[Cite as Geter v. Geter, 2022-Ohio-2804.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
CAROL D. GETER (WRIGHT- : SANTOS) DECEASED : : Appellate Case No. 29312 Plaintiff-Appellee : : Trial Court Case No. 1993-DR-1447 v. : : (Domestic Relations Appeal) MARK ANTHONY GETER : : Defendant-Appellant :
...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 12th day of August, 2022.
GREGORY J. SAUER, Atty. Reg. No. 0034507, Montgomery County Child Support Enforcement Agency, 1111 South Edwin C. Moses Boulevard, P.O. Box 8744, Dayton, Ohio 45422 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
DAWN S. GARRETT, Atty. Reg. No. 0055565, 70 Birch Alley, Suite 240-24005, Beavercreek, Ohio 45440 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
WELBAUM, J. -2-
{¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant, Mark Geter, appeals from a judgment finding him in
contempt for non-payment of child support.1 According to Mark, the trial court erred and
abused its discretion by finding him in contempt. Mark contends that his support
obligation should have been held in suspension under R.C. 3119.06(A) because he had
a “minimum child support order” and was receiving means-tested assistance at the time
of the contempt hearing.
{¶ 2} We conclude that R.C. 3119.06(A) does not apply to this case, and the trial
court did not abuse its discretion by finding Mark in contempt. Mark was not entitled to
have his payments suspended under R.C. 3119.06(A), which provides for suspension of
support due where a party is paying a “minimum child support order” and is receiving
means-tested public assistance as defined by R.C. 3119.01(C)(12)(a). R.C. 3119.01
and R.C. 3119.06(A) do not apply because Mark was not paying a “minimum child support
order.” Instead, the contempt action involved an “arrearage only” order and was
governed by R.C. 3123.14, not R.C. Chap. 3119.
{¶ 3} In considering whether Mark should be held in contempt, the trial court was
not deciding what amount should be withheld for the arrearage. That issue was already
decided in a prior arrearage repay order that Mark failed to appeal. The court, rather,
was addressing whether Mark failed to pay on the arrearage as previously ordered and,
therefore was in contempt of court. As a result, R.C. 3123.14 applied. This statute
allows courts to punish parties who fail to comply with pay arrearage repay orders.
1 For convenience, we will refer to the original divorce parties by their first names. -3-
{¶ 4} Mark also failed to file a transcript when he objected to the magistrate’s
finding that he had willfully failed to comply with the arrearage repayment order. Thus,
there was no evidence that Mark was on means-tested assistance when the arrearage
accrued and became final. There was also no evidence that Mark was on means-tested
assistance when the contempt hearing was held. However, even if Mark had been on
such assistance at the time of the hearing, R.C. Chap. 3119 would not have applied, for
the reasons stated. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.
I. Facts and Course of Proceedings
{¶ 5} The facts in this case related to non-payment of child support are as follows.
On August 25, 1993, Carol Geter filed a divorce complaint against her husband, Mark.
At the time, the parties had two children, Mark Jr. and Devon, who had been born in 1989
and 1991 respectively. When Mark was held in contempt in October 2021, the children
had been emancipated for many years, as they were 32 and 30 years old at that time.
{¶ 6} A final judgment and decree of divorce was filed on November 22, 1993,
naming Carol as the primary residential parent and legal custodian of the children.
Effective November 3, 1993, Mark was ordered to pay support of $187 per month per
child, plus a 2% processing fee, for a total monthly child support payment of $382.49. At
that time, an arrearage of child and spousal support existed, so an additional payment on
those items was ordered in the amount of $225 per month. When the order was entered,
Mark was employed.
{¶ 7} On November 20, 2000, the court filed an order suspending the child support -4-
obligation as of March 21, 1998, due to Carol’s death. At that time, an arrearage existed.
Subsequently, on March 22, 2013, the Montgomery County Child Support Enforcement
Agency (“SEA”) filed a motion seeking to hold Mark in contempt based on his failure to
pay child support. The contempt motion noted that SEA had issued an administrative
default order on November 12, 2004, setting an arrears payment of $22 per month, plus
a processing fee. When the motion was filed, the arrearage was $21,226.85. The trial
court also granted SEA’s motion to join the Montgomery County Department of Job and
Family Services (“JFS”) as a third-party defendant because Carol had assigned rights to
JFS. This motion for contempt was later dismissed without prejudice because Mark
was not successfully served.
{¶ 8} SEA filed another motion for contempt on April 17, 2017, and again asked to
add JFS as a third-party defendant. The court again ordered SEA to be added to the
action. The arrearage at that time was $21,246.79. On June 26, 2017, SEA filed a
motion to amend its motion to a “Motion to Establish Arrears Repay” pursuant to R.C.
3121.36. A hearing on the repay motion was set for August 10, 2017.
{¶ 9} On November 17, 2017, a magistrate filed a decision, noting that the matter
had come before the court on August 10, 2017, for a hearing on SEA’s motion to establish
an arrearage payment. Mark had failed to appear for that hearing. Based on the
evidence presented, the magistrate found that Mark had last paid support in 2007, that
there was no information concerning Mark’s current finances, and that the current
arrearage was $21,183.15, plus fees. The magistrate, therefore, ordered Mark to pay
$50 per month and to report employment to the SEA. -5-
{¶ 10} Because no objections were filed, the trial court filed a judgment entry on
December 8, 2017, adopting the magistrate’s decision and ordering Mark to pay $50 per
month on the arrearage and to report his employment to the SEA. No appeal was taken
from that judgment.
{¶ 11} On October 8, 2019, SEA filed a motion asking the court to hold Mark in
contempt for failing to pay child support as ordered. At that time, the arrearage was
approximately $21,237, with the last payment having been received around January 10,
2018. The same day, SEA filed a motion seeking joinder of JFS as a third-party
defendant to enforce the support order. The court permitted the joinder.
{¶ 12} After Mark was served, a public defender filed a notice of appearance on
his behalf on October 22, 2019. After the first appearance hearing was held, the court
filed an agreed order stating that the current support order was $50 per month on the
arrearage and that Mark had denied the contempt and/or arrearage. A further hearing
was set for February 7, 2020, and Mark was ordered to provide documentation of his
inability to work. After that hearing, another agreed order was filed setting a contempt
hearing for April 3, 2020. This order also said that Mark was to provide medical
documentation as to disability.
{¶ 13} The April 2020 hearing was continued due to Covid emergency orders and
was subsequently continued again to December 18, 2020, with a notation that Mark would
pursue a “social security claim/SSD and would bring in a doctor’s statement as to disability
to the next hearing.” Another agreed order was filed on December 21, 2020, setting the
matter for further review on June 18, 2021. Again, Mark was ordered to obtain proof of -6-
disability. That order was later amended due to a clerical mistake, and the scheduled
review hearing was changed to a contempt hearing. The contempt hearing was then
rescheduled to July 9, 2021.
{¶ 14} At the July 9, 2021 hearing, Mark appeared with counsel. The transcript of
the hearing was not filed until after a final judgment was issued in the case. The
transcript was filed in the trial court on March 8, 2022, and with our court on March 10,
2022.
{¶ 15} Following the hearing, Mark filed a motion on July 15, 2021, seeking to
dismiss the contempt motion. The motion was based on a claim that Mark’s duty to pay
support should have been suspended pursuant to R.C. 3119.06. SEA replied to the
motion on July 23, 2021. On July 28, 2021, the magistrate filed a decision finding Mark
in contempt based on “unequivocal evidence” that he had not paid child support as
ordered. Magistrate’s Decision (July 28, 2021), p. 3. The magistrate further held that
Mark failed to present any evidence that he was unable to work, despite having been
asked to do so from 2019 to 2021, i.e., for nearly two years. Id.
{¶ 16} The magistrate also rejected Mark’s argument that receipt of food stamps
and Medicaid exempted him from paying on the child support arrearage; instead, the
magistrate found that Mark had willfully refused to pay the arrearage and had refused to
provide evidence of his inability to work. Id. Accordingly, the magistrate found Mark in
contempt, sentenced him to 30 days in jail, and suspended the sentence on the condition
that he pay on the arrearage as ordered. Id. at p. 4. The magistrate also dismissed
Mark’s July 15, 2021 motion to dismiss and set a compliance review hearing for January -7-
7, 2022.
{¶ 17} On August 11, 2021, Mark filed objections to the magistrate’s decision.
SEA responded on August 20, 2021, and Mark filed a reply on August 27, 2021. On
October 28, 2021, the trial court overruled Mark’s objections. The court noted that no
transcript of the contempt hearing had been filed. Decision and Judgment (Oct. 28,
2021), p. 2.
{¶ 18} In the decision, the court found that Mark did not have a minimum child
support order within the definitions in R.C. 3119.01; instead, he had an “arrearage only”
order under R.C. 3123.14. Thus, collection of the arrearage was governed by R.C.
Chap. 3123, not R.C. Chap. 3119. As a result, any means-tested exceptions in R.C.
Chap. 3119 did not apply. Id. at p. 4-5. The court also found that even if Mark’s
obligation arose under R.C. 3119.06 and his receipt of food stamps and Medicaid benefits
qualified as means-tested benefits, the arrearage payment could still be enforced. Id. at
p. 5. This was because there was no evidence that Mark received means-tested benefits
during the period in which the arrearage accrued. Id. at p. 5-6.
{¶ 19} After overruling the objections, the trial court found Mark in contempt and
imposed the same sanctions the magistrate had ordered. Mark then timely appealed
from the judgment.
II. Contempt of Court
{¶ 20} Mark’s sole assignment of error states that:
The Trial Court Exceeded Its Statutory Authority, Acted Without -8-
Authority and/or Abused Its Discretion When It Found Defendant/Obligor in
Contempt of Court for Failure to Pay a Minimum Order of Child Support at
Such Time as Said Obligor Was Receiving Means Tested Public
Assistance.
{¶ 21} Before addressing the assignment of error, we will outline the standards that
apply to contempt decisions and their review.
A. Contempt Standards
{¶ 22} “Contempt is defined in general terms as disobedience of a court order.”
State ex rel. Corn v. Russo, 90 Ohio St.3d 551, 554, 740 N.E.2d 265 (2001). “The power
of contempt is inherent in a court, such power being necessary to the exercise of judicial
functions.” Denovchek v. Bd. of Trumbull Cty. Commrs., 36 Ohio St.3d 14, 15, 520
N.E.2d 1362 (1988). “A common pleas court has both inherent and statutory power to
punish contempts * * *.” Burt v. Dodge, 65 Ohio St.3d 34, 35, 599 N.E.2d 693 (1992),
citing Zakany v. Zakany, 9 Ohio St.3d 192, 459 N.E.2d 870 (1984), syllabus. “Civil
contempt sanctions are designed for remedial or coercive purposes and are often
employed to compel obedience to a court order. * * * Thus, civil contempts are
characterized as violations against the party for whose benefit the order was made.”
(Citation omitted.) Corn at 554-555.
{¶ 23} “A prima facie case of contempt is made by establishing a prior court order
and a violation of its terms,” and contempt findings “must be supported by clear and
convincing evidence.” (Citations omitted.) Martin v. Martin, 179 Ohio App.3d 805, -9-
2008-Ohio-6336, 903 N.E.2d 1243, ¶ 24 (2d Dist.). After the moving party proves a
violation, the nonmovant bears the burden of establishing a defense for noncompliance.
Id.
{¶ 24} We review contempt orders for abuse of discretion. State ex rel. Cincinnati
Enquirer v. Hunter, 138 Ohio St.3d 51, 2013-Ohio-5614, 3 N.E.3d 179, ¶ 21. An abuse
of discretion “ ‘implies that the court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or
unconscionable.’ ” Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140
(1983), quoting State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980). “[M]ost
instances of abuse of discretion will result in decisions that are simply unreasonable,
rather than decisions that are unconscionable or arbitrary.” AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River
Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d 597
(1990). “A decision is unreasonable if there is no sound reasoning process that would
support that decision.” Id. This standard of review is “highly deferential,” and “we will
not lightly substitute our interpretation for that of the issuing court.” (Citations omitted.)
Id. at ¶ 29.
B. Discussion
{¶ 25} Under his assignment of error, Mark contends that the trial court erred and
abused its discretion because it failed to recognize that his child support payments were
a “minimum child support order” that should have been stayed under R.C. 3119.06(A)
due to his receipt of means-tested assistance. As noted, the trial court disagreed, finding
that Mark did not have a minimum child support order under R.C. 3119.06. Instead, -10-
Mark’s obligation was an “arrearage only” order and was governed by R.C. 3123.14, not
R.C. Chap. 3119. The court also found that even if Mark’s obligation arose under R.C.
3119.06 and Mark received means-tested benefits, Mark was not receiving assistance
when the arrearage arose. As a result, Mark could be held in contempt for failing to pay
as ordered.
{¶ 26} As mentioned, Mark failed to file a transcript of the contempt hearing, but
he did file a transcript during the course of this appeal. We cannot consider transcripts
that were not before a trial court when it overruled a party’s objections to a magistrate’s
decision. Daniel v. Daniel, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2005-CA-9, 2006-Ohio-411, ¶ 13. See
also Springfield Venture, L.L.C. v. U.S. Bank, N.A., 2015-Ohio-1983, 33 N.E.3d 85, ¶ 48
and fn. 4 (2d Dist.) “On appeal of a judgment rendered without the benefit of a transcript
or affidavit, an appellate court only considers whether the trial court correctly applied the
law to the facts as set forth in the magistrate's decision.” In re Estate of Lucas, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 23088, 2009-Ohio-6392, ¶ 32, citing Ross v. Cockburn, 10th Dist.
Franklin No. 07AP-967, 2008-Ohio-3522, ¶ 6.
{¶ 27} Here, Mark’s assignment of error relates to means-tested assistance that
he received. However, there is no actual evidence in the record regarding this
assistance. Concerning this point, the magistrate’s decision stated that:
Defendant/obligor’s argument [is] that his receipt of benefits – food
stamps and Medicaid – exempt him from paying on his child support
arrearage. This argument is not persuasive. Defendant/obligor has
willfully refused to pay on the arrearage [and] has refused to provide any -11-
evidence of his inability to work.
Magistrate’s Decision (July 28, 2021), p. 3.
{¶ 28} For purposes of discussion, we will assume that the “facts” in the
magistrate’s decision include (besides willful failure to pay on the arrearage) that Mark
may currently be receiving food assistance and Medicaid. We note that the magistrate
did not find these facts proven; instead, the decision stated that this was Mark’s
“argument.” The magistrate also did not specifically address Mark’s claim concerning
R.C. 3119.06. However, the trial court did, and it found the statute did not apply.
1. Potentially Applicable Statutes
{¶ 29} In his brief, Mark discusses both the current versions of R.C. 3119.01 (a
definitional statue) and R.C. 3119.06, as well as versions that were in effect at the time
of the July 9, 2021 contempt hearing. Appellant’s Brief, p. 3-6. Mark did not, however,
mention the statute the trial court found applicable, i.e., R.C. 3123.14. An initial question
arises as to which of these statutes may apply and what version should be used, since
they all have been amended at various times.
{¶ 30} Before we consider which statute or version applies, we note the general
principle that “absent a clear pronouncement by the General Assembly that a statute is
to be applied retrospectively, a statute may be applied prospectively only.” State v.
LaSalle, 96 Ohio St.3d 178, 2002-Ohio-4009, 772 N.E.2d 1172, ¶ 14. A two-part
analysis is used, with the first question being whether the General Assembly expressly
made the statute retrospective. Pratte v. Stewart, 125 Ohio St.3d 473, 2010-Ohio-1860, -12-
929 N.E.2d 415, ¶ 30, citing LaSalle at 181. “The General Assembly's failure to clearly
enunciate retroactivity ends the analysis, and the relevant statute may be applied only
prospectively.” Id.
{¶ 31} R.C. 3123.14 has been amended twice since it was enacted in 2000. See
S.B. 180, 2000 Ohio Laws 291, effective on March 22, 2001; Sub.S.B. 70, 2018 Ohio
Laws 48, effective on February 11, 2019; and Sub.H.B. 366, 2018 Ohio Laws 76, effective
on March 28, 2019. 2 The latest amendment would have been effective when the
contempt motion was filed in October 2019, and there has been no amendment since.
Therefore, the latest version would apply to the contempt proceedings.
{¶ 32} R.C. 3119.01 was also enacted in 2000 as part of S.B. 180.3 A number of
amendments occurred thereafter, but the most recent amendments before the 2017
arrearage repay order occurred in 2012. Those amendments were effective on
September 28, 2012. See Am.Sub.H.B. 337, 2012 Ohio Laws 131. R.C. 3119.01 was
not amended again until 2018, and those amendments were not effective until March 28,
2019. Id. at Sub.H.B. 366. This would have been before the contempt motion was filed
in October 2019. However, during the proceedings (after the magistrate’s decision in
July 2021 and the trial court’s decision in October 2021), R.C. 3119.01 was amended
2 R.C. 3123.14 replaced part of an existing statute, R.C. 2301.38(B). See Ohio Bill Analysis, 2000 S.B. 180, App. A (“Recodification chart organized by new section number”). R.C. 2301.38 itself was repealed in its entirety by S.B. 180. See S.B. 180, 2000 Ohio Laws 291. 3 Like R.C. 3123.14, R.C. 3119.01 replaced existing sections of the Revised Code. These included R.C. 2301.34; R.C. 2301.35(J)(2); R.C. 3111.20(A); R.C. 3111.241(A); R.C. 3113.21(P); R.C. 3113.215(A); and R.C. 3113.217(A). See Ohio Bill Analysis, 2000 S.B. 180, at App. A. -13-
again. See Am.Sub.H.B. 110, 2021 Ohio Laws 30, effective September 30, 2021. The
2021 amendments were minor and did not change any provision that is relevant here.
{¶ 33} R.C. 3119.06 was also enacted as part of S.B. 180 and was effective on
March 22, 2001.4 This statute was not amended again until 2018, with the amendments
being effective on February 11, 2019. See Sub.S.B. 70, 2018 Ohio Laws 48. Another
amendment occurred in 2018, with an effective date of March 28, 2019. Id. at Sub.H.B.
366. Again, the latest amendment was effective before the contempt motion was filed.
{¶ 34} Having reviewed the above statutes, we find no indication, either in the
statutes themselves or in available bill analyses, that the General Assembly intended
these statutes to be applied retrospectively.5 Therefore, even if R.C. 3119.01 or R.C.
3119.06 applied, the version of those statutes that would be relevant would be those in
effect when the contempt motion was filed in October 2019.
{¶ 35} When we speak of relevance, we do not mean that these statutes do apply
or that they could affect the validity of the December 8, 2017 order itself. Mark did not
appeal that judgment, and any attempt to attack its validity is barred by res judicata. E.g.,
In re Rummel, 194 Ohio App.3d 22, 2011-Ohio-2748, 954 N.E.2d 207, ¶ 14 (10th Dist.).
By “relevance,” we simply mean these versions were in effect when the contempt motion
was filed. Likewise, the version of R.C. 3123.14 that was in effect at the time of the
4Under S.B. 180, R.C. 3119.06 replaced existing R.C. 3113.215(B)(7)(a). See Ohio Bill Analysis, 2000 S.B. 180, at App. A. S.B. 180 repealed R.C. 3113.215 in its entirety. See S.B. 180, 2000 Ohio Laws 291. 5 See Ohio Bill Analysis, 2000 S.B. 180; Ohio Final Bill Analysis, 2018 H.B. 366; and Ohio Bill Analysis, 2018 S.B. 70. There was no bill analysis for Am.Sub.H.B. 337, which was enacted in 2012. -14-
contempt filing would be applied.
2. Whether R.C. 3119.01 and R.C. 3119.06 Apply
{¶ 36} We will first discuss R.C. 3119.01, which is part of R.C. Chap. 3119. This
chapter is located in Title XXXI of the Ohio Revised Code, which covers a wide range of
topics, including “Marriage” (R.C. Chap. 3101); “Husband and Wife” (R.C. Chap. 3103);
“Divorce, Legal Separation, Annulment, Dissolution of Marriage” (R.C. Chap. 3105);
“Adoption” (R.C. Chap. 3107); “Children” (R.C. Chap. 3109); “Parentage” (R.C. Chap.
3111); “Neglect, Abandonment, or Domestic Violence” (R.C. Chap. 3113); “Uniform
Interstate Family Support Act of 2008” (R.C. 3115); “Child Support Orders” (R.C. 3119);
“Withholding or Deduction from Income” (R.C. Chap. 3121); “Child Support – Default”
(R.C. Chap. 3123); “Child Support Enforcement” (R.C. Chap. 3125); and the “Uniform
Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act” (R.C. Chap. 3127).
{¶ 37} The pertinent parts of 3119.01(B) in effect in October 2019 have remained
unchanged since S.B. 2000 was enacted in 2000. This subsection provides generally
that: “[a]s used in this chapter and Chapters 3121., 3123., and 3125. of the Revised Code:
* * * ‘Child support order’ means either a court child support order or an administrative
child support order.” R.C. 3119.01(B)(2). A “support order” is also defined generally as
“either an administrative child support order or a court support order.” R.C.
3119.01(B)(5).
{¶ 38} Since this subsection is unchanged from the version enacted in 2000, the
Ohio Bill Analysis for S.B. 180 is pertinent. That document discusses why various -15-
sections of the Revised Code were repealed and incorporated into a number of other
sections, including R.C. 3119.01. The Bill Analysis for S.B. 180 explains that:
Under former law, Revised Code sections 3111.23 to 3111.28
governed administrative support orders, which were issued by CSEAs.
Revised Code sections 3113.21 to 3113.219 govern court-issued support
orders. Many of the provisions concerning administrative support orders
and court-issued support orders were virtually identical. The act repeals
the Revised Code sections governing administrative support orders and
incorporates those provisions into the renumbered sections governing
court-issued support orders (see Appendices A, B, and C). Differences
between administrative and court-issued support orders in existing law are
maintained.
The act establishes new definitions to clarify the types of orders to
which the statute refers. “Administrative child support order” refers to
orders for the support of a child that are issued by a CSEA. “Court child
support order” refers to orders for the support of a child that are issued by
a court. “Child support order” encompasses both administrative and court
child support orders. “Court support order” includes both a court child
support order and an order for the support of a spouse. Finally, a “support
order” means an administrative child support order or a court support order.
Ohio Bill Analysis, 2000 S.B. 180.
{¶ 39} The Bill Analysis for S.B. 180 further states that “[t]he act reorganizes -16-
(recodifies) the placement of child support provisions in the Revised Code. The
recodification places child support laws into four new Revised Code chapters: 3119.
(calculation of support); 3121. (collection and enforcement of support); 3123. (default);
and 3125. (state and local administration).” Id.
{¶ 40} Consistent with this reorganization effort, R.C. 3119.01(B)(2) and (5)
provide general and generic definitions of terms like “child support orders” and
“administrative support orders” that apply to all four chapters. However, each chapter
also has its own definitions that apply to the particular chapter. See R.C. 3121.01; R.C.
3123.01; and R.C. 3125.01. There have been minimal changes since these definitions
were outlined in S.B. 180. Consequently, the inclusion of and reference to all four
chapters in R.C. 3119.01(B)(2) is not significant and does not mean that anything in R.C.
Chap. 3119 (other than these general definitions) necessarily applies to these other
chapters.
{¶ 41} R.C. 3119.01 also contains definitions that apply only to R.C. Chap. 3119.
In this regard, R.C. 3119.01(C), as in effect when the contempt motion was filed, stated
that:
As used in this chapter:
***
(3) “Court child support order” means any order issued by a court for
the support of a child pursuant to Chapter 3115. of the Revised Code,
section 2151.23, 2151.231, 2151.232, 2151.33, 2151.36, 2151.361,
2151.49, 3105.21, 3109.05, 3109.19, 3111.13, 3113.04, 3113.07, 3113.31, -17-
3119.65, or 3119.70 of the Revised Code, or division (B) of former section
3113.21 of the Revised Code.
(5) “Court support order” means either a court child support order or
an order for the support of a spouse or former spouse issued pursuant to
Chapter 3115. of the Revised Code, section 3105.18, 3105.65, or 3113.31
of the Revised Code, or division (B) of former section 3113.21 of the
Revised Code.
(Emphasis added.) Sub.H.B. 366, 2018 Ohio Laws File 76, effective March 28, 2019.6
{¶ 42} Thus, while R.C. 3119.01(B)(2) and (5) contain some general definitions of
child support orders that relate to various chapters of the Revised Code, the definitions in
R.C. 3119.01(C)(3) and (5) apply only “as used in R.C. Chap. 3119.”
{¶ 43} R.C. Chap. 3119 contains various statutory provisions pertaining to
calculation of child support, including matters like “[p]arents’ child support and cash
medical support,” a child support schedule, child support guideline worksheets and
instructions, minimum child support orders, deviations from support ordered, factors for
deviation, and processing charges. See R.C. 3119.02; R.C. 3119.021; R.C. 3119.022;
R.C. 3119.06; R.C. 3119.22; R.C. 3119.23; and R.C. 3119.27. In other words, these
statutes involve assessment of what child support a parent (obligor) will be required to
pay.
{¶ 44} As an example, R.C. 3119.02 deals with “[p]arents’ child support and cash
6 The only difference between this version and the one originally enacted in S.B. 180 is a change in numbering. Compare S.B. 180, 2000 Ohio Laws 291. -18-
medical support.” Like the statutes already mentioned, R.C. 3119.02 was enacted in
2000 as part of S.B. 180. 7 It was not amended thereafter until 2018, and the
amendments were effective on March 28, 2019. See Sub.H.B. 366, 2018 Ohio Laws
File 76. This statute has not been amended since. Again, there is no indication that the
amendments were intended to apply retrospectively. The 2019 version, therefore, was
effective when the arrearage repay order was issued and when the contempt motion was
filed in October 2019. The original version would have been in effect when the arrearage
repay order was issued in 2017. There is no significant difference between the 2019
version and the one enacted in 2000 by S.B. 180. Compare S.B. 180, 2000 Ohio Laws
291. The primary difference is the addition of cash medical support, which is irrelevant
here.
{¶ 45} Under the version effective in 2019, R.C. 3119.02 says that:
In any action in which a court child support order is issued or
modified, in any other proceeding in which the court determines the amount
of child support that will be ordered to be paid pursuant to a child support
order, * * * the court * * * shall calculate the amount of the parents' child
support and cash medical support in accordance with the basic child
support schedule, the applicable worksheet, and the other provisions of
Chapter 3119. of the Revised Code. The court * * * shall specify the support
obligation as a monthly amount due and shall order the support obligation
7 R.C. 3119.02 replaced existing “R 3113.215(B)(1), first and second sentence.” Ohio Bill Analysis, 2000 S.B. 180 at App. A. Again, S.B. 180 repealed R.C. 3113.215 in its entirety. See S.B. 180, 2000 Ohio Laws 291. -19-
to be paid in periodic increments as it determines to be in the best interest
of the children.
(Emphasis added.) Sub. H.B.366, 2018 Ohio Laws 76.
{¶ 46} The provisions in R.C. 3119.02 clearly relate to original issuance of child
support orders, modification of those orders, or other proceedings in which support “will
be ordered.” However, child support was not ordered in December 2017; it had already
been ordered in 1993 and suspended in 2000. The issue in 2017 was only a payment
order on an existing arrearage. As SEA has noted, no calculations or worksheets were
done in connection with the 2017 order. SEA Brief, p. 1 and 5-6.
{¶ 47} Similarly, when the contempt motion was filed in October 2019, R.C.
3119.06 stated that:
(A) Except as otherwise provided in this section, in any action in
which a court * * * issues or modifies a child support order or in any other
proceeding in which a court * * * determines the amount of child support to
be paid pursuant to a child support order, the court * * * shall issue a
minimum child support order requiring the obligor to pay a minimum of
eighty dollars a month for all the children subject to that order. The court *
* * in its discretion and in appropriate circumstances, may issue a minimum
child support order of less than eighty dollars a month or issue an order not
requiring the obligor to pay any child support amount. The circumstances
under which a court * * * may issue such an order include the nonresidential
parent's medically verified or documented physical or mental disability or -20-
institutionalization in a facility for persons with a mental illness or any other
circumstances considered appropriate by the court or agency.
If a court * * * issues a minimum child support obligation pursuant to
this section and the obligor under the support order is the recipient of
means-tested public assistance, as described in division (C)(12)(a) of
section 3119.01 of the Revised Code, any unpaid amounts of support due
under the support order shall accrue as arrearages from month to month,
and the obligor's current obligation to pay the support due under the support
order is suspended during any period of time that the obligor is receiving
means-tested public assistance and is complying with any seek work orders
issued pursuant to section 3121.03 of the Revised Code. The court,
obligee, and child support enforcement agency shall not enforce the
obligation of the obligor to pay the amount of support due under the support
order while the obligor is receiving means-tested public assistance and is
complying with any seek work orders issued pursuant to section 3121.03 of
the Revised Code.
(B) As used in this section, “means-tested public assistance”
includes cash assistance payments under the Ohio works first program
established under Chapter 5107. of the Revised Code, financial assistance
under the disability financial assistance program established under Chapter
5115. of the Revised Code, supplemental security income, or means-tested
veterans' benefits. -21-
(Emphasis added.)
{¶ 48} As originally enacted in S.B. 180, R.C. 3119.06 contained very similar
wording, only the amount of the minimum child support order was $50. In addition, the
statute referred to “need-based public assistance” and did not define that term. See S.B.
180, 2000 Ohio Laws File 291. The first version passed in 2018 and effective on
February 11, 2019 substituted “means-tested public assistance” for “needs based public
assistance” and added subsection (B) to define this term. See 48 Sub. S.B. 70, 2018
Ohio Laws 48. The bill analysis for that legislation did not indicate the reason for the
change; it simply stated that the term had been changed. See Ohio Bill Analysis, 2018
S.B. 70. The final amendment, effective on March 28, 2019 (and the version in effect
when the contempt motion was filed) did not make substantive changes that are relevant
{¶ 49} The language emphasized above, by referring to matters like a
“nonresidential parent’s disability” and accrual of unpaid support amounts as arrearages
from month to month reveals that R.C. 3119.06 is not intended to apply to situations like
the present. Again, when the 2017 arrearage repay order was entered, the court was
not issuing or modifying a support order, there was no longer any residential or
nonresidential parent, and there were no amounts due under the child support order that
were going to accrue as arrearages from month to month. Instead, at that time, any
amounts becoming due under the support order had ended due to the 2000 suspension
of support and the children’s emancipation, which would have occurred many years
earlier. The issue, rather, involved default and was governed by a different chapter. -22-
See In re: J.N., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2017-CA-61, 2018-Ohio-2557, ¶ 24, quoting Morgan
v. Williams, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-694, 2013-Ohio-3098, ¶ 10 (“ ‘R.C. Chapter
3119 governs child support orders and R.C. Chapter 3123 governs default under a child
support order.’ ”)
{¶ 50} In addition, no “seek work” orders had ever been issued to Mark. As the
SEA notes, this requirement in R.C. 3119.06 is conjunctive. SEA Brief at p. 4 and 9,
citing State ex rel. Florence v. Florence, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22463, 2008-Ohio-488,
¶ 11. There was also no evidence in 2017 that Mark was on any type of need-based
assistance. And, even if the 2019 version of R.C. 3119.06 were applied, there was no
evidence that Mark was on “means-tested” assistance in 2017 (or, in fact, in 2019, when
the contempt motion was filed).
{¶ 51} For all the reasons stated, the December 8, 2017 arrearage repay order
was not a “minimum child support order” to which R.C. 3119.06(A) applied.
Consequently, R.C. 3119.06(A) did not provide a basis for “suspending” the arrearage
repay order and excusing Mark from being held in contempt.
3. Statutes That Do Apply – R.C. 3121.36 and R.C. 3123.14
{¶ 52} The SEA’s 2017 “Motion to Establish Arrears Repay” was brought pursuant
to R.C. 3121.36, which is simply a statute providing continuing jurisdiction for courts and
child support enforcement agencies to collect “any overdue and unpaid support or
arrearage” and for the court’s continuing power to “punish” people’s failure to pay, even
after support orders terminate. Like the other statutes we have discussed, R.C. 3121.36 -23-
was enacted as a new section in 2000 as part of S.B. 180. See S.B. 180, 2000 Ohio
Laws 291.8
{¶ 53} R.C. 3121.36 was not amended again until the 2018 amendments became
effective on March 28, 2019. See Sub.H.B. 366, 2018 Ohio Laws File 76. As result of
these amendments, R.C. 3121.36 remained essentially the same and did not change the
continuing jurisdiction of the court and agency. R.C. 3121.36 clearly provides for the
SEA and courts to retain the power to collect unpaid support and arrearages and to
proceed with contempt actions even though a particular support order may have ended,
as it did here many years ago.
{¶ 54} Furthermore, as noted, a separate chapter, R.C. Chap. 3123, deals with
“Child Support – Default.” The statute the trial court referenced, R.C. 3123.14, is in that
chapter. Again, Mark’s brief does not mention this statute.
{¶ 55} R.C. 3123.14 was also enacted in 2000 as part of S.B. 180.9 As effective
on March 22, 2001, R.C. 3123.14 provided that:
If a child support order is terminated for any reason, the obligor under
the child support order is or was at any time in default under the support
order and, after the termination of the order, the obligor owes an arrearage
under the order, the obligee may make application to the child support
8 R.C. 3121.36 replaced existing R.C. 3113.21(M)(1). Ohio Bill Analysis, 2000 S.B. 180 at App. A. S.B. 180 repealed R.C. 3113.21 in its entirety. See S.B. 180, 2000 Ohio Laws 291. 9R.C. 3123.14 replaced existing R.C. 2301.38(B). Ohio Bill Analysis, 2000 S.B. 180 at App. A. S.B. 180 repealed R.C. 2301.38 in its entirety. See S.B. 180, 2000 Ohio Laws 291. -24-
enforcement agency that administered the child support order prior to its
termination or had authority to administer the child support order to maintain
any action or proceeding on behalf of the obligee to obtain a judgment,
execution of a judgment through any available procedure, an order, or other
relief. If a withholding or deduction notice is issued pursuant to section
3121.03 of the Revised Code to collect an arrearage, the amount withheld
or deducted from the obligor's personal earnings, income, or accounts shall
be at least equal to the amount that was withheld or deducted under the
terminated child support order.
S.B. 180, 2000 Ohio Laws File 291.
{¶ 56} The bill analysis for S.B. 180, states, concerning R.C. 3123.14 and 3121.36,
The act provides that the termination of a court support order or an
administrative child support order does not abate the authority of a court or
CSEA to issue the withholding or deduction notices or other appropriate
orders to collect arrearages under the terminated support order. The act
also provides that if an income withholding or financial deduction notice is
issued to collect an arrearage, the amount withheld or deducted from the
obligor's personal earnings, income, or accounts must be at least equal to
the amount that was withheld or deducted under the terminated support
order.
Ohio Bill Analysis, 2000 S.B. 180. -25-
{¶ 57} R.C. 3123.14 has been amended twice since it was enacted. See
Sub.S.B. 70, 2018 Ohio Laws 48, effective on February 11, 2019, and Sub.H.B. 366, 2018
Ohio Laws 76, effective March 28, 2019.
{¶ 58} Before the 2018 amendments, courts had held that the wording in R.C.
3121.36 and R.C. 3123.14 was unambiguous and mandatory, and that when courts
liquidated arrearages and assigned a monthly payment amount, they did not have the
ability to decease the monthly amount below what the obligor had previously been
ordered to pay. See Taskey v. Bonner, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94601, 2010-Ohio-5488,
¶ 15-17, agreeing with Sinnott v. Sinnott, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-1277, 2003-Ohio-
4571, and Bennett v. Bennett, 9th Dist. Summit App. 22798, 2006-Ohio-1305.
{¶ 59} For example, in Sinnott, the amount of ordered child support at the time the
arrearage was liquidated was around $360 per month. However, the trial court only
ordered the obligor to pay $200 per month toward the arrearage. Sinnott at ¶ 11. Based
on the wording of R.C. 3121.36, the Tenth District Court of Appeals held that the trial court
was required to assess at least the amount due under the terminated support order, i.e.,
$360. Id.
{¶ 60} The first amendment in 2018 to R.C. 3123.14 made some non-substantive
changes in wording. The second amendment, which was effective on March 28, 2019,
changed some language, and no further amendments have been made since. Again,
this would have been the statute in effect when the contempt motion was filed. The prior
version was in effect when the 2017 arrearage repay order was issued.
{¶ 61} As amended, R.C. 3123.14 changed the court’s ability to choose the -26-
monthly amount to be paid on an arrearage. In this regard, the last few sentences of the
statute were amended to say that:
If a withholding or deduction notice is issued pursuant to section
3121.03 of the Revised Code to collect an arrearage, the amount withheld
or deducted from the obligor's personal earnings, income, or accounts shall
be rebuttably presumed to be at least equal to the amount that was withheld
or deducted under the terminated child support order. A court or agency
administering the child support order may consider evidence of household
expenditures, income variables, extraordinary health care issues, and other
reasons for deviation from the presumed amount.
Sub.H.B. 366, 2018 Ohio Laws 76; see also current R.C. 3123.14. The same bill also
changed the language in R.C. 3121.36 to allow for a rebuttable presumption.
{¶ 62} The changed language gave courts some flexibility in choosing the monthly
amount to be paid on arrearages. Courts were no longer restricted to ordering payment
of an amount that was at least equal to the amount deducted under the terminated court
order. While that amount was “rebuttably presumed” to be proper, courts could now
consider other items and deviate. This was likely motivated by observations like the one
made in Taskey, where the court stated that “[u]ntil the legislature gives the trial court the
discretion to modify arrearage payments in the way it finds equitable and just, we are
constrained to apply the mandates set forth in R.C. 3121.36 and R.C. 3123.14.” Taskey,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94601, 2010-Ohio-5488, at ¶ 17. See also Ohio Bill Analysis,
2018 H.B. 366 (discussing collection of arrearages and the fact that prior law “required -27-
the amount withheld or deducted to be at least equal to the amount withheld or deducted
under the prior order”).
{¶ 63} Although these changes were effective before the SEA brought its contempt
action and before the trial court made its October 28, 2021 decision, they are irrelevant
to this case. Specifically, the trial court was not considering what amount should be
withheld for the arrearage. That had already been decided in the 2017 order and was
not at issue.10 Instead, the court was considering whether Mark had failed to pay on the
arrearage as previously ordered and, therefore, was in contempt of court. See J.N., 2d
Dist. Greene No. 2017-CA-61, 2018-Ohio-2557, at ¶ 26.
{¶ 64} J.N. involved circumstances similar to those in the case before us, although
the obligor in that case, unlike Mark, at least provided some evidence about his
circumstances. In J.N., the obligor was held in contempt in 2017 based on his failure to
pay on an arrearage owed for child support. Id. at ¶ 1. Previously, in 2005, the obligor’s
support obligation had been terminated because his child had reached the age of
majority; at that time, the obligor was ordered to pay a monthly amount on the arrearage.
Id. at ¶ 2. During the 2017 contempt hearing, the obligor stated that he had been on
Social Security Disability (“SSI”) since 2006. In objecting to the magistrate’s decision
finding him in contempt, the obligor claimed that SSI could not be included as gross
income for computing child support. Id. at ¶ 3-9. On appeal, our court disagreed.
{¶ 65} We noted that under R.C. 3123.18, “if a court or child support enforcement
10 It could be argued that Mark should have been ordered to pay more in 2017, because his original support order was $382.49 per month. However, after that order, the SEA issued a default order in 2004, requiring repayment of $22 per month. Thus, the $50 ordered in 2017 exceeded that amount. -28-
agency finds an obligor to be in default under a support order: ‘* * * each payment or
installment that was due and unpaid under the support order that is the basis for the
default determination plus any arrearage amounts that accrue after the default
determination and during the period of default shall be a final judgment which has the full
force, effects, and attributes of a judgment entered by a court of this state for which
execution may issue under Title XXIII of the Revised Code.” J.N. at ¶ 24, quoting R.C.
3123.18.
{¶ 66} In addition, we stressed that under R.C. 3123.83, “ ‘a court or child support
enforcement agency may not retroactively modify an obligor's duty to pay a delinquent
support payment.’ ” Id. at ¶ 25, quoting R.C. 3123.83. We noted that R.C. 3123.84 has
an exception allowing modification of support payments that become due after a petition
to modify is filed but found this did not apply to the obligor. Id. In this regard, we stated
The contested payments herein are not current child support
payments but rather are arrearage payments, as T.N. [the obligor] did not
fulfill his child support obligation when J.N. was of minor age. J.N. reached
the age of majority and was emancipated in 2005, and T.N. testified that he
began receiving SSI in 2006 or 2008. As in Morgan, T.N. did not receive
SSI during the time his arrearage accumulated. T.N. did not move the
court to reduce his arrearage.
J.N. at ¶ 26, citing Morgan, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-694, 2013-Ohio-3098.
{¶ 67} Like the obligor in J.N., nothing in the record indicates that Mark was -29-
receiving assistance when his arrearage accumulated. Furthermore, Mark did not move
the court to reduce his arrearage before the arrearage became final.
{¶ 68} Based on the preceding discussion, the trial court retained the ability under
R.C. 3123.14 and R.C. 3121.36 to hold obligors like Mark in contempt for failing to pay
on arrearages, even if their support orders are terminated. Again, the current matter was
simply a contempt proceeding to enforce a prior final judgment, which the court could
consider under these statutes. It was not a situation in which the court was deciding
anew if it should order payment of child support or modify child support, or even order a
withholding order based on a support arrearage. Accordingly, there was no reason to
consider R.C. 3119.01 or R.C. 3119.06 and whether payment should be suspended
based on Mark's alleged receipt of means-tested assistance.
4. Means-tested Assistance
{¶ 69} Both sides have discussed means-tested assistance, which is excluded
from “gross income” under R.C. 3119.01(C)(12). Because we have found R.C. 3119.01
and R.C. 3119.06 inapplicable, we need not consider this point. We do note the following
comment by a concurring judge in J.N., who stated that:
The Appellant's child support order was calculated, and the final
arrearage determined, prior to his eligibility for and receipt of Social Security
payments. The law, R.C. 3119.01(C)(7)(a), that such means-tested
benefits would be excluded from any current calculations of support or
arrearage is irrelevant. -30-
Contempt is the willful failure to comply with a court order – in this
case the failure to pay the arrearage. The only question is whether the trial
court abused its discretion when it found that Appellant had approximately
$60 available at the end of each month from which he could make some
payment toward the arrearage. I concur that there was no abuse of
discretion.
J.N. at ¶ 28-29 (Froelich, J., concurring).
{¶ 70} The same reasoning applies here. When Mark’s arrearage accrued, there
is no evidence that he was on any type of means-tested assistance. Therefore,
regardless of how exclusions from “gross income” are now defined in R.C. 3119.01(C)(12)
(formerly R.C. 3119.01 (C)(7)), that statute is irrelevant.11 Issues regarding the meaning
of “means-tested” assistance are also irrelevant. Consequently, we need not consider
the parties’ arguments on this point.
{¶ 71} As a final matter, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding Mark
in contempt. The trial court “correctly applied the law to the facts as set forth in the
magistrate's decision.” Estate of Lucas, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23088, 2009-Ohio-
6392, at ¶ 32.
III. Conclusion
{¶ 72} Mark’s sole assignment of error having been overruled, the judgment of the
11 The numbering of R.C. 3119.01(C) was changed via an amendment that occurred after J.N. was decided. However, the content, as pertinent here, remained the same. See Sub.H.B. 366, 2018 Ohio Laws 76, effective March 28, 2019. -31-
trial court is affirmed.
TUCKER, P.J. and EPLEY, J., concur.
Copies sent to:
Gregory J. Sauer Dawn S. Garrett Hon. Denise L. Cross