Case: 12-11125 Date Filed: 12/06/2012 Page: 1 of 16
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 12-11125 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D. C. Docket No. 1:10-cv-01641-SCJ
GEORGE MATTHEWS, NINA MATTHEWS, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia _________________________ (December 6, 2012)
Before CARNES, BARKETT and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
In this diversity jurisdiction case, Plaintiffs George and Nina Matthews,
proceeding pro se, appeal the district court’s order granting summary judgment to Case: 12-11125 Date Filed: 12/06/2012 Page: 2 of 16
Defendant State Farm Fire and Casualty Company (“State Farm”) on Plaintiffs’
breach of contract and bad faith claims. Upon careful review of the record and
consideration of the parties’ briefs, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs George and Nina Matthews insured their Georgia home with
Defendant State Farm. On May 1, 2009, two large oak trees fell upon Plaintiffs’
home causing damage. The trees fell in Plaintiffs’ backyard and made contact with
the rear deck and scraped against the rear exterior two-story wall of the home.
Plaintiffs filed an insurance claim with State Farm. No one contests that the
May 2009 loss was a covered loss under the policy. Rather, the dispute here
concerns the scope of the damages caused by the trees and the loss amount.
To determine what damages the trees caused, three engineers inspected
Plaintiffs’ home: (1) Philip Chapski, retained by State Farm; (2) Bill Creeden,
retained by Plaintiffs; and (3) Pete Craig, who became involved after Plaintiffs
contacted the Georgia Office of Insurance and Safety Fire Commissioner
(“Georgia’s DOI”).
A. Engineer Chapski’s Report
Chapski’s engineering report was prepared on June 10, 2009. In sum,
Chapski observed damage to a portion of the rear deck’s handrail but found no
structural damage to either the main residence or the deck. Plaintiffs notified State
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Farm that they rejected Chapski’s report, because, inter alia, the report failed to
acknowledge obvious damage to the home.
B. Engineer Creeden’s Report
Plaintiffs retained their own engineer, Creeden, to evaluate the damage.
Creeden submitted his engineering report to Plaintiffs on June 22, 2009.
Generally, Creeden determined that the scope of damages caused by the
trees was greater than that found by Chapski. In his report, Creeden concluded that
not only was the rear deck’s handrail damaged but that the tree impact forced the
rear deck inward against the home, displacing the kitchen cabinets and causing
damage to some of the home’s rear walls. As one example, Creeden found that the
tree impact pushed the rear two-story wall of the great room inward by about one
inch. Creeden’s report described damage caused by the trees in these areas of
Plaintiffs’ home: the rear deck, the great room, the kitchen, the breakfast area, the
basement, the master bedroom, and the bedroom in the left rear area of the home.
But Creeden also concluded that the damage was “not structurally
significant, in that the damage [did] not place any elements at risk of structural
failure” and the necessary repairs would be “primarily cosmetic.” To repair the
damage, Creeden recommended, among other things, removing and replacing
sheetrock and base and shoe moldings, pushing or pulling the walls straight,
beating back displaced wall studs, resetting the kitchen cabinets, adjusting
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displaced doors, and repairing or replacing damaged siding and a damaged gutter
on the home’s exterior. To repair the two-story wall of the great room, Creeden
recommended pushing or pulling the wall straight and installing steel straps to hold
the wall in position.
State Farm agreed to pay for the scope of work described by Creeden’s
engineering report. State Farm’s adjuster, Van Westmoreland, prepared a June 29,
2009 estimate which calculated the cost to make Creeden’s recommended repairs
as $14,702.01.
Based on Westmoreland’s estimate, State Farm sent Plaintiffs a check for
$11,002.01. This represented the net difference between Westmoreland’s estimate
($14,702.01), the $1,000 deductible, and a $2,700 advance issued to Plaintiffs by
State Farm to cover the cost of removing the fallen trees. State Farm also paid
Plaintiffs $1,979 to cover the damage to their personal property associated with the
tree collapse and to reimburse them for the cost of their engineer Creeden’s
services.
Plaintiffs still disagreed and refused to cash any checks. Plaintiffs lodged
complaints with Georgia’s DOI. In an effort to resolve the dispute, Georgia’s DOI
asked a third engineer, Craig, to inspect the home independently. Georgia’s DOI
required State Farm to pick up the cost. Plaintiffs were able to point out to Craig
all the damages they claimed were caused by the trees.
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C. Engineer Craig’s Report
Craig issued his engineering report to Georgia’s DOI on August 29, 2009.
Craig outlined the scope of the damages that, in his professional opinion, was
associated with the trees’ impact to the home. Craig concluded that there was no
structural damage to the house caused by the falling trees, with the exception of
possible minor damage to the two-story rear wall of the great room of the home.
As part of his report, Craig reviewed both prior engineering reports.
Notably, the scope of damages outlined in Craig’s report was less than that
outlined in Creeden’s report. Craig noted that Creeden similarly concluded that
there was no significant structural damage to the home. In Craig’s opinion, what
Creeden had recommended was a structural reinforcement rather than repair of the
two-story great room wall. And Craig disagreed with Creeden’s conclusion that
the damage to the interior walls resulted from the tree impact. However, Craig
concurred with Creeden’s recommendation to reinforce the two-story great room
wall, “as a reasonable and prudent precaution.”
Adjuster Westmoreland prepared a revised estimate based on Craig’s report,
concluding that the full cost of repairs for the May 2009 tree loss was $8,558.85.
Despite the revised lower estimate using Craig’s more limited scope of
damages, State Farm issued Plaintiffs yet another check for $11,002.01 based on
Plaintiffs’ Creeden report. Thus, State Farm twice sent checks to Plaintiffs to pay
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the scope of repairs outlined in Plaintiffs’ own engineer’s report.
D. Repair Estimates by Contractors McCune and Lockhart
Plaintiffs still argued the scope of the tree damages and resulting repair costs
exceeded State Farm’s payments. Plaintiffs obtained cost estimates from licensed
contractors James Michael McCune of AAA Restoration and Jerry Lockhart of
LMS Construction.
The McCune estimate totaled $187,030.69. McCune, however, testified that
his estimate was based on all the items Plaintiffs wanted to have included in the
estimate, and it was not limited to repairs that were necessary as a result of the tree
damage. 1 McCune’s estimate was also not based on any engineering report.
McCune is not an engineer, and he did not offer any testimony as to what was the
scope of damages caused by the tree loss. McCune just estimated what Plaintiffs
said was damaged and what they wanted repaired. When asked to prepare a
revised estimate based upon Craig’s engineering report, McCune refused to do so
and has had no further involvement in the case.
As for the Lockhart estimate, that report lists repair items that total
$184,018.62 in costs. Lockhart’s estimate also includes repair items beyond the
scope of damages identified in any engineering report, such as repairs in the dining
1 Plaintiffs dispute this and say they did not instruct McCune in this way. Whether McCune was instructed in this way or not, it remains that McCune affirmatively testified that his estimate included more work than that resulting from the tree damage.
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room, the foyer, a bathroom, and the office. In any event Lockhart did not appear
for his deposition, and Plaintiffs have not submitted an affidavit from Lockhart.
As a result, there is no testimony as to Lockhart’s training and experience or upon
what information he based his estimate. The record contains only Lockhart’s
written estimate he gave Plaintiffs, and thus Lockhart’s statements in the report,
without any testimony by Lockhart, are classic inadmissible hearsay.
E. September 21, 2009 Water Damage
On September 21, 2009, Plaintiffs made a water damage report to State
Farm, claiming it was additional damage associated with the May 2009 tree loss.
In a September 25, 2009 letter, State Farm acknowledged that Plaintiffs had
“asserted a new claim for water damage” and stated that it would need to complete
a visual inspection. State Farm inspected Plaintiffs’ property and determined the
September 21, 2009 water damage was unrelated to the May 1, 2009 tree loss. In
April 2010, State Farm told Plaintiffs that they must file a new claim for the
September 21, 2009 incident in order to be considered for payment.
F. March 10, 2010 Water Damage
On March 10, 2010, Plaintiffs reported more and different water damage,
this time from a leak in their study. State Farm inspected the property, determined
it was unrelated to the tree damage but that it was a covered loss under the policy,
and tendered $5,702.76 to repair the leak.
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G. Plaintiffs’ Lawsuit
On April 13, 2010, Plaintiffs filed this lawsuit against State Farm in state
court, alleging that State Farm breached the insurance contract and acted in bad
faith. State Farm removed the suit to federal court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332.
After discovery, State Farm filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that
there was no genuine issue as to any material fact.
The district court granted summary judgment to State Farm on the breach of
contract claims, concluding that, inter alia, State Farm had shown an absence of
evidence to support Plaintiffs’ contention that the damages from the May 2009 tree
loss exceeded State Farm’s payments, which were based on Plaintiffs’ own
engineer Creeden’s report.
The district court distinguished between what damages were caused by the
trees and the cost to repair those identified tree damages. First, the district court
concluded that Plaintiffs had no expert that would testify that the damages caused
by the trees exceeded the scope of the damages outlined in Plaintiffs’ own engineer
Creeden’s report. The district court rejected Plaintiffs’ argument that an expert
was unnecessary on causation, agreeing with State Farm that the cause of damage
to Plaintiffs’ home is a matter appropriate for expert testimony. Second,
considering the cost to repair the tree damages, the district court agreed with
Plaintiffs that an expert witness was unnecessary to testify to the repair costs. But
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the district court concluded that Plaintiffs also lacked any evidence that the repair
costs exceeded State Farm’s payments. It determined that the Lockhart repair
estimate amounted to inadmissible hearsay and the McCune repair estimate was
not confined to repairs necessary as a result of the tree loss. The district court
concluded that without any evidence to show that the tree damages or repair costs
exceeded State Farm’s payments, a jury could not find that State Farm breached
the insurance contract.
The district court also granted summary judgment to State Farm on
Plaintiffs’ bad faith claim, concluding that State Farm had reasonable grounds to
contest Plaintiffs’ claims and thus did not act in bad faith. The judgment ordered
that Plaintiffs “take nothing” and that State Farm “recover [its] costs of this
action.”
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a district court’s order granting summary judgment de novo,
“viewing all the evidence, and drawing all reasonable inferences, in favor of the
non-moving party.” Vessels v. Atlanta Indep. Sch. Sys., 408 F.3d 763, 767 (11th
Cir. 2005). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of
any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S. Ct. 2548,
2552 (1986). Where the nonmoving party has failed “to establish the existence of
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an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the
burden of proof at trial,” no genuine issue of material fact exists. Celotex Corp.,
477 U.S. at 322-23, 106 S. Ct. at 2552. A mere scintilla of evidence in support of
the non-movant is insufficient to defeat a motion for summary judgment.
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2512 (1986).
Rather, the plaintiff must present “evidence on which the jury could reasonably
find for the plaintiff.” Id.
III. DISCUSSION
A. Breach of Contract Claims
On appeal, Plaintiffs first argue that disputed facts precluded summary
judgment on their breach of contract claims for losses sustained as a result of the
May 2009 tree damage and the September 2009 water damage.
The elements for a breach of contract claim in Georgia are (1) a breach of a
contract (2) resulting in damages to (3) “the party who has the right to complain
about the contract being broken.” Kuritzky v. Emory Univ., 669 S.E.2d 179, 181
(Ga. App. 2008).2 In the insurance context, “[t]he burden of proof [is] upon the
plaintiff to prove that he ha[s] sustained a loss covered by the policy.” Chix v. Ga.
Farm Bureau Ins. Co., 258 S.E.2d 208, 209 (Ga. App. 1979) (quoting Reserve Life
2 Federal courts sitting in diversity apply state substantive law and federal procedural law. Esfeld v. Costa Crociere, S.P.A., 289 F.3d 1300, 1306 (11th Cir. 2002). Accordingly, we apply Georgia state law to Plaintiffs’ breach of contract claims.
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Ins. Co. v. Davis, 164 S.E.2d 132, 133 (Ga. 1968)). The party suing for damages
also “has the burden of proof of showing the amount of loss in a manner in which
the jury . . . can calculate the amount of the loss with a reasonable degree of
certainty. An allowance for damages cannot be based on guess work.” Big
Builder, Inc. v. Evans, 191 S.E.2d 290, 291 (Ga. App. 1972).
The district court correctly granted summary judgment in favor of State
Farm, as Plaintiffs have not presented any evidence sufficient to raise a genuine
issue of material fact on their breach of contract claims.
First, as to their claim that State Farm underpaid the May 2009 tree loss,
State Farm has paid for the scope of repair work that the three engineering reports
identified as caused by the tree loss. In fact, State Farm paid for the scope of work
in Plaintiffs’ Creeden report even though the scope of work in the independent
engineer Craig’s report was less.
Plaintiffs rely on the McCune and Lockhart estimates, but these estimates do
not create fact issues. While McCune testified and authenticated his estimate, he
also testified that his estimate (1) was not based on any engineering report and (2)
encompassed repairs beyond the scope of the tree damage.
As for the Lockhart estimate, the only evidence in the record is the written
estimate itself. Lockhart did not appear for his deposition and Plaintiffs have
submitted no affidavit from Lockhart. Without more, the written estimate is
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inadmissible hearsay. See Fed. R. Evid. 802. But even if we were to consider it,
the Lockhart estimate does not help Plaintiffs. Lockhart’s estimate does not
identify on what information it was based and it does not tie the repairs to the tree
damage. Indeed, much like McCune’s estimate, the estimate includes more repairs
than those necessary to repair the tree damage. For example, the Lockhart estimate
includes replacing the flooring in the dining room, the family room, the kitchen,
the office, and the living room, and replacing the hardwood stairs. None of the
engineering reports indicated that the tree loss caused floor damage or necessitated
floor replacements.
In sum, Plaintiffs have no evidence and no expert testimony to substantiate a
claim that either the scope of damages caused by the fallen trees or the cost to
repair those damages exceeded what State Farm paid them. Accordingly, State
Farm was entitled to summary judgment on this claim.
Second, Plaintiffs argue that State Farm breached the insurance contract by
not paying for the September 21, 2009 water damage claim. In support of
summary judgment, State Farm presented the affidavit of its adjuster, Van
Westmoreland, who stated he inspected the damage and found it unrelated to the
May 2009 tree loss. In an April 8, 2010 letter to Plaintiffs, State Farm specifically
instructed Plaintiffs on how to file a new claim and proof of loss for the September
21, 2009 incident. According to State Farm, Plaintiffs simply never filed a
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separate claim.
In opposition to summary judgment, Plaintiffs only point to State Farm’s
September 25, 2009 letter acknowledging that Plaintiffs had “asserted a new claim
for water damage.” But that same letter, as recounted above, stated that a visual
inspection must be performed in order to determine if the loss is covered under the
policy or related to a previous loss. That visual inspection was later performed;
State Farm determined the September 21, 2009 water damage was not related to
the May 1, 2009 tree loss and instructed Plaintiffs on how to file a new claim and
proof of loss. Plaintiffs never took the necessary step of filing a new claim for the
September 21, 2009 water damage. 3
In sum, Plaintiffs have no evidence showing that this September 2009 loss
was related to the covered May 2009 tree loss, that State Farm’s instruction
regarding how to file a new claim was in conflict with the claim process dictated
by the insurance policy, that Plaintiffs complied with that instruction and opened a
separate claim, or that this was even a covered loss. In the absence of such
evidence, Plaintiffs have not met their burden of showing breach for failure to pay
the September 21, 2009 loss. Accordingly, summary judgment was appropriate.
B. Bad Faith Claim
Plaintiffs next argue that the district court erred in granting summary
3 As also recounted above, Plaintiffs did file a new claim for the March 2010 water damage which State Farm paid.
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judgment on their bad faith claim, as State Farm acted in bad faith in underpaying
for the May 2009 tree loss and in refusing to pay for the September 2009 water
damage claim.
To establish a claim of bad faith on the part of the insurer under Georgia’s
bad-faith statute, “the insured must prove two conditions: (1) that a demand for
payment was lodged against the insurer at least 60 days prior to filing suit and
(2) that the insurer’s failure to pay was motivated by bad faith.” Primerica Life
Ins. Co. v. Humfleet, 458 S.E.2d 908, 910 (Ga. App. 1995); Ga. Code Ann.
§ 33-4-6. “A refusal to pay in bad faith means a frivolous and unfounded denial of
liability. If there are any reasonable grounds for an insurer to contest the claim,
there is no bad faith.” Swyters v. Motorola Emps. Credit Union, 535 S.E.2d 508,
510 (Ga. App. 2000) (emphasis added) (quoting Canal Ins. Co. v. Savannah Bank
& Trust Co., 352 S.E.2d 835, 839 (Ga. App. 1987)).
In this case, Plaintiffs have not shown the district court erred in granting
summary judgment to State Farm on Plaintiffs’ bad faith claim. As described
above, Plaintiffs’ request for additional payment on the May 2009 loss was based
on estimates for repairs which exceeded the scope of the tree damages, and there is
no indication in this record that Plaintiffs properly asserted a new claim for the
September 2009 loss. Accordingly, State Farm had reasonable grounds to contest
the claims.
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C. The Award of Costs to State Farm4
Finally, Plaintiffs argue that the district court erred in awarding costs to State
Farm. Plaintiffs contend that so long as their lawsuit was based on a “bona fide
controversy,” State Farm is not entitled to costs for defending it.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d) provides that a court should award
costs to a prevailing party “[u]nless a federal statute, these rules, or a court order
provides otherwise.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1). We have explained that Rule 54(d)
creates a presumption in favor of awarding costs to a prevailing party. Chapman v.
AI Transp., 229 F.3d 1012, 1038 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). In order “[t]o defeat
the presumption and deny full costs, a district court must have and state a sound
basis for doing so.” Id. at 1039.
Here, we cannot say Plaintiffs have shown that the district court abused its
discretion in awarding costs to State Farm as the prevailing party. Further, the
district court’s order that Plaintiffs “take nothing” was proper, as they failed to
prove that they were entitled to any relief. 5
For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s order is
4 We review a district court’s decision to award costs for an abuse of discretion. Mathews v. Crosby, 480 F.3d 1265, 1276 (11th Cir. 2007).
5 Plaintiffs argue that the district court’s “take nothing” statement meant the district court set aside the earlier payment amounts of $11,012.01 for the May 2009 loss and $5,702.76 for the March 2010 loss. The district court’s order did no such thing. Rather, it is undisputed that State Farm already tendered checks in these amounts to Plaintiffs and that Plaintiffs received them.
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AFFIRMED.