Stevens, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
Appellant Gillis is the legal guardian of the property «of Jack C. Jarvis, Jr., a minor, and prosecutes this appeal from a decree of the chancery court of Lauderdale county sustaining the prayer of appellees’ bill to cancel a certain deed executed by Miss Susan E. Caraway, whereby there was conveyed to the minor certain property in Meridian, Miss. Miss Caraway, now deceased, was an aunt of Jack C. Jarvis, Jr. — the sister of Jack’s mother, Mrs. Nellie Jarvis. The mother of Jack died when he was about two years of age. The little boy was then taken in charge by Miss Susan E. Caraway, the grantor of the deed here brought into question, and at a time when Miss Caraway was approximately fifty-three years of age. At the time Miss Caraway took charge of the boy, she was and had for a number of years been afflicted with paralysis, being paralyzed from her hips down, and on account of this paralysis in her lower limbs she was required to spend [673] her days in a rolling chair by which she was moved in and about the house. The home in Meridian was owned by this paralytic; and Miss Caraway’s mother, Mrs. Martha Jane Caraway, a very elderly lady, was also a member of the household. It appears that Miss Susan E. Caraway owned two parcels of real estate, one the home place in Meridian, the other, some property in Hattiesburg, Miss. The minor continued to live in the Caraway home as a ward of Miss Caraway and the boy’s grandmother until December 30, 1910, when Miss Caraway died. It appears that about the middle of October, 1910, a little more than two months prior to her death, Miss Caraway underwent a minor operation re ferred to as “tapping,” and a quantity of fluid was taken from her. This operation was performed by Mrs. Castles, a woman physician of Meridian. On December 14, 1910, Miss Caraway executed a deed of conveyance, the original of which has been transmitted to this court for inspection, and which deed is the subject of attack in this suit. The deed is as follows:
“For and in consideration of love and affection, and for the further loving and careful attention rendered by her to me, especially during the last fifteen years of my life, I hereby grant, bargain, sell, convey, and warrant unto my mother, Martha Jane Caraway for the remainder of her natural life the following described real estate, to wit: Lots 13 and 14 in block 56 of and according to Eagsdale’s survey in the city of Meridan, county of Lauderdale, and state of Mississippi. Together with all improvements thereon. For the same consideration hereinabove expressed,. I grant, bargain, s.ell, convey, and warrant unto her the said Martha Jane Caraway, In fee simple, lot 9 in block 5 of and according to D. DMclnnis’ First survey of the city of Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Together with all improvements thereon.
“For and in consideration of my love and affection for my nephew, John Caraway Jarvis, whom I have reared almost since his infancy, and who has been a great source of aid, convenience and pleasure to me, I hereby [674] grant, bargain, sell, convey and warrant to tbe said John Caraway Jarvis, lots 13 and 14 in block 56 of and according to Eagsdale survey in tbe city of Meridian, county of Lauderdale, and state of Mississippi. Together with all improvements thereon, he to take the said property at the death of my mother, Martha Jane Caraway, hereinabove named with the unqualified provision that the property is to remain his, and that he is not to sell the same before he is twenty-one years of age, and in event he should die before becoming twenty-one years of age, then and in that event the said property is to revert to my heirs.
“Witness my signature this 14th day of December, 1910. Susan E. Caraway.
“State of Mississippi, County of Lauderdale.
“Personally appeared before me the undersigned authority in and for the city of Meridian, state and county aforesaid, Susan E. Caraway, unmarried, who acknowledged that she signed and delivered the foregoing instrument on the day and year therein mentioned as her act and deed.
“Given under my hand and official seal this 14th day of December, 1910. Wyatt Eeasterling, Notary Public for the City of Meridian. [Impression of notarial seal here.]"
It will be observed that Mrs. Jane Caraway, mother of the grantor, was given a life estate in the property in Meridian, the only property involved in this suit, while the nephew was granted the remainder in fee with a stipulation against the sale of the .property by little Jack prior to his becoming twenty-one years of age. After the death of Miss Caraway, Mrs. M. J. Caraway, the mother, continued to reside in the home place conveyed by this deed until the date of her death, October 12, 1913, and during this time had full possession, control, and enjoyment of the property in accordance with the deed. Jack C., J.r., also continued to live with his grandmother until her death. There was no objection to or attack made upon this deed during the lifetime of [675] M. J. Caraway after her death, however, Mrs. L. E. Smith sister of the grantor and one of the appellee sherein moved into the house left vacant by the departure of the grandmother, and took this action it seems" without express authority from any "one. At the time Mrs. Smith moved into the house, the property of Jack C. Jarvis, Jr., was being administered in the chancery court of Forrest county by and through the chancery clerk of that county. Herbert Grillis, being then clerk and guard-ion aforesaid, was directed by the chancery court to take. charge of the real estate of the minor at Meridian and to collect rents, etc. The guardian thereupon demanded of Mrs. Smith rent for the use of the premises, and, upon refusal of his demand for rents, instituted an action in the justice court for one hundred and twenty dollars past-due rent and recovered a judgment by default in one of the justice courts of Lauderdale county, and thereafter a writ of garnishment was served upon the Union Bank & Trust Company. After the filing of this suit for rent, Mrs. S. A. Davis, another sister of the deceased grantor, and W. B. Caraway, a brother, joined Mrs. Smith in the filing of the bill of complaint in this cause against Jack C. Jarvis," Jr., a minor, and his legal guardian, and against Mrs. Nannie Peterler, another sister, resident of Houston, Tex. The bill of complaint charges that Miss Susan E. Caraway at the time she executed the said deed was insane and thereby mentally incapacitated to execute the conveyance. The bill also charges that the deed “was procured by deception, fraud, and duress practiced upon the said Susan E. Caraway by certain of her relatives in the interest of and for the benefit of the said Jack O. Jarvis, Jr.” In another portion of the bill it is charged “that certain relatives, to wit, Mrs. Nannie Peterler, a sister of the said Miss Susan E. Caraway,- by over-persuasion" and undue influence, dictation, and threats procured and cause” the execution of said conveyance. The bill then is bottomed upon two main charges, one that the [676] grantor was “totally and wholly mentally incapacitated to execute a valid deed, ’ ’ and the other that the deed was “procured by deception, fraud, and duress,” practiced by Mrs. Nannie Peterler, a sister. There was a general denial of these averments of the bill by and through the answer of appellant. Testimony was taken for both parties, and the chancellor, upon héaring sustained the bill, and canceled the deed. Prom this decree, appellants prosecute this appeal and asks u.s to reverse the decree on the law and the facts.
The cancellation of the deed in this case cannot in our judgment be upheld either upon the law or the facts. It is necessary, therefore, for us to notice somewhat in detail the testimony relied upon by the complainants in justifying the relief sought. Before analyzing the facts, it is well in this case to remember that the burden of proof is upon appellees to maintain very serious charges. The complainants assume the burden of showing by clear and convincing testimony that Miss Caraway was mentally incapacitated to execute a deed or that the conveyance was procured by undue influence. In this case there was no confidential or fiduciary relationship between the parties now contesting. Therefore:
“Primarily, the person alleging that a contract, deed, gift, or will was porcured through the exercise of undue influence has the burden of proving that fact. . » . The proof must be clear and convincing.” Black on Rescission and Cancellation, vol. 1, par. 253.
The extent of the burden, the degree of proof, the true test was indicated by our court in the case of Burnett et al. v. Smith, 93 Miss. 566, 47 So. 117:
“There could have been no undue influence, unless ii was such as to take away the free agency of Mr. Hartzog, and the chancellor found that such was not the case. It must be kept in mind that capacity to make the deed is implied until overthrown by evidence, and we see by reference to 29 Ency., p. 105, that not every [677] influence is undue, and undue influence cannot be predicated of any act unless free- agency is destroyed, and that influence exerted ‘by means of advice, arguments, persuasions, solicitation, suggestion, or entreaty is not undue, unless it be so importunáte and persistent, or otherwise so operate, as to subdue and subordinate the will and take away its free agency. Nor is influence ordinarily considered undue which arises out of sympathy, kindness, attention, attachment or affection, gratitud e for past services, desire of gratifying the wishes of another or of relieving distress, claims of kindred and family or other intimate personal relations, love, esteem, social relations, prejudices, or flattery.’
“A man of sound mind may execute a will or a deed from any sort of motive satisfactory to him, whether that motive be love, affection, gratitude, partiality, prejudice, or even a whim or caprice.”
This has been the consistent holding of our court, as .shown by numerous eases which it is unnecessary here to collate. The principle is elementary and needs no citation of authority.
In reference to the charge of insanity or mental incapacity, it should be remembered that Miss Caraway had never been declared insáne, had never been treated for any mental disease, and the proof does not undertake even to show that she was what Blackstone calls “a fool natural.” Accordingly the rule announced by Mr. Black in paragraph 262, vol. 1, of the work above referred to applies. His statement is as follows:
“A deed or contract cannot be set aside on the ground of insanity if the person had sufficient mental capacity to understand in a reasonable manner the nature of the particular transaction in which he was engaged and its consequences and effects upon his rights and interests. It is sometimes said that a person hás capacity to make a deed if he has sufficient mind to be capable of transacting ordinary business affairs, or of pursuing his own ordinary business in his usual manner. But [678] this it too loose. The proper inquiry is whether he was capable of understanding and appreciating the nature and effect of the one particular act or transaction which is challenged.”
What is the legal meaning of the phrase “undue influence”? Mr. Black, at paragraph 240, thus defines it:
“It is here employed as denoting something wrong, according to the standard of morals which the law enforces in the relations of men, and therefore something legally wrong, something, in fact, illegal. . . . And influence is in this sense undue only when it introduces a transaction which injures some one materially or which is intrinscally unfair or unconscientious. To induce a man to do that which he ought to do, or that which accords with justice,'cannot be condemned by the law, no matter how the influence brought to bear upon his mind was acquired or how strenously it was exerted. It is said that the line between due and undue influence as affecting the validity of a deed, when drawn, must, be with full recognition of the liberty due to every owner of property to obey the voice of justice, the dictates of friendship, of- gratitude, and of benevolence, as well as the claims of kindred.”
We refer, also, in this’ connection, to Simonton v. Bacon, 49 Miss. 582; Wherry v. Latimer, 103 Miss. 524, 60 So. 563, 642; Knox v. Knox, 95 Ala. 495, 11 So. 125, 36 Am. St. Rep. 235. Did, then, the proof of the complainants measure up to the legal standard heretofore laid down by our. own court and fully recognized as the substantive law generally?
Perhaps the strongest witness introduced for the complainant was Dr. Sarah Castles. It is impossible to quote in detail all the evidence. It is sufficient to say we have read the testimony with the view of testing its legal sufficiency. Dr. Castles, who performed an operation for what she termed “acites” the middle of October, 1910, ■states in substance that Miss Caraway was “feeble-minded”; “she wouldn’t take any interest in anything; [679] she would just lay there and wouldn’t notice anything that was going on around her;” that she did not regard her as being “very strong mentally”; and at another point in her testimony, the grantor “was mentally defective.” This is the strongest language anywhere employed by the witness and is not based upon a statement of any observations or tests as to the mental strength or weakness of Miss Caraway; but, on the contrary, she states or admits, “I didn’t test her.” It is true that Dr. Castles was called as a physician and treated the patient for physical ailments, but the substance of her criticism of Miss Caraway’s mind is to the effect that after the operation the patient “wouldn’t carry on a conversation” and “talked in monosyllables”; that she did not seem to want to engage in conversation at all, and would not talk unless questions were propounded to her. Witness Mrs. Morris was an old acquaintance of Miss Caraway and testified, in substance, that the'latter “would just lie there,” and in her opinion she did not believe Miss Caraway could understand anything like a deed. On cross-examination, Mrs. Morris admitted that she had discussed with Miss Caraway the disposition she expected to make of her property, and that Miss Caraway intended to execute a will and devise the property to her sister Mrs. Smith, and witness was asked the following questions and made the following responses thereto:
“Q. Did she appear interested in the disposition of the property? A. Yes, sir. Q. You say this conversation took place two months before Miss Susan Caraway died? A. Yes, sir.”
Mrs. Kizziah, a daughter of W. B. Caraway, one of the complainants, also testified in substance that Miss Caraway “never noticed anything or had anything to say”; that “she would only answer a question if you would question her.” On cross-examination:
“Q. Did you have any conversation with your aunt, Miss Susan Caraway? A. Yes, sir. Q. Was she able to [680] talk intelligently with you? A. Yes, sir; until a few days before she died. . . . Q. If you asked her a question, she would give you an answer? A. Yes, sir.”
Witness does emphasize the fact that the last “few days of her life she would not” give very intelligent answers to questions and did not seem to. recognize visitors who called to see her. The witness identified a letter written by Miss Caraway in her own handwriting, and also a photograph which was incorporated in the record showing the photograph qf Miss Caraway and the little boy, Jack Jarvis, taken together; the former sitting in her invalid’s chair, and little Jack standing by her side. This witness further testified that her aunt, Mrs. Peterler,'sister of the grantor, resided in Houston, Tex., and had visited Miss Caraway about every two years, and that the two corresponded or wrote to each other every three or four days, with the exception of the time just preceding Miss Caraway’s death, and there were as many as two letters a day passed between these parties. She also testified that special delivery letters were brought to Miss Caraway along in December, 1910, the month of her death. The original of these letters were not introduced, and the witness was not permitted to detail the contents. This is the sister whom the bill charges exercised undue influence. Mrs. H. L. Tyler, who was not personally acquainted with Miss Caraway, was permitted, over. the objections of appellant, to testify to certain admissions made by Mrs. Peterler to the effect that the latter “kept the mails hot until she got the deeds from Miss Caraway like she wanted them,” but that the witness did not say what time it was that “she kept the mails hot.” Mrs. W. B. Caraway, wife of one of the complainants, also testified that Miss Caraway after ' the operation appeared to be suffering so, and it was such an effort for her to speak, that “she gradually went down,” and “wouldn’t ask for anything. ’ ’ To like effect" is the testimony of Mrs. W. J. Bogers, who said that after the operation Miss Caraway’s physical condition was very bad; that she [681] was required to remain in bed and had to be propped np; that she would not talk voluntarily, but simply responded to questions. All the witnesses referred to admitted that the grantor would respond to questions, but they emphasize her disinclination to converse. There was no expert witness introduced, and therefore the proof for the complainants rested altogether on lay testimony . No single witness testifies to any pronounced peculiarity of temperament or silly conduct on the part of Miss Caraway. There is shown no hereditary mental disease and no inability on the part of Miss Caraway during the many years of her invalid’s life to manage her own business affairs. It is manifest from other testimony that the condition observed by the witnesses was produced by physical weakness ad suffering. No one of the witnesses referred to was present at the time the deed was executed, and no living witness undertakes to state what the physical or mental condition of the grantor was on the day the deed was executed, except witness for the defendant whose testimony we now proceed to detail.
Standing against the scant showing of the complainants is the positive testimony of Mr. Wyatt Easter-ling, a member of the bar of Meridian in good standing. Mr. Easterling testified that, at the request of Miss Caraway, he drew the deed in question exactly in accordance with the grantor’s wishes; that- he himself was a notary public and took her acknowledgment to the deed; that there was present besides himself Mrs. M. J. Caraway, the grantor’s mother; that he saw Miss Caraway sign the deed with her own hand; that the grantor’s mother brought the book upon which she steadied her hands.; and that the grantor, while propped up in bed discussed the contents of the deed, signed, and acknowledged it. The witness is very positive that Miss Caraway fully understood what she wanted; that as evidence of this fact, the witness on the day before this deed was executed, had made a draft of a deed for [682] Miss Caraway, which preliminary draft was presented for her signature; but that “it was not exactly what she wanted, so she refused to sign it.” He testifies that this first deed was a conveyance of this property, and that, upon certain objections being made by her, he destroyed the first draft and prepared a second deed with a slight change to meet the criticism which Miss Caraway had made. We quote one or two questions from his testimony:
“Q. At whose instance was the change made in the deeds? A. Miss Susan E. Caraway’s. Q. As I understand you, there was something in the first deed that she did not like, and she had you go back and draw up a second deed before she would sign it? A. Yes, sir. Q. Was the correction made in the second deed? A. Yes, sir.”
Mr. Easterling furthermore testified that he was connected with the Caraway family and drew up this deed without compensation and as a personal favor to Miss Caraway. There was also introduced for the defendants Dr. W. H. La Parade, a distinguished minister of the gospel, who testified that from 1909 to 1912 he was pastor of the Central Methodist Church of Meridian; that he often visited iii the Caraway home; that Miss Caraway was religious, was a member of his church; that at her instance she got the little boy, Jack, to join the church; and that “her life seemed to be centered in Jack.” This witness saw Miss Caraway both before and after the operation, and the only .change noticeable was that * ‘ after the operation her mind seemed to be then a little less alert;” that both before and after the operation she had left “the impression that she wanted Jack to be taken care of.” Witness testifies that Miss Caraway appeared to him to be the controling head of the household, and that he observed “no abnormal condition of the mind,” but, on the contrary, that she talked to him with reference to the church and about various other topics. Mrs. Percy Scott, another witness, had been ae[683] quainted with Miss Caraway for twentw-two or twenty-three years and lived just across the street from her and frequently visited her. She bears testimony to Miss Caraway’s state of mind. So likewise does Mr. W. G. Graham, who was connected with the Meridian Dispatch, a newspaper, and who says that Miss Caraway was a regular subscriber to this paper and that witness made collections from her for the paper up until about the middle of September, 1910. Mrs. H. H. Easterling’, another witness, lived across the street and frequented the Caraway home and bears testimony to the affection that existed between little Jack and his aunt and to certain declarations that the grantor expected Jack to have her property. The manifest love and affection existing' between the grantor and little Jack is also shown by the witness Mr. C. W. Dunn, and the witness also testifies to the mental ability of Miss Caraway to dispose of her property. To like effect is the very clear and convincing testimony of Dr. J. R. Tackett, a prominent physician of Meridian, who says:
“I could not see that there was anything wrong with her mind at all. She seemed to be all right mentally.”
Mr. A. J. Moses, who at one time occupied rooms in the Caraway home, stated:
“She was as sane as any person I ever talked with and I spent hours with her in conversation many times.”
And Mrs. A. J. Moses says:
‘ She was well read and well posted on current events as well as history, was intelligent, and a woman of strong disposition; that from outward appearance Miss Susan E. Caraway and her mother regarded the boy (Jack Jarvis) and treated him almost as an idol.” .
The photograph introduced of Miss Caraway with the little boy by her side gives silent but appealing testimony of the tender relationship that existed between them. One thing stands out prominent in this record undisputed, a fact which cannot possibly be disputed by [684] word of mouth, and that is Jack C. Jarvis, Jr., at the time the deed in question was executed, was a minor of tender years, an innocent child, at that time ignorant of the execution and delivery of- the deed of which is now sole beneficiary. In the very nature of things, then, the real party in interest, a minor, had nothing in the world to do with the execution of this conveyance, and the learned chancellor went very far indeed in assuming the responsibility of denying to this child the right to enjoy the property conveyed. The other beneficiary, the grantee of the life interest, was permitted to enjoy the property during her lifetime.
In addition to Mr. Easterling who wrote the deed and took the acknowledgment, Mrs. M. J. Caraway, the grantee of the life interest, was the only other witness who was present at the time the deed was executed. The testimony of these witnesses, who saw -the execution of the deed and who were taken into the confidnce of Miss Caraway, is entitled to great weight. As said by our court in the early case of Brock v. Luckett, 4 How. 459, in reference tó a valid will:
The testimony of the subscribing witnesses “is entitled to greater weight than the testimony of those who had no such duty to perform, and especially is entitled to greater weight than the testimony of witnesses who were not present at the time of executing the will, and who did not see the testator on the day of its execution.”
If Miss Caraway could not execute a deed inter vivos, then certainly she was incapacitated to make a will. Could it be said that one who was only paralyzed in her lower limbs, and who had never been declared officially to be an insane person, should be denied the sacred right qf disposing of her property? In the note to Slaughter v. Heath, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1, and on page 29 of the volume, is the following:
“Paralysis, no matter how far it may pervade the system, does not necessarily so affect the mind as to render a testator incapable of making a will. McDaniel’s [685] Will, 2 J. J. Marsh. (Ky.) 331. The court said: ‘A paralysis does not destroy sensation. It impairs muscular power, and prevents the organs of the body from obeying implicitly the will of the mind. It affects the mind in some degree, of course; but its ravages do not prostrate the action of mind and body in the same degree. The faculties of each do not sink in pari passu. That which is immaterial and self-evident, and which reasons and thinks and lives forever, does not always slumber when the body is powerless. It may be sane, though occasionally lethargic. It may be sound and active when the tongue and the hand and the eye are incapable of motion; and may conceive and will what they refuse to execute.’ ”
And in Simonton v. Bacon, 49 Miss. 582, our court-said :
“A mere suggestion of a weakness of intellect alone is not of itself sufficient to avoid the contract; it must be shown that the other party used some undue means to, draw him into the agreement.”
The supreme court of the United States, in Ralston v. Turpin, 129 U. S. 663, 9 Sup. Ct. 420, 32 L. Ed. 747, also declares:
“That the grantor in a deed was in a declining state of health . . . when he executed the deed does not necessarily imply an absence of sufficient capacity to dispose of property by gift or otherwise.”
So, also, is the holding in Clark et al. v. Hartt et al., 56 Fla. 775, 47 So. 819.
On mental weakness or feeble mindedness, Mr. Black says:
“Mere mental, weakness, or feebleness or. dullness of intellect, from whatever cause arising, if it does not amount to imbecility or render the party incapable of understanding 'the nature and effects of his acts, does not incapacitate him from making a valid deed or contract. Proof of such feeble-mindedness does not overcome the legal presumption of sanity; and a con[686] tract or deed made by such, person should not be declared void on that ground in the absence of evidence that an unfair advantage was taken of his condition, or that he was the victim of fraud, duress, or undue influence.” Black on Rescission and Cancellation, sec. 263.
It is perfectly obvious that the mental weakness or feeble-mindedness must be of such force and effect as destroys the grantor’s free agency, and in this connection we direct attention to the fact that the bill does not and could not charge the minor with participating in any acts of duress or undue influence, and the only other party either charged or supposed to have exercised undue influence was the grantor’s sister, Mrs. Peterler, who resided in Houston, Tex., far removed from the grantor, and whose influence, if exerted at all, was done through certain, letters, the contents of which are not before the court. But the complainants, in attempting to show that this undue influencé' was exerted through correspondence, draw themselves into an admission that the grantor was mentally capable of carrying on or conducting the correspondence, and that she was writing many letters to her sister during the very month of her death. The disposition which Miss Caraway made of her property appears to us most natural. The proof shows that Mrs. Nellie Jarvis, the mother of little Jack, was a favorite sister of the grantor, and that on the death of this mother the baby -boy was taken into the Caraway home in Meridian and very naturally became the object of the solicitude and the bounty of this good woman. If therefore Mrs. Peterler, distantly removed from the scene, did in fact exercise any degree of influence, it would appear to us that her conduct is more to be commended than condemned. Miss Caraway had no dependents, and naturally favored her aged mother and this motherless boy.
This court always proceeds slowly in reversing a chancellor on the facts. But the Constitution invests us with appellate equity jurisdiction, and, in reviewing [687] this record, we do so as chancellors, charged with the solemn duty of requiring the proof to measure up to legal standards. If, according to our view of the facts, and the promptings of our conscience, the learned chancellor was manifestly wrong, then it becomes our plain duty to set aside the decree of the court below and apply the legal test as we see it. We have personally examined the deed; the signature is well written. The chief complaint against the mental capacity of Miss Caraway is that she was a woman of few words; that she would not converse unless interrogated. This criticism is not so severe after all if we remember the words of the ■Saviour:
“But let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay; for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil.”
It is perfectly manifest that the grantor’s silence was that of a patient and silent sufferer. The decree of the court below will be reversed and, the testimony being fully introduced by both parties, a decree will be entered here in favor of appellants dismissing the hill.
Reversed and dismissed.