Ryland, Judge,
delivered the opinion of the court.
Some time in July, 1829, Isaac B. Gibbons, the ancestor of the appellants, who then resided in Green county, in the state of Kentucky, having wasted a large portion of his estate by [473]*473dissipation, made a deed to trustees, of which the following is a copy :
“ This indenture, made this 31st of July, 1829, between Isaac B. Gibbons, of the county of Green and state of Kentucky, of the one part, and Stanton Buckner, of the state of Missouri, and Richard A. Buckner, of the county of Green aforesaid, of the other part, witnesseth: That the said Isaac B. Gibbons, for the love, good will and affection which he has towards his children, Louisa B. Gibbons, Judith Presley Thornton Gibbons, Morris Gibbons, and Caroline Aylett Gibbons, and also for the consideration of one dollar, in hand paid, the receipt of which is acknowledged, hath granted, bargained, sold and delivered to the said Stanton Buckner and Richard A. Buckner, the following slaves, to-wit: Abram and Molly, his wife ; Ben, John, Spencer, Peter, Jack, Dick, Brent, George, Manuel, Spencer, (son of Nancy,) Lucinda, Nancy, Ellen, Maria, Lydia, (daughter of Lucinda,) and Jane, and their future increase : To have and to hold the said slaves and their increase to the intents, uses and purposes following, to-wit: That the said Stanton Buckner and Richard A. Buckner are to retain the title and possession of said slaves and their increase, and to permit the full benefit of their labor and hire to be applied to the support and maintenance of the said Isaac and his wife, for and during their natural lives, and for the support, maintenance and education of their said children. At any time that the said Gibbons and wife may choose to deliver any of said slaves to any one of their children before mentioned, on being requested by the said Gibbons and wife, the said trustees, jointly or separately-, are to permit such child to take said slave or slaves so designated, and to charge them at a fair valuation to such child, taking care not to permit any child to take more than what may be supposed to be his or her equal part; and at the death of said Gibbons and wife, whatever may still remain on hand, not so disposed of, is to be divided among the said children, so as to make their respective parts as nearly equal as possible. To Elizabeth L. Williams, daughter of [474]*474said Isaac, be has already given a negro man named Robert, and a negro woman named Lydia, which were estimated at one thousand dollars at the time they were given. If the parts of said negroes and their increase, which may be given to each of said children named above; be more than equal to the value of the two given to said Elizabeth L. Williams, at the time they were so given, such child so receiving shall pay or secure to be paid to said Elizabeth, so much as will make the part of said Elizabeth equal to any one of the other children first named, or said part may be retained, so as to make said Elizabeth’s equal to the respective parts of the other children, the design being to make all the children equal in their respective parts, including the said Elizabeth. In testimony whereof, the said Gibbons hereunto sets his hand and affixes his seal, the day and year first above written. “IsaaoB. Gibbons, (seal.)
“Test: Aylett Buckner, Arthur P. Buckner, Kentucky.”
This deed was proved and recorded in the office of the clerk of the county court of Green county, Kentucky, in the manner shown by the following certificate endorsed thereon :
“ I, John Barret, clerk of Green county court, do hereby certify that this deed of gift from Isaac B. Gibbons to Stanton Buckner and Richard A. Buckner, trustees for Louisa B. Gibbons, Judith Presley Thornton Gibbons, Morris Gibbons and Caroline Aylett Gibbons was, on the 31st day of July, 1829, presented to me in my office, and proven by the oath of Aylett and Arthur P. Buckner, the two subscribing witnesses thereto, to be the act and deed of the said Isaac B. Gibbons ; whereupon, the same, together with the foregoing certificate, is truly recorded in said office. Given under my hand this 18th of September, 1829.
“ John Barret,'
“ By James J. Allen, D. C.”
Some time in March, 1831, the said deed was again acknowledged before Theodore Jones, recorder of Marion county in this state, and recorded in his office, in conformity to the laws of this state. Isaac B. Gibbons removed with his family from Green [475]*475county, Kentucky, to Marion county, Missouri, in the fall of the year 1829, bringing with him the most of the slaves mentioned in the deed of trust.
After his reaching Missouri, he contracted debts, on which judgments were after a while obtained, and executions were had against him and levied on some of the said slaves.
On the 14th of March, 1831, I. B. Gibbons sold to the respondent, Moses Gentry, the negro woman, Nancy, one of the slaves in question, and her child, and with the consideration money received paid off the executions. Gentry immediately took possession of Nancy and her child, and has held them and other children, born of Nancy since, up to the commencement of this suit, which the plaintiffs bring, upon the ground that the sale to Gentry was in violation of the trust, and passed no title as against the appellants. Isaac B. Gibbons died in 1848, having survived his wife. Richard A. Buckner died in Kentucky in 1848 or ’49.
The respondent stated in his answer that, prior to the purchase, he had heard of the deed of trust, and on inquiring of Stanton Buckner, was assured of its existence, but that said Buckner told him it was a sham business, prepared by the friends of Gibbons, who was addicted to drinking, to prevent his wasting his property. After this, he agreed to buy the ne-groes of Gibbons, if Buckner and Williams would join I. B. Gibbons in the bill of sale, which they did. Gentry insists, in his answer, that the deed of trust was never delivered, never legally acknowledged or recorded in Kentucky; denies that by such deed any interest passed to the appellants under the laws of Kentucky; that if said deed was executed, it was made with intent to defraud the creditors of Isaac B. Gibbons, who was indebted at the time. He insists that the bill of sale pass-, ed the title not only of Gibbons, but of his wife and children. He also relies on the statute of limitations of five years. On the trial, the appellants were forced to a nonsuit by the ruling of the court below.
On the argument in this court, several questions have been [476]*476made, which it is proper to notice; for, although the judgment below must be affirmed, on the ground of the suit not being brought by the proper parties, still it has been deemed by the court most advisable to give our views of some of these questions, should the parties interested see fit to renew the suit in proper mode hereafter.
From the ruling of the court below on several of the instructions asked, it is plainly to be seen that, in the opinion of that court, the deed of trust from Gibbons to the Buckners is void per se — void on its face. This, in the opinion of this court, is wrong ; the deed is not void upon its face. No one will pretend to deny the power of Gibbons to convey this property to trustees for the benefit of his wife and children, if he had no creditors ; and should have the’deed acknowledged and recorded as the statute of Kentucky required.
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Ryland, Judge,
delivered the opinion of the court.
Some time in July, 1829, Isaac B. Gibbons, the ancestor of the appellants, who then resided in Green county, in the state of Kentucky, having wasted a large portion of his estate by [473]*473dissipation, made a deed to trustees, of which the following is a copy :
“ This indenture, made this 31st of July, 1829, between Isaac B. Gibbons, of the county of Green and state of Kentucky, of the one part, and Stanton Buckner, of the state of Missouri, and Richard A. Buckner, of the county of Green aforesaid, of the other part, witnesseth: That the said Isaac B. Gibbons, for the love, good will and affection which he has towards his children, Louisa B. Gibbons, Judith Presley Thornton Gibbons, Morris Gibbons, and Caroline Aylett Gibbons, and also for the consideration of one dollar, in hand paid, the receipt of which is acknowledged, hath granted, bargained, sold and delivered to the said Stanton Buckner and Richard A. Buckner, the following slaves, to-wit: Abram and Molly, his wife ; Ben, John, Spencer, Peter, Jack, Dick, Brent, George, Manuel, Spencer, (son of Nancy,) Lucinda, Nancy, Ellen, Maria, Lydia, (daughter of Lucinda,) and Jane, and their future increase : To have and to hold the said slaves and their increase to the intents, uses and purposes following, to-wit: That the said Stanton Buckner and Richard A. Buckner are to retain the title and possession of said slaves and their increase, and to permit the full benefit of their labor and hire to be applied to the support and maintenance of the said Isaac and his wife, for and during their natural lives, and for the support, maintenance and education of their said children. At any time that the said Gibbons and wife may choose to deliver any of said slaves to any one of their children before mentioned, on being requested by the said Gibbons and wife, the said trustees, jointly or separately-, are to permit such child to take said slave or slaves so designated, and to charge them at a fair valuation to such child, taking care not to permit any child to take more than what may be supposed to be his or her equal part; and at the death of said Gibbons and wife, whatever may still remain on hand, not so disposed of, is to be divided among the said children, so as to make their respective parts as nearly equal as possible. To Elizabeth L. Williams, daughter of [474]*474said Isaac, be has already given a negro man named Robert, and a negro woman named Lydia, which were estimated at one thousand dollars at the time they were given. If the parts of said negroes and their increase, which may be given to each of said children named above; be more than equal to the value of the two given to said Elizabeth L. Williams, at the time they were so given, such child so receiving shall pay or secure to be paid to said Elizabeth, so much as will make the part of said Elizabeth equal to any one of the other children first named, or said part may be retained, so as to make said Elizabeth’s equal to the respective parts of the other children, the design being to make all the children equal in their respective parts, including the said Elizabeth. In testimony whereof, the said Gibbons hereunto sets his hand and affixes his seal, the day and year first above written. “IsaaoB. Gibbons, (seal.)
“Test: Aylett Buckner, Arthur P. Buckner, Kentucky.”
This deed was proved and recorded in the office of the clerk of the county court of Green county, Kentucky, in the manner shown by the following certificate endorsed thereon :
“ I, John Barret, clerk of Green county court, do hereby certify that this deed of gift from Isaac B. Gibbons to Stanton Buckner and Richard A. Buckner, trustees for Louisa B. Gibbons, Judith Presley Thornton Gibbons, Morris Gibbons and Caroline Aylett Gibbons was, on the 31st day of July, 1829, presented to me in my office, and proven by the oath of Aylett and Arthur P. Buckner, the two subscribing witnesses thereto, to be the act and deed of the said Isaac B. Gibbons ; whereupon, the same, together with the foregoing certificate, is truly recorded in said office. Given under my hand this 18th of September, 1829.
“ John Barret,'
“ By James J. Allen, D. C.”
Some time in March, 1831, the said deed was again acknowledged before Theodore Jones, recorder of Marion county in this state, and recorded in his office, in conformity to the laws of this state. Isaac B. Gibbons removed with his family from Green [475]*475county, Kentucky, to Marion county, Missouri, in the fall of the year 1829, bringing with him the most of the slaves mentioned in the deed of trust.
After his reaching Missouri, he contracted debts, on which judgments were after a while obtained, and executions were had against him and levied on some of the said slaves.
On the 14th of March, 1831, I. B. Gibbons sold to the respondent, Moses Gentry, the negro woman, Nancy, one of the slaves in question, and her child, and with the consideration money received paid off the executions. Gentry immediately took possession of Nancy and her child, and has held them and other children, born of Nancy since, up to the commencement of this suit, which the plaintiffs bring, upon the ground that the sale to Gentry was in violation of the trust, and passed no title as against the appellants. Isaac B. Gibbons died in 1848, having survived his wife. Richard A. Buckner died in Kentucky in 1848 or ’49.
The respondent stated in his answer that, prior to the purchase, he had heard of the deed of trust, and on inquiring of Stanton Buckner, was assured of its existence, but that said Buckner told him it was a sham business, prepared by the friends of Gibbons, who was addicted to drinking, to prevent his wasting his property. After this, he agreed to buy the ne-groes of Gibbons, if Buckner and Williams would join I. B. Gibbons in the bill of sale, which they did. Gentry insists, in his answer, that the deed of trust was never delivered, never legally acknowledged or recorded in Kentucky; denies that by such deed any interest passed to the appellants under the laws of Kentucky; that if said deed was executed, it was made with intent to defraud the creditors of Isaac B. Gibbons, who was indebted at the time. He insists that the bill of sale pass-, ed the title not only of Gibbons, but of his wife and children. He also relies on the statute of limitations of five years. On the trial, the appellants were forced to a nonsuit by the ruling of the court below.
On the argument in this court, several questions have been [476]*476made, which it is proper to notice; for, although the judgment below must be affirmed, on the ground of the suit not being brought by the proper parties, still it has been deemed by the court most advisable to give our views of some of these questions, should the parties interested see fit to renew the suit in proper mode hereafter.
From the ruling of the court below on several of the instructions asked, it is plainly to be seen that, in the opinion of that court, the deed of trust from Gibbons to the Buckners is void per se — void on its face. This, in the opinion of this court, is wrong ; the deed is not void upon its face. No one will pretend to deny the power of Gibbons to convey this property to trustees for the benefit of his wife and children, if he had no creditors ; and should have the’deed acknowledged and recorded as the statute of Kentucky required. We will not pretend to give any opinion in relation to the statutes of 50 Edward III, ch. 6, and 8 Henry VII, ch. 4, being in force in Kentucky or not. Nor will we give any opinion of the laws of Kentucky bearing on this subject, further than to say that we consider the acknowledgment before the deputy clerk and his certificate sufficient, (Moore v. Farrow, 3 A. K. Marsh. 41.) We do not .feel disposed to lay down the rules of law which may hereafter be invoked in this case; nor to express our opinion whether the intention expressed by the deed in question would be carried out by the principles of the common law or not. We say the deed is not fraudulent on the face of it — not a fraud per se ; that it is properly acknowledged and certified by the deputy clerk; that the question of fraud made by the answer should have been submitted to the jury under proper instructions from the court.
There are cases certainly where it would be proper for the court to declare that -a deed is fraudulent on its face. But the case should be a strong one to call for the exercise of this power. Fraud is so much a question of intention, so essentially a matter of fact, that it is better, in a majority of cases, to refer its existence or non-existence to the finding of a jury.
[477]*477Tbe old doctrine of fraud per se, once so familiar, bas been greatly modified, .and tbe courts are growing less inclined to administer its basty conclusions, always severe, and sometimes unjust. In this instance, there is nothing on tbe face of tbe deed showing fraud, or authorizing tbe court to declare it void. Rut it is entirely proper for tbe defendant to show, if be can, that, in point of fact, tbe deed was made with tbe fraudulent intent charged in his answer; also, if I. B. Gibbons did, soon after tbe execution of this deed, voluntarily pay off all bis creditors, tbe fact ought to be received as competent evidence in reference to tbe motive with which be is charged in making tbe conveyance.
Tbe plaintiffs show a deed of trust by which tbe legal title to the property appears not in them at least. Now these trustees, if they accepted tbe trust, must sue if they are alive. If they did not accept the trust, or will not sue, then the petition must be framed for tbe appointment of a trustee, or that tbe court shall direct tbe execution of tbe trust. These were tbe views entertained by this court at tbe last term, and should then have been given. However, I now deliver them as tbe opinion of Judge Scott, Judge Gamble and myself, tbe judges before whom tbe case was then argued.
The judgment of non-suit is affirmed.