NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 16-3579 ___________
DR. GEORGE PIECZENIK, Appellant
v.
COMMISSIONER NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; SECTION CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF COASTAL LAND USE COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT; JOHN DOE, persons who are employees and enforcement officers of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection; MARY DOE, persons who are employees and enforcement officers of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection ____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (D.C. Civil Action No. 3:15-cv-07484) District Judge: Honorable Freda L. Wolfson* ____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) November 1, 2017 Before: JORDAN, RESTREPO, and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: November 2, 2017) ___________
OPINION**
* Judge Wolfson entered the order challenged in this appeal. Subsequently, she recused from the matter. Honorable Brian R. Martinotti now sits as the District Judge for this case. ___________
PER CURIAM
George Pieczenik, a leaseholder of a property subject to mowing and maintenance
restrictions on areas classified as freshwater wetlands or wetlands transition areas, filed
suit against the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection (“NJDEP Commissioner”), the Section Chief of the Bureau of Coastal Land
Use Compliance (“the Section Chief”), and NJDEP enforcement officers. The mowing
and maintenance restrictions were imposed in an administrative consent order (“ACO”)
entered into by the property’s owner and NJDEP. Pieczenik alleged that the restrictions
require him to hire a lawn service that can use GPS to identify the spatial coordinates
corresponding to protected wetlands areas. He sought a declaration that the ACO was
void on its face as applied to him and an order enjoining its enforcement against him
without a proper hearing or payment of just compensation for a purported taking. The
defendants moved to dismiss the complaint under Rule 12(b)(1) for Pieczenik’s lack of
standing.
The District Court granted the defendants’ motion. The District Court held that
Pieczenik had no standing to challenge the ACO because all agreed that he was not a
party to it and because the defendants expressly disavowed that any enforcement action
** This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. 2 would be taken against Pieczenik based on the provisions of the ACO.1 Specifically, in
regard to the latter, the defendants stated that they did not intend and never intended to
hold Pieczenik liable under the ACO. However, the defendants did not disavow a
statement made in a letter to Pieczenik, namely that NJDEP may take legal action against
him if he continued to mow and maintain areas that were regulated and protected by the
Freshwater Wetlands Protection Act, N.J. Stat. Ann. 13:9B-1, et seq. (“FWPA”). The
defendants explained that the remedies they would seek would be based on Pieczenik’s
independent violations of the FWPA as a tenant. In light of the defendants’ statement
and Pieczenik’s objection to the potential enforcement in his response to the motion to
dismiss, the District Court dismissed the complaint without prejudice. The District Court
allowed Pieczenik 10 days to amend his complaint to challenge the threat of enforcement
of the FWPA. Pieczenik subsequently filed a notice of appeal.2
1 In concluding that the action was not justiciable, the District Court also relied on cases discussing principles related to ripeness and mootness. 2 Also, before he filed his notice of appeal, Pieczenik filed a document in the District Court that he entitled “amended complaint, motion for reconsideration and request for a default judgment.” Among other things, he stated that he would like to amend his complaint to include a new claim that the defendants sought to remove him from his job as a New Jersey professor. He also included a motion for default judgment. After the District Judge (Judge Wolfson) recused without ruling on the motion because she had personal knowledge of the facts underlying the new claim, another District Judge denied the motion for reconsideration and the motion for a default judgment because this appeal was pending. Pieczenik did not file another notice of appeal or amend his notice of appeal.
3 We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.3 We exercise plenary review
over a dismissal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. See Gould Elecs., Inc. v. United
States, 220 F.3d 169, 176 (3d Cir. 2000). We may affirm on any basis supported by the
record. See Erie Telecomms. v. Erie, 853 F.2d 1084, 1089 (3d Cir. 1988).
Upon review, we agree that the District Court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction
over the complaint. The Constitution limits federal courts’ jurisdiction to actual cases
and controversies between proper litigants. See Florida Audubon Soc. v. Bentsen, 94
F.3d 658, 661 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (en banc) (citing Liverpool, N.Y. & Phila. Steam-Ship
Co. v. Comm’rs of Emigration, 113 U.S. 33, 39 (1885)).
In his complaint, Pieczenik took issue with the ACO and its application to him.
The letter that the Bureau Chief sent him to notify him about the mowing restrictions was
phrased ambiguously such that he could have understood it to mean that the defendants
would take action against him based on violations of the provisions of the ACO.
However, the defendants have expressly stated that they have never planned to, and never
3 Although the District Court dismissed Pieczenik’s complaint without prejudice and allowed amendment, we may hear this appeal. “Generally, an order which dismisses a complaint without prejudice is neither final nor appealable because the deficiency may be corrected by the plaintiff without affecting the cause of action.” Borelli v. City of Reading, 532 F.2d 950, 951 (3d Cir. 1976) (per curiam). However, the rule of Borelli does not apply because the dismissal was based on justiciability (lack of standing and ripeness), and it appears that Pieczenik cannot do anything to cure the complaint. See Pa. Family Inst., Inc. v. Black, 489 F.3d 156, 162 (3d Cir. 2007); Presbytery of N.J. of Orthodox Presbyterian Church v. Florio, 40 F.3d 1454, 1461 & 1462 (3d Cir. 1994). The District Court allowed amendment to raise a different cause of action (a state law claim under the FWPA) but foreclosed any challenge to the ACO by Pieczenik.
4 will, take action against Pieczenik on the basis of the ACO. On appeal, they stress that it
is undisputed that they never intended to hold Pieczenik liable under the ACO and that
they agree that they cannot.
Because the defendants have not and will not apply terms of the ACO against
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 16-3579 ___________
DR. GEORGE PIECZENIK, Appellant
v.
COMMISSIONER NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; SECTION CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF COASTAL LAND USE COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT; JOHN DOE, persons who are employees and enforcement officers of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection; MARY DOE, persons who are employees and enforcement officers of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection ____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (D.C. Civil Action No. 3:15-cv-07484) District Judge: Honorable Freda L. Wolfson* ____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) November 1, 2017 Before: JORDAN, RESTREPO, and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: November 2, 2017) ___________
OPINION**
* Judge Wolfson entered the order challenged in this appeal. Subsequently, she recused from the matter. Honorable Brian R. Martinotti now sits as the District Judge for this case. ___________
PER CURIAM
George Pieczenik, a leaseholder of a property subject to mowing and maintenance
restrictions on areas classified as freshwater wetlands or wetlands transition areas, filed
suit against the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection (“NJDEP Commissioner”), the Section Chief of the Bureau of Coastal Land
Use Compliance (“the Section Chief”), and NJDEP enforcement officers. The mowing
and maintenance restrictions were imposed in an administrative consent order (“ACO”)
entered into by the property’s owner and NJDEP. Pieczenik alleged that the restrictions
require him to hire a lawn service that can use GPS to identify the spatial coordinates
corresponding to protected wetlands areas. He sought a declaration that the ACO was
void on its face as applied to him and an order enjoining its enforcement against him
without a proper hearing or payment of just compensation for a purported taking. The
defendants moved to dismiss the complaint under Rule 12(b)(1) for Pieczenik’s lack of
standing.
The District Court granted the defendants’ motion. The District Court held that
Pieczenik had no standing to challenge the ACO because all agreed that he was not a
party to it and because the defendants expressly disavowed that any enforcement action
** This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. 2 would be taken against Pieczenik based on the provisions of the ACO.1 Specifically, in
regard to the latter, the defendants stated that they did not intend and never intended to
hold Pieczenik liable under the ACO. However, the defendants did not disavow a
statement made in a letter to Pieczenik, namely that NJDEP may take legal action against
him if he continued to mow and maintain areas that were regulated and protected by the
Freshwater Wetlands Protection Act, N.J. Stat. Ann. 13:9B-1, et seq. (“FWPA”). The
defendants explained that the remedies they would seek would be based on Pieczenik’s
independent violations of the FWPA as a tenant. In light of the defendants’ statement
and Pieczenik’s objection to the potential enforcement in his response to the motion to
dismiss, the District Court dismissed the complaint without prejudice. The District Court
allowed Pieczenik 10 days to amend his complaint to challenge the threat of enforcement
of the FWPA. Pieczenik subsequently filed a notice of appeal.2
1 In concluding that the action was not justiciable, the District Court also relied on cases discussing principles related to ripeness and mootness. 2 Also, before he filed his notice of appeal, Pieczenik filed a document in the District Court that he entitled “amended complaint, motion for reconsideration and request for a default judgment.” Among other things, he stated that he would like to amend his complaint to include a new claim that the defendants sought to remove him from his job as a New Jersey professor. He also included a motion for default judgment. After the District Judge (Judge Wolfson) recused without ruling on the motion because she had personal knowledge of the facts underlying the new claim, another District Judge denied the motion for reconsideration and the motion for a default judgment because this appeal was pending. Pieczenik did not file another notice of appeal or amend his notice of appeal.
3 We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.3 We exercise plenary review
over a dismissal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. See Gould Elecs., Inc. v. United
States, 220 F.3d 169, 176 (3d Cir. 2000). We may affirm on any basis supported by the
record. See Erie Telecomms. v. Erie, 853 F.2d 1084, 1089 (3d Cir. 1988).
Upon review, we agree that the District Court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction
over the complaint. The Constitution limits federal courts’ jurisdiction to actual cases
and controversies between proper litigants. See Florida Audubon Soc. v. Bentsen, 94
F.3d 658, 661 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (en banc) (citing Liverpool, N.Y. & Phila. Steam-Ship
Co. v. Comm’rs of Emigration, 113 U.S. 33, 39 (1885)).
In his complaint, Pieczenik took issue with the ACO and its application to him.
The letter that the Bureau Chief sent him to notify him about the mowing restrictions was
phrased ambiguously such that he could have understood it to mean that the defendants
would take action against him based on violations of the provisions of the ACO.
However, the defendants have expressly stated that they have never planned to, and never
3 Although the District Court dismissed Pieczenik’s complaint without prejudice and allowed amendment, we may hear this appeal. “Generally, an order which dismisses a complaint without prejudice is neither final nor appealable because the deficiency may be corrected by the plaintiff without affecting the cause of action.” Borelli v. City of Reading, 532 F.2d 950, 951 (3d Cir. 1976) (per curiam). However, the rule of Borelli does not apply because the dismissal was based on justiciability (lack of standing and ripeness), and it appears that Pieczenik cannot do anything to cure the complaint. See Pa. Family Inst., Inc. v. Black, 489 F.3d 156, 162 (3d Cir. 2007); Presbytery of N.J. of Orthodox Presbyterian Church v. Florio, 40 F.3d 1454, 1461 & 1462 (3d Cir. 1994). The District Court allowed amendment to raise a different cause of action (a state law claim under the FWPA) but foreclosed any challenge to the ACO by Pieczenik.
4 will, take action against Pieczenik on the basis of the ACO. On appeal, they stress that it
is undisputed that they never intended to hold Pieczenik liable under the ACO and that
they agree that they cannot.
Because the defendants have not and will not apply terms of the ACO against
Pieczenik, Pieczenik’s requests for the District Court to declare the ACO void on its face
as applied to him and enjoin its enforcement against him were not justiciable. “In order
to present a justiciable controversy in an action seeking a declaratory judgment to protect
against a feared future event, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the probability of that
future event occurring is real and substantial, ‘of sufficient immediacy and reality to
warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.’” Salvation Army v. Dep’t of
Community Affairs, 919 F.2d 183, 192 (3d Cir. 1990) (citations omitted). Pieczenik
maintains that his suit should proceed despite the defendants’ statements because the
NJDEP will enforce the ACO against him through his landlord. That is, he will be
affected by NJDEP’s imposition of the requirements of the ACO on its signatory (for
instance, he posits that the NJDEP could take steps against his landlord and his landlord
could be compelled to threaten eviction absent compliance). Even putting aside whether
the landlord is still the property owner,4 his speculation about what could happen is not
sufficient to show a real and substantial probability of some event occurring in the future
that his litigation could protect against. See Salvation Army, 919 F.2d at 192. Instead,
4 In motions separately filed, and previously ruled on, in this appeal, the parties have discussed a state foreclosure action against the landlord. 5 the ruling he requested from the District Court would have been impermissibly advisory.
See Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez, 136 S. Ct. 663, 678-79 (2016).
Pieczenik also argues that he was entitled to a default judgment in his favor in this
action on the basis that the defendants did not timely respond to his complaint. The
defendants filed their motion within the time permitted in the District Court. However,
Pieczenik argues that an extension of time granted by the District Court Clerk in
compliance with the District of New Jersey’s Local Rule 6.1 was invalid and in conflict
with Rule 6(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which allows the court to grant an
extension of time for good cause shown.5 Without deciding the validity of Local Rule
6.1, we note that Pieczenik was not automatically entitled to a default judgment based on
when the response was filed in this case.6 Default judgments, which are disfavored, are
left to the discretion of the District Court. See United States v. $55,518.05 in U.S.
Currency, 728 F.2d 192, 194-95 (3d Cir. 1984). Furthermore, a district court has an
obligation to consider its jurisdiction before entering a default judgment, see Williams v.
Life Sav. & Loan, 802 F.2d 1200, 1203 (10th Cir. 1986) (per curiam), and it is
5 Local Rule 6.1(b) allows the Clerk to grant one extension of time no greater than 14 days for the filing of a responsive pleading. 6 Additionally, to the extent that his argument is a challenge to the order denying the motion for a default judgment that he filed with his motion for reconsideration after the District Court dismissed his complaint, it is not clear if the issue is before us. He did not file a separate appeal from the post-judgment order denying his request for a default judgment. In any event, Pieczenik relied on a different argument for default judgment in the District Court. See ECF No. 30 at 2. Unless there are compelling circumstances 6 appropriate for a district court to decline to enter a default judgment or to vacate default
judgment where the court lacks jurisdiction or questions whether it has jurisdiction. See
Cheeks v. Fort Myer Const. Co., 722 F. Supp. 2d 93, 112 (D.D.C. 2010); D’Onofrio v. Il
Mattino, 430 F. Supp. 2d 431, 437-38 (E.D. Pa. 2006).
For these reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.
(which are absent here), we do not consider an issue raised for the first time on appeal. Ross v. Hotel Emps. & Rest. Emps. Int’l Union, 266 F.3d 236, 242 (3d Cir. 2001). 7