery, and finally, seasonably transfer all that remained to his heirs; that if she had not given her husband such assurance and if he had not confidently relied upon her performance of it, he would not have executed the will nor given her the personal property; that she promptly performed all of the terms of her agreement except the final transfer of the remainder which she purposely omitted to do, although she had expended but a comparatively small portion of the property during her life.
Nor do we entertain any doubt of the soundness of the law on which the decree appealed from was based, viz: a constructive trust impressed upon the property and the donee and devisee converted into a trustee in invitum, although not so denominated in the paper title, and although the statute expressly provides: “There can be no trust concerning lands * * unless created or declared by some writing signed by the party or his attorney.” R. S., c. 73, § 11.
[150]*150Fraud is infinite in its varieties and forms; and while, as Lord Hardwick e said, “the court very wisely hath never laid down any general rule beyond which it would not go lest other means of avoiding the equity of the court should be found out,” (Lawler v. Hooper, 3 Atk. 278), still rules have been established governing certain classes of cases involving the element of fraud, — such as that the fraudulent suppression of a cause of action or of a will is a good answer to the statute of limitations, Deake Appellant, 80 Maine, 50, that married women and infants shall not take advantage of rules made for their protection to perpetrate fraud, Perry Tr. § 170; and that the statute of frauds shall not be allowed to bar a decree for the specific performance of an oral agreement for the sale and conveyance of land when there has been such a part performance by the party seeking as equity recognizes. Pulsifer v. Waterman, 73 Maine, 233; Woodbury v. Gardner, 77 Maine, 68. And while the precise question involved in the case at bar has never before arisen in this state, the cases last cited are analogous thereto in principle; and the universally recognized ground on which the decisions rest is, — that to permit the statute of frauds to be used as a bar to the compulsory performance of such an agreement thus partly performed, would practically authorize a statute, enacted for the purpose of preventing a fraud, to become the veriest instrument for perpetrating or protecting a fraud.
So for like reason, when one obtains the legal title to real or personal estate, either by will or otherwise, under circumstances which render it unconscientious for him to retain it for his own benefit while in fact another is entitled to it, or to some interest in it, equity secures to the latter his right, not by disregarding the former’s legal title but by imposing on him the duty of holding and using his title for the real beneficiary.
Applying the principle to the facts in this case : Mr. G-. was persuaded by Ms wife to change his intention of leaving Ms property to his own heirs and to give it to her by reason of her express promise to give the remainder to Ms heirs, which she omitted to do. His will was regularly probated and the legal title passed thereby to her. His heirs claim that remainder because her conduct operated as a fraud upon her husband as well [151]*151as upon tbom, and that by reason thereof she held the property impressed with a trust and she made a trustee. Equity does not interfere with the will. That remains unchallenged. Nor does it assume to set aside the statute of frauds which the defendants invoke. But on account of her conduct in procuring the legal title to herself, equity does declare that she cannot conscientiously hold it or its proceeds for her own exclusive benefit, and imposes on her conscience the obligation to hold all she did not use during her life for the benefit of her husband’s heirs (plaintiffs) as the equitable owners thereof, and the additional obligation of perfecting their ownership by will or otherwise. But as she has deceased, equity can reach the personal or the proceeds of both real and personal in the hands of her personal representatives and any of the real estate in the hands of any subsequent holder who is not a bma fide purchaser thereof without notice holding it relieved of the trust. Pom. Eq. §§ 431, 1053.
We.do not mean, however, that it is essential to the upholding of such a trust that a devisee should have been an active agent in procuring the devise to be made in his favor, for the great current of English authority during the last two centuries as well as that of this country, holds that, if either before or after the making of the will, the testator makes known to the devisee his desire that the property shall be disposed of in a certain legal manner other than that mentioned in the will, and that he relies upon the devisee to carry it into effect; and the latter by any words or acts calculated to, and winch he knows do in fact cause the testator to believe that the devisee fully assents thereto and in consequence thereof the devise is made, but after the decease of the testator the devisee refuses to perform his agreement,' — equity will decree a trust and convert the devisee into a trustee, whether, when he gave Ms assent, he intended a fraud or not, — the final refusal having the effect of consummating the fraud.
As this is the first case of this kind that lias ever arisen in this state and we have the English and American cases before us, we mention some of them.
Thus as early as 1678, where a father, being about to change his will lest there might not be assets enough besides the lands [152]*152settled on Ms son to pay certain legacies to Ms daugMer, was assured by tlie son that be would pay them in case of deficiency of assets if the will were not changed, — the son was held to Ms promise — the chancellor remarking that it was the constant practice of the court to make such decrees on such promises. Chamberlaine v. Chamberlaine, 2 Freem. 34; 2 Ab. Eq. Cas. 43.
So in 1684, Avhere her son promised the executrix that if she would obtain a new will naming him as executor he would hold it in trust for her — wMch she did — the lord-keeper decreed the trust notwithstanding the statute of frauds. Thynn v. Thynn, 1 Vern. 296.
So in 1689, where a copy-holder, intending to leave the greater part of his estate to his godson, was persuaded by Ms wife, on her promise to carry out Ms intentions, to give the whole to her, the court, notwithstanding the statute, enforced the trust. Devenish v. Baines, Ch. Prec. 3.
In Oldham v. Litchfield, 2 Vern. 506, 2 Ab. Eq. Cas. 44 (1705), lands were charged with an annuity, on proof that the testator was prevented from changing them in Ms will by a promise of payment by the devisee.
Again in 1747, a testatrix having given a bond for ¿£360 to the plaintiff, afterwards by a new will gave it to another on the latter’s promise to give it, at her own decease, to the plamtiff, and the performance of the promise was decreed agamst her representatives, aghinst the interposition of the statute of frauds, Lord Ch. Hardwicke, said: “I know of no case where the court has not decreed it, whether such an undertakmg was before the will or after. * * TMs is not setting up anytliing in opposition to the will, but taking care that what has been undertaken shall have its effect. A will being ambulatory, if the testatrix has a conversation with a legatee who promises that in consideration of the testator’s disposition in her favor she will do an act in favor of a third person, the testatrix lets the will stand, it is very proper the person who undertook to do the act should perform; because I must take it if she had not so promised, the testator would have altered the will.” Drakeford v. Wilks, 3 Atk. 539.
The next year, a residuary legatee, who satisfied the testator [153]*153that he need not change his will in order to give a nephew £100 for he himself would pay it, — -was held trustee, and a trust imposed on the residue of the assets. Lord Ch. Hardwicke, said: “The court will not suffer the statute to protect fraud so as that any one should ran away with a benefit not intended. * * There is a breach of promise, but attended also with fraud upon the testator as well as the plaintiff, by representing as if there was no occasion to alter the will.” Reech v. Kennegal, 1 Ves. 123; S. C. Amb. 67; 1 Wils. 227.
So in 1796, instead of changing his will with the avowed intention of increasing the annuity to his wife, the testator told his residuary legatee he would “leave it to his generosity to pay it as he promised,” — and a trust was imposed on the residue of the assets. The master of the rolls said: “The word ‘generosity’ cannot be construed to take away the effect of a solemn desire of the testator coupled with the promise of the defendant. The defendant had no intention of fraud at that time, for he desired the testator to make a new will. Leaving it to his ‘generosity’ is leaving it to his honor and conscience. * * The tpiestion is, whether by reposing that trust in the defendant, the testator was not prevented from making a new will. The defendant ought to have told him that, if he did not make a new will, ho would not do it. Instead of that he promised to do it, upon which the testator refused to make a new will.” Barrows v. Greenough, 3 Ves. 152.
In 1804, Lord Eldon said: “If a father devises to his youngest son who promises that if the estate is devised to him, he will pay £10,000 to the eldest son, this court would compel the former to discover whether that passed by parol; and if he acknowledged it, even praying the benefit of the statute,, he would be a trustee to the value of £10,000.” Strickland v. Aldridge, 9 Ves. 516.
And the like result is brought about by the silent assent of the devisee to a like proposal of the testator. Byrn v. Godfrey, 4 Ves. 6, 10; Paine v. Hall, 18 Ves. 475.
In 1836, natural children of the testator alleged in substance in their bill that the testator’s wife promised, in consideration of his giving to her the whole estate, to leave it to them at her decease, upon the faith of which he did it. Shadwell, V. C., said: [154]*154“My opinion is that if it were perfectly clear that the state of circumstances took place which the plaintiffs allege, they would be entitled to the relief they ask.” Podmore v. Gunning, 7 Sim. 644, 654.
In 1852, a residuary estate was devised with an oral intimation by the testator to the devisee that he had confidence that he would carry out the testator’s intentions which devisee well knew and assented to, — and the devisee was held a trustee. Lord Justice Turner, V. 0., in discussing the question of the devisee’s undertaking, said: “The true test of the answer to this question is this, — would the testator have left the property to the defendant if he had stated, in answer to that question, that he would not carry out the disposition which the testator intended to effect through the medium of the trust. No one can doubt that if the defendant had stated that he would not carry out such intentions, the disposition in Ms favor would not have been found in the will.” Russell v. Jackson, 10 Hare, 204, 211.
In the often cited case of Wallgrave v. Tebbs, 2 K. & J. 321, the joint devisees of real estate denied that they ever knew anything of the testator’s intentions till after his decease, but an unsigned letter written by him expressed Ms confidence in their application of the devised property in accordance with Ms desires, — Wood, V. C., (then Lord Hatherly) upheld the trust, saying: “Where a person knowing that a testator in making a disposition in Ms favor, intends it to be applied for purposes other than Ms own benefit, either expressly promises, or by silence implies, that he will carry the testator’s intention into effect, and the property is left to him on the faith of that promise or undertaking, it is in effect a case of trust; and in such case, the court will not allow the devisee to set up the statute of frauds, or, rather the statute of wills, by which the statute of frauds is now in this respect superseded; and for this reason, — the devisee, by his conduct, has induced the testator to leave him the property, and, as Lord J. Turner says in Russell v. Jackson, supra, no one can doubt that if the devisee had stated that he would not carry into effect the intentions of the testator, the disposition in Ms favor would not have been found in the will. But in tliis, the court does not [155]*155violate the spirit of tlie statute; but for tbe same end, namely, the prevention of fraud, it ingrafts the trust on tlie devise, in order to prevent a party from applying property to a purpose foreign to that for which he undertook to hold it.”
In 1867, in Jones v. Badley, L. R. 3 Eq. 635, 652, Lord Romilly, M. R., quoted the foregoing extract entire and declared the law to be therein very “accurately and very comprehensively stated.” On the appeal in 1868, Lord Cairns quoted the same extract and pronounced it “the clear and felicitous exposition of the law.” Jones v. Badley, 3 Ch. Ap. 362.
And in 1878, in Rowbotham v. Dunnett, L. R. 8 Ch. Div. 430, 436, Malins, V. C., made the same quotation and pronounced the law “correctly laid down,” but dismissed the bill for want of' proof.
In 1869, in McCormick v. Grogan, L. R. 4 H. L. 82, where under the peculiar circumstances of the case no trust was decreed, some of the language of Lord Westbury in the fore part of his opinion, where he says the court “must see that personal fraud, a malus animus is proved, &c., has sometimes been urged by defendants as requiring more than the authorities already cited; but when it is considered in connection with the facts before him and with his own illustrations in the same opinion, that erroneous view vanishes. After discussing the rationale of the principle of dealing with the statute of frauds and of wills, he said: “If an individual on his death-bod, or at any other time, is persuaded by his heir-at-law or his next of kin, to abstain from making a will; or if the same individual having made a will, communicates the disposition to the person on the face of the will benefited by that disposition, but at the same time says to him that he has a purpose to answer which he has not expressed in the will, but which he depends on the disponee to carry into effect, and the disponee assents to it, either expressly, or by any mode of action which the disponee knows must give to the testator the impression and belief that he fully assents to the request; then undoubtedly, the heir-ahlaw in the one case, and the disponee in the other, will be converted into trustees, simply on the principle that an individual, shall not be benefited by Ms own personal fraud.”
[156]*156Such, in 1873, was the view of Sir James Bacon, V. C., in Norris v. Frazer, L. R. 15 Eq. 318, 330, where a husband and wife were devisees of the bulk of the property of a testator who expressed a desire that an annuity of ¿6300 should be provided for a third person which the wife testified she promised and the husband assented to. The vice chancellor said: “Mr. Swanston has read particularly from Lord Westbury’s judgment in McCormick v. Grogan, the condition as to what the court has to see proved before it admits any such claim, and he says it must be proved that there was direct personal fraud. * * If the statement made by Mrs. Frazer (one of the devisees) be true, then a more direct, a more distinct personal fraud could not be committed than for Mrs. F. to refuse to perform that promise which she made to the testator on his death-bed.”
To the same general purport are Riordan v. Barron, 10 Ir. Eq. Rep. 645, and Fleetwood's Case, 15 Ch. Div. 594, 606 (decided in 1880). In the latter case, Hall, Y. C., after reviewing numerous cases, said: “The testator, at least when his purpose is communicated to, and accepted by the proposed legatee, makes the disposition to Mm on the faith of Ms carrying out his promise, and it would be a fraud in Mm to refuse to perform that promise.”
Once more in the English courts id 1884, in Boye's Case, 26 Ch. Div. 531, 535, in speaking of tMs class of cases, Kay, J., said: “In these cases the court has compelled discovery and performance of the promise, treating it as a trust binding on the conscience of the donee, on the ground that otherwise a fraud would be committed, because it is presumed that if it had not been for such promise the testator would not have made or would have revoked the gift,” citing cases supra.
This general doctrine, so long and so thorougldy established in England, has been adopted in several of the states and fully recognized in others.
Thus in 1803, a father was induced to make no will and let Ms Maryland property descend to Ms eldest son on the latter’s promise to convey the same to his younger brother provided, as was expected, he himself succeeded to certain property in Scotland, winch he did subsequently inherit, — and the court enforced the promise. Browne v. Browne, 1 Harr. & J. (Md.) 430.
[157]*157In Owing's Case, 1 Bland’s Ch. 370 (17 Am. Dec. 311, 317, 338) after stating the English doctrine of enforcing oral promises of devisees, Bland, Ch., said: If in such cases the person beneficially interested “could not have the promise enforced, his loss would be irretrievable. He making the promise would be suffered to frustrate the intention of the deceased, to practice a fraud with perfect impunity; and the statute of frauds, if allowed to apply, would be made to operate for the protection, instead of the prevention of fraud.”
In Pennsylvania in 1832, the testator’s brother was made his residuary devisee on his promise to apply the property for the benefit of the testator’s illegitimate son, and a trust was decreed. Gibson, C. J., said: “Equity turns the fraudulent procurer of the legal title into a trustee to get at him. * * A mere refusal to perform the trust is, undoubtedly not enough, * * It seems to be requisite that there should appear to have been an agency, active or passive in procuring the devise,” and, after citing several of the English cases, said: “If the testator was induced by the promise of his brother, much more if by his suggestion, to believe that a devise to him was the most-prudent plan of securing the estate to his illegitimate son, it can not be said that a breach of confidence thus reposed in him, was intended to be protected by this statute.” Hoge v. Hoge, 1 Watts, (Pa.) 163, 215, 216. To the same purport are Jones v. McKee, 3 Pa. St. 496, S. C. 6 Pa. St. 425, and Church v. Ruland, 64 Pa. St. 432; Schultz’s Ap. 80 Pa. St. 396.
The English rules have also been adopted and enforced or fully recognized in the following cases: Williams v. Fitch, 18 N. Y. 546, O'Hara v. Dudley, 95 N. Y. 403, a full discussion of the whole subject. Dowd v. Tucker, 41 Conn. 197; Williams v. Vreeland, 32 N. J. Eq. 734; Glass v. Hulbert, 102 Mass. 24, 39, 40; Campbell v. Brown, 129 Mass. 23, 26; Olliffe v. Wells, 130 Mass. 221, 224.
The plaintiffs are the nephews and niece of Orrin Gilpatrick’s children of his two deceased sisters, Thomas Gilpatrick being the only child of one of the sisters and the other plaintiffs, children of the other. If the property should go to them according to the [158]*158law of descent, Thomas would be entitled to one-half “by right of representation” and the other half to the other plaintiffs equally. R. S., c. 75, § 1. Mr. G. invariably spoke of its going to his heirs generally. Mrs. G.’s certificate expressed her desire that ■ “it should be equally divided between his heirs,” — which having been written soon after her husband’s decease, may be considered as probably expressing the real understanding between her and her husband. Such a division would also seem equitable.
We are of opinion, therefore, that the bill be sustained, and that the plaintiffs have judgment against the goods and estate of Sarah Gilpatrick in the hands of the administrator on her estate for the sum of $9508.06, less the sums paid to Zubra Gilpatrick, the amount paid for erecting the monument and caring for the cemetery and the commissions paid to the executor, — which amount, if not agreed upon by the parties, to be ascertained by a master.
Decree accordingly.
Peters, C. J., Walton, Daneorth, Emery and Haskell, JJ., concurred.