AFFIRM; Opinion issued March 28, 2013
S In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas ──────────────────────────── No. 05-12-00105-CR ────────────────────────────
DAVID RAY GILES, Appellant V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 7 Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. F11-14742-Y ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Bridges, O=Neill, and Murphy Opinion By Justice Bridges
Appellant David Giles appeals his conviction for criminal mischief by impairing or
interrupting a public service under section 28.03(a)(2) of the penal code and his accompanying
sentence of two years= imprisonment, probated for two years, and restitution in the amount of
$17,609.02. In two issues, appellant contends: (1) the evidence was legally insufficient to support
the conviction; and (2) the trial court erred in admitting extraneous offense evidence. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
An Oncor field service representative was dispatched to reconnect electric service at 700
Keessee Drive, appellant=s residence, on February 8, 2011. The representative discovered a
jumper had been installed on the electric meter, a wire used to divert half of the load from being registered on the meter. Kevin Jones, a revenue security representative with Oncor, testified that
type of tampering would roughly cut someone=s bill in half. Upon discovering the jumper, the
service representative removed the jumper and locked and sealed the meter.
The following day, Jones visited the residence and noticed the seal had been damaged.
When he opened the meter, Jones discovered a new jumper had been installed. Ms. Giles came
out to ask Jones what he was doing, and Jones asked her about the tampering. Ms. Giles denied
any wrongdoing.
Jones testified the electric bill was in appellant=s name at the time of the incident, but has
since been transferred to his wife=s name. From continued investigation, Jones believed the
tampering of the electric meter at the residence began in 2006 when the meter readings dropped
from approximately 4,000 kilowatts a month to 800, and then to double digits. When the
kilowatts reached the double digits, appellant=s bill was around one dollar, plus some fees.
Jones testified that appellant had another account with Oncor at his business. Near the
time the tampering was discovered at appellant=s residence, tampering was also discovered at
appellant=s place of business.
Lieutenant Steve Lafferty of the Cedar Hill Police Department testified Jones contacted
him regarding the Oncor investigation. Based on the information provided by Jones, 1 Lafferty
issued a probable cause warrant on appellant. According to Lafferty=s report, the account holder
appeared to be David and Marie Giles. Lafferty charged appellant based on the presumption that
Aanybody that received economic benefit from the diverted utility can be held responsible for the
loss.@
1 Lafferty explained Jones sent him several emails and photographs, outlining the Ainterruption with public service where it shows the single bypass underneath the meter@ and Aa breakdown of what [Jones] believed to be the cost [Oncor] incurred or the loss that the company had.@ This evidence is part of the record before us.
B2B ANALYSIS
A. Extraneous Offense
In his second issue, appellant contends the trial court erred in admitting extraneous offense
evidence. Specifically, appellant complains of the evidence regarding the diversion of electricity
at his place of business.
Rule 404(b) prohibits the admission of extraneous offense evidence to prove an
individual=s character in order to show action in conformity with that character. TEX. R. EVID.
404(b). This limitation is not based on legal relevance; rather, the evidence is inherently
prejudicial, has a tendency to confuse the issues, and forces the accused to defend himself against
uncharged crimes in addition to the charged offense. Daggett v. State, 187 S.W.3d 444, 451 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005); Albrecht v. State, 486 S.W.2d 97, 100 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972). However,
extraneous offense evidence may be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.
TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). These exceptions are not exclusive, and the proponent of misconduct
evidence need not Astuff@ a given set of facts into one of the laundry-list exceptions set out in Rule
404(b) for admission to be proper; he must, however, explain the logical and legal rationales that
support admission. See De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
Rebuttal of a defensive theory is also a permissible purpose under 404(b). See Moses v. State, 105
S.W.3d 622, 626 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Albrecht, 486 S.W.2d at 101.
A trial court=s ruling on the admissibility of extraneous offenses is reviewed under an
abuse-of-discretion standard. De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 343. As long as the trial court=s ruling is
within the Azone of reasonable disagreement,@ there is no abuse of discretion, and the trial court=s
ruling will be upheld. Id. at 344. A trial court=s ruling is generally within this zone if the
B3B evidence shows that (1) an extraneous transaction is relevant to a material, non-propensity issue,
and (2) the probative value of that evidence is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading of the jury. Id. Furthermore, if the trial court=s
evidentiary ruling is correct on any theory of law applicable to that ruling, it will not be disturbed
even if the trial court gave the wrong reason for its right ruling. Id. When Jones testified
to the tampering at appellant=s place of business, defense counsel objected on the basis of
relevance, and the State argued it was offering the evidence under Rule 404(b). The following
exchange then took place:
THE COURT: . . . What theory under 404(b) are you offering it on?
THE STATE: Identity, intent.
THE COURT: How about that, [defense counsel]? That appears to be spot on to me.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Well, Judge, it sounds that way, but this whole concept deals with speculation and that=s the nature of the objection also.
THE COURT: Okay. The Court finds that the evidence is admissible under Rule
404(b) to show identity, as well as modus operandi. . . .
To be admissible to show identity, an extraneous offense must be so similar to the offense-at-issue
that the offenses are marked as the accused=s handiwork. Lane v. State, 933 S.W.2d 504, 519
(Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Sufficient similarity may be shown by proximity in time and place or by a
common mode of committing the offenses. Dickson v. State, 246 S.W.3d 733, 742 (Tex.
App.BHouston [14 Dist.] 2007, pet. ref=d) (citing Ransom v. State, 503 S.W.2d 810, 813 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1974)).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
AFFIRM; Opinion issued March 28, 2013
S In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas ──────────────────────────── No. 05-12-00105-CR ────────────────────────────
DAVID RAY GILES, Appellant V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 7 Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. F11-14742-Y ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Bridges, O=Neill, and Murphy Opinion By Justice Bridges
Appellant David Giles appeals his conviction for criminal mischief by impairing or
interrupting a public service under section 28.03(a)(2) of the penal code and his accompanying
sentence of two years= imprisonment, probated for two years, and restitution in the amount of
$17,609.02. In two issues, appellant contends: (1) the evidence was legally insufficient to support
the conviction; and (2) the trial court erred in admitting extraneous offense evidence. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
An Oncor field service representative was dispatched to reconnect electric service at 700
Keessee Drive, appellant=s residence, on February 8, 2011. The representative discovered a
jumper had been installed on the electric meter, a wire used to divert half of the load from being registered on the meter. Kevin Jones, a revenue security representative with Oncor, testified that
type of tampering would roughly cut someone=s bill in half. Upon discovering the jumper, the
service representative removed the jumper and locked and sealed the meter.
The following day, Jones visited the residence and noticed the seal had been damaged.
When he opened the meter, Jones discovered a new jumper had been installed. Ms. Giles came
out to ask Jones what he was doing, and Jones asked her about the tampering. Ms. Giles denied
any wrongdoing.
Jones testified the electric bill was in appellant=s name at the time of the incident, but has
since been transferred to his wife=s name. From continued investigation, Jones believed the
tampering of the electric meter at the residence began in 2006 when the meter readings dropped
from approximately 4,000 kilowatts a month to 800, and then to double digits. When the
kilowatts reached the double digits, appellant=s bill was around one dollar, plus some fees.
Jones testified that appellant had another account with Oncor at his business. Near the
time the tampering was discovered at appellant=s residence, tampering was also discovered at
appellant=s place of business.
Lieutenant Steve Lafferty of the Cedar Hill Police Department testified Jones contacted
him regarding the Oncor investigation. Based on the information provided by Jones, 1 Lafferty
issued a probable cause warrant on appellant. According to Lafferty=s report, the account holder
appeared to be David and Marie Giles. Lafferty charged appellant based on the presumption that
Aanybody that received economic benefit from the diverted utility can be held responsible for the
loss.@
1 Lafferty explained Jones sent him several emails and photographs, outlining the Ainterruption with public service where it shows the single bypass underneath the meter@ and Aa breakdown of what [Jones] believed to be the cost [Oncor] incurred or the loss that the company had.@ This evidence is part of the record before us.
B2B ANALYSIS
A. Extraneous Offense
In his second issue, appellant contends the trial court erred in admitting extraneous offense
evidence. Specifically, appellant complains of the evidence regarding the diversion of electricity
at his place of business.
Rule 404(b) prohibits the admission of extraneous offense evidence to prove an
individual=s character in order to show action in conformity with that character. TEX. R. EVID.
404(b). This limitation is not based on legal relevance; rather, the evidence is inherently
prejudicial, has a tendency to confuse the issues, and forces the accused to defend himself against
uncharged crimes in addition to the charged offense. Daggett v. State, 187 S.W.3d 444, 451 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005); Albrecht v. State, 486 S.W.2d 97, 100 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972). However,
extraneous offense evidence may be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.
TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). These exceptions are not exclusive, and the proponent of misconduct
evidence need not Astuff@ a given set of facts into one of the laundry-list exceptions set out in Rule
404(b) for admission to be proper; he must, however, explain the logical and legal rationales that
support admission. See De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
Rebuttal of a defensive theory is also a permissible purpose under 404(b). See Moses v. State, 105
S.W.3d 622, 626 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Albrecht, 486 S.W.2d at 101.
A trial court=s ruling on the admissibility of extraneous offenses is reviewed under an
abuse-of-discretion standard. De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 343. As long as the trial court=s ruling is
within the Azone of reasonable disagreement,@ there is no abuse of discretion, and the trial court=s
ruling will be upheld. Id. at 344. A trial court=s ruling is generally within this zone if the
B3B evidence shows that (1) an extraneous transaction is relevant to a material, non-propensity issue,
and (2) the probative value of that evidence is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading of the jury. Id. Furthermore, if the trial court=s
evidentiary ruling is correct on any theory of law applicable to that ruling, it will not be disturbed
even if the trial court gave the wrong reason for its right ruling. Id. When Jones testified
to the tampering at appellant=s place of business, defense counsel objected on the basis of
relevance, and the State argued it was offering the evidence under Rule 404(b). The following
exchange then took place:
THE COURT: . . . What theory under 404(b) are you offering it on?
THE STATE: Identity, intent.
THE COURT: How about that, [defense counsel]? That appears to be spot on to me.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Well, Judge, it sounds that way, but this whole concept deals with speculation and that=s the nature of the objection also.
THE COURT: Okay. The Court finds that the evidence is admissible under Rule
404(b) to show identity, as well as modus operandi. . . .
To be admissible to show identity, an extraneous offense must be so similar to the offense-at-issue
that the offenses are marked as the accused=s handiwork. Lane v. State, 933 S.W.2d 504, 519
(Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Sufficient similarity may be shown by proximity in time and place or by a
common mode of committing the offenses. Dickson v. State, 246 S.W.3d 733, 742 (Tex.
App.BHouston [14 Dist.] 2007, pet. ref=d) (citing Ransom v. State, 503 S.W.2d 810, 813 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1974)). Here, the evidence showed that, at the time the jumper was located on the
meter at appellant=s residence, another jumper was located on the meter at appellant=s restaurant.
AWhere a pattern of offenses are so similar that the offenses are marked as the handiwork of the
B4B accused and identity is at issue, then extraneous offense evidence may be admitted to prove
identity.@ Dickson, 246 S.W.3d at 743. We agree with the trial court that the extraneous offense
here was admissible to show identity as permitted under Rule 404(b). TEX. R. EVID. 404(b).
Furthermore, when the trial court made its findings at the conclusion of trial, it noted:
[I]f this defendant just happened to be the beneficiary of not only reduced power
charges at his residence but also at this barbecue restaurant and both of them was
someone else besides him, he would have to be the most unlucky man the world has
ever seen.
Here, the trial court is referencing the doctrine of chances. AThe >doctrine of chances= tells us that
highly unusual events are unlikely to repeat themselves inadvertently or by happenstance.@ De La
Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 347. Although the trial court could have reasonably presumed appellant=s wife
or someone else could have installed the jumper at his residence, it becomes far less likely that
appellant was innocent of the offense when a similar jumper was located at his place of business.
Like the trial court, we conclude the extraneous offense was also admissible under the doctrine of
chances. See id. We overrule appellant=s second issue.
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue, appellant argues the evidence was legally insufficient to support his
conviction. Appellant contends that, because the State presented no direct evidence that he
tampered with the electrical service at his residence and the presumption under section 28.03 of the
penal code was unconstitutional as applied, 2 the evidence was insufficient to support his
conviction. We disagree.
2 As will be discussed more fully below, appellant=s argument regarding the alleged unconstitutionality of the statutory presumption merely consists of a citation to this Court=s decision in Gersh v. State, 714 S.W.2d 80, 81 (Tex. App.BDallas 1986, pet ref=d).
B5B In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we examine all the evidence in
the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether a rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 894-95 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality
op.). In reviewing a record, circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in
establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish
guilt. Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16-17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
In order to obtain a conviction, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that appellant, without the effective consent of the owner, intentionally or knowingly tampered with
the tangible property of the owner and caused pecuniary loss or substantial inconvenience to the
owner or a third person. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. ' 28.03(a)(2). We first note section 28.03
contains a presumption that the person receiving the economic benefit has knowingly tampered
with the tangible property. See id. at ' 28.03(c). Appellant states that, in this case, the
presumption under section 28.03 was unconstitutional as applied and cites us to this Court=s
decision in Gersh v. State. 714 S.W.2d 80, 81 (Tex. App.BDallas 1986). The presumption
provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
' 28.03 Criminal Mischief
...
(c) For the purposes of this section, it shall be presumed that a person who is receiving the economic benefit of. . . power supply, has knowingly tampered with the tangible property of the owner if the. . . supply has been:
(1) diverted from passing through a metering device; or
(2) prevented from being correctly registered by a metering device . . . .
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. ' 28.03(c).
B6B In support of his statement that the presumption is unconstitutional, appellant cites us only
to this Court=s 1986 decision in Gersh v. State, 714 S.W.2d at 81, in which we determined A[t]he
connection between the proven tampering and the name of the person to whom the bill is mailed is
arbitrary, lacking a basis in common experience@ and is unconstitutional as applied. However, the
statute analyzed in Gersh is a predecessor statute, which differs in language from the one we
consider today. 3 The current statute no longer contains the Alast billed@ language this Court
deemed unconstitutional as applied in Gersh. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. ' 28.03(c). Therefore,
Gersh does not apply.
Furthermore, the record before us contains evidence of guilt beyond the presumption
provided in the current statute. The record reflects: (1) appellant and his wife resided at 700
Keessee Drive on February 8, 2011; (2) an Oncor representative discovered a jumper had been
installed on the electric meter at the residence; (3) the type of tampering on the meter would roughly
cut someone=s bill in half; (4) on the next day, February 9, 2011, Jones discovered the meter had
been tampered with again and another jumper had been installed; (5) his wife denied any
wrongdoing; (6) the electric bill was in appellant=s name at the time of the incident, but has since
been transferred to his wife=s name; (7) Jones believed the tampering of the electric meter at the
residence began in 2006 when the meter readings dropped from approximately 4,000 kilowatts a
month to 800, and then to double digits; (8) when the kilowatts reached the double digits,
appellant=s bill was around one dollar, plus some fees; (9) Lafferty testified the account holder
3 The former statute provided, in pertinent part, as follows:
(c) For the purposes of this Section it shall be presumed that a person in whose name. . . power supply is or was last billed and who was receiving the economic benefit of said. . . supply, has knowingly tampered with the tangible property of the owner if the. . . supply has been: (1) diverted from passing through a metering device; or (2) prevented from being correctly registered by a metering device.
TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. ' 28.03(c) (Vernon Supp. 1986) (emphasis added).
B7B appeared to be appellant and his wife; (10) photographic evidence shows the tampering at
appellant=s residence; and (11) near the time tampering was discovered at appellant=s residence,
tampering was also discovered at appellant=s place of business. Considering the record as a whole,
we conclude the evidence was sufficient to support appellant=s conviction for criminal mischief.
Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 894-95; Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at16-17. We overrule appellant=s first issue.
C. Reformation of the Judgment
The trial court=s judgment reflects appellant pled AGUILTY@ to the offense. Our review of
the record shows appellant actually pled ANOT GUILTY.@
We have the power to correct a clerical error in a judgment to properly reflect what occurred
in the trial court as shown by the record. See TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b); French v. State, 830 S.W.2d
607, 609 (Tex. Crim. App.1992). Therefore, we modify the judgment to reflect appellant pled
ANOT GUILTY@ to the charged offense.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled appellant=s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court as modified.
/David L. Bridges/ DAVID L. BRIDGES JUSTICE
Do Not Publish TEX. R. APP. P. 47 120105F.U05
B8B S Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
DAVID RAY GILES, Appellant Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 7 of Dallas County, Texas. (Tr.Ct.No. No. 05-12-00105-CR V. F11-14742-Y). Opinion delivered by Justice Bridges, THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee Justices O=Neill and Murphy.
Based on the Court=s opinion of this date, we MODIFY the judgment of the trial court to reflect appellant pled ANOT GUILTY@ to the charged offense. In all other respects, we AFFIRM the judgment as modified.
Judgment entered March 28, 2013.