Judgment rendered August 11, 2021. Application for rehearing may be filed within the delay allowed by Art. 2166, La. C.C.P.
No. 54,048-CA
COURT OF APPEAL SECOND CIRCUIT STATE OF LOUISIANA
*****
GEORGE E. “ERIC” HATFIELD, Plaintiffs-Appellants AMY LEIGH SENN, MINOR CHILD, T.R.H., MINOR CHILD, B.C.H.
versus
BOBBY HERRING, DET. WITH Defendants-Appellees CADDO PARISH SHERIFF DEPT., DANNY LAWLER, MEMBER/MANAGER/ AUCTIONEER WITH DANNY LAWLER ENTERPRISES, LLC, KEN LAWLER, DAVID LAWLER
Appealed from the First Judicial District Court for the Parish of Caddo, Louisiana Trial Court No. 621,359
Honorable Ramon Lafitte, Judge
GILLEY & GILLEY Counsel for Appellants By: Patricia A. Gilley
GEORGE E. HATFIELD In Proper Person, AMY L. SENN Appellants
PETTIETTE, ARMAND, DUNKELMAN, Counsel for Appellee, WOODLEY, BYRD & CROMWELL, LLC Bobby Herring By: Edwin H. Byrd, III RONALD J. MICIOTTO Counsel for Appellees, Danny Lawler, Ken STERNBURG, NACCARI & WHITE, LLC Lawler, David Lawler By: Scott L. Sternburg
Before PITMAN, STONE, and THOMPSON, JJ. THOMPSON, J.
A longstanding acrimonious relationship between the plaintiffs and
the defendants gives rise to this defamation action by an elected official who
was a contemporary candidate for another office. Additional plaintiffs
include his girlfriend and their two minor children against various
individuals, including the owner of a tabloid newspaper, for unflattering
publications, actions, and statements. Plaintiffs appeal from a trial court
judgment dismissing their suit with prejudice, pursuant to Louisiana’s anti-
SLAPP (strategic lawsuits against public participation) statute, La. C.C.P.
art. 971, which protects free speech in connection with a public issue, such
as opinion relative to a candidate’s fitness for public office. For the
following reasons, we affirm the trial court and remand for further
proceedings.
FACTS
The plaintiffs are Eric Hatfield (“Hatfield”), a Caddo Parish constable,
and Amy Leigh Senn (“Senn”), his partner, and their minor children. The
defendants are Bobby Herring (“Herring”), who is a Caddo Parish sheriff’s
deputy, Danny Lawler (“Lawler”), who is the former owner of the weekly
newspaper “The Inquisitor,” and Ken Lawler and David Lawler, who are his
brothers. At all times relative herein, Hatfield held public elected office and
was also either a candidate who qualified for an upcoming election for
Sheriff of Caddo Parish in 2015 and 2019, or had announced he would be a
candidate seeking to be re-elected to his position as a Constable in Caddo
Parish. The record indicates that Hatfield and Senn have a longstanding and
very public, acrimonious relationship with Lawler, which includes ongoing
competing attacks, ranging from personal interactions to a variety of
allegations across various social media platforms. Lawler, primarily through
his use of articles in his publication “The Inquisitor” and social media sites,
and Hatfied and Senn, through social media, remained embattled during the
2015 and 2019 election cycles when Hatfield was a candidate for Caddo
Parish Sheriff. Lawler supported the incumbent in both of those elections.
Some of the interactions between these parties during this time period
resulted in misdemeanor criminal charges against Senn for pouring a glass of
water on Lawler, this litigation instituted by Hatfield, as well as other
defamation litigation instituted by Lawler’s wife against Hatfield and Senn.
In the present matter, the catalyst for the lawsuit was a series of
billboards, a website, and a dancing Santa and elves that all featured the
phrase “Lying Eric” and highlighted the website, LyingEric.com. Lawler
admits to owning and running the website and having organized the
billboards and dancing Santa in 2019. Lawler asserted that Hatfield’s
expressed qualifications to hold and seek public office, as well as his
business and personal dealings, were in conflict with various public records,
some of which included court records of litigation involving Hatfield.
In December, 2019, Hatfield and Senn filed suit against the
defendants for defamation, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of
emotional distress. Herring and the Lawlers filed special motions to strike,
citing La. C.C.P. art. 971, which provides a First Amendment defense to a
2 cause of action arising from an act by a person in furtherance of the person’s
right to petition or free speech.
The plaintiffs filed a motion to recuse the trial judge, Judge Ramon
Lafitte, and on February 18, 2020, a hearing on the motion was held before
Judge Charles Tutt. Judge Tutt denied the motion and remanded the matter
to Judge Lafitte. On March 4, 2020, the trial court held a hearing on the
special motions to strike, and both parties presented argument. The Lawlers
subsequently filed a motion to sanction plaintiffs’ counsel for filing the
original complaint without a verification. A hearing on the motion for
sanctions was conducted, with plaintiffs’ counsel testifying. The trial court
denied the motion for sanctions. The Lawlers also filed a motion for
sanctions against plaintiffs’ counsel related to her motion to recuse the trial
court judge, which was denied by the trial court without a hearing.
On June 18, 2020, the trial court ruled on the motions to strike,
granting both motions and dismissing all of the plaintiffs’ claims with
prejudice. The October 9, 2020, judgment dismissed all of the plaintiffs’
claims with prejudice and awarded the Lawlers attorney fees for their New
Orleans counsel in the amount of $11,925.39, their local counsel in the
amount of $7,125.00, and awarded Herring attorney fees in the amount of
$8,730.00. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
The right to free speech is guaranteed in the constitutions of both the
United States and Louisiana. The First Amendment to the United States
Constitution provides that “Congress shall make no law…abridging the
freedom of speech, or the press[.]” The Louisiana Constitution art. 1, § 7
3 states that “[n]o law shall curtail or restrain the freedom of speech or of the
press. Every person may speak, write, and publish his sentiments on any
subject, but is responsible for abuse of that freedom.”
In 1999, the Louisiana legislature found that “there had been a
disturbing increase in lawsuits brought primarily to chill the valid exercise of
the constitutional rights of freedom of speech and petition for redress of
grievances.” La. C.C.P. art. 971. These lawsuits are referred to as strategic
lawsuits against public participation (or “SLAPP”). The legislature enacted
Article 971 intending to encourage continued participation in matters of
public significance and to prevent participation from being chilled through
an abuse of judicial process. Wainwright v. Tyler, 52,083 (La. App. 2 Cir.
6/27/18), 253 So. 3d 203; Lee v. Pennington, 02-0381 (La. App. 4 Cir.
10/06/02), 830 So. 2d 1037, 1041, writ denied, 02-2790 (La. 1/24/03), 836
So. 2d 52. The legislature enacted Article 971 as a procedural device to be
used in the early stages of litigation to screen out meritless claims brought
primarily to chill the valid exercise of the constitutional rights of freedom of
speech and petition for redress of grievances. Quinlan v. Sugar-Gold,
53,348 (La. App. 2 Cir. 3/11/20), 293 So. 3d 722, writ denied, 20-00744 (La.
10/6/20), 302 So. 3d 536. A special motion to strike is a “specialized
defense motion akin to a motion for summary judgment.” Lamz v. Wells,
05-1497 (La. App. 1 Cir. 6/9/06), 938 So. 2d 792.
La. C.C.P. Art. 971 provides in pertinent part:
A. (1) A cause of action against a person arising from any act of that person in furtherance of the person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States or Louisiana Constitution in connection with a public issue shall be subject to a special motion to strike, unless the court determines that the plaintiff has established a probability of success on the claim.
4 (2) In making its determination, the court shall consider the pleadings and supporting and opposing affidavits stating the facts upon which the liability or defense is based.
(3) If the court determines that the plaintiff has established a probability of success on the claim, that determination shall be admissible in evidence at any later stage of the proceeding.
B. In any action subject to Paragraph A of this Article, a prevailing party on a special motion to strike shall be awarded reasonable attorney fees and costs.
Article 971 further authorizes a stay on all discovery proceedings in the
action upon the filing of the special motion, and the stay remains in place
until notice of entry of the order ruling on the motion. La. C.C.P. art.
971(D). Finally, Article 971 defines an “[a]ct in furtherance of a person’s
right of petition or free speech under the United States or Louisiana
Constitution in connection with a public issue” to include “any written or
oral statement or writing made in a place open to the public or a public
forum in connection with an issue of public interest.” La. C.C.P. art.
971(F)(1)(c).
Louisiana jurisprudence interprets Article 971 as requiring a two-part,
burden-shifting analysis. Wainwright, supra. The mover must first establish
that the claims against him arise from an act by him in the exercise of his
right of petition or free speech under the United States or Louisiana
Constitution in connection with a public issue. Id. If the mover makes a
prima facie showing that his comments were constitutionally protected and
in connection with a public issue, the burden then shifts to the plaintiff to
demonstrate a probability of success on the claim as the second part of the
analysis. In cases where more than one claim is alleged in the petition, the
courts examine the probability of success of each claim individually. If the
5 plaintiff can demonstrate a probability of success on any of his claims, then
the special motion to strike must fail. Shelton v. Pavon, 17-0482 (La.
10/18/17), 236 So. 3d 1233.
The granting of a special motion to strike presents a question of law.
Questions of law are reviewed de novo, with the judgment rendered on the
record, without deference to the legal conclusions of the tribunals below.
Quinlan, supra.
Assignments of Error
Plaintiffs assert the following four assignments of error:
(1) The court erred at the hearing of the motion to recuse the trial judge by failing to apply the objective test articulated by the United States Supreme Court to be applied in such cases.
(2) The trial court erred when it ruled in favor of defendant Bobby Herring and granted his special motion to dismiss all issues pending against him even though he failed to provide any evidence to make a prima facie case pursuant to La. Code of Civ. Proc. Art. 971 and there were other claims beyond those covered by the special motion to dismiss.
(3) Attorney for defendants Danny Lawler, David Lawler, and Ken Lawler should be sanctioned for filing a frivolous motion against plaintiffs’ attorney causing unnecessary court costs for transcription and attorney’s fees.
(4) The trial court committed reversible error by finding that the defendants had satisfied their burden of making out a prima facie case that their speech was protected by the First Amendment and concerned a matter of public interest, and then finding the plaintiffs had failed to make out a prima facie case that there was a probability they would prevail at trial.
The second and fourth assignments of error are so closely aligned that they
will be addressed contemporaneously below.
A. First Assignment of Error: Motion to Recuse
In their first assignment of error, the plaintiffs argue that the trial court
erred at the hearing on the motion to recuse the trial judge by failing to apply
6 the objective test articulated by the United States Supreme Court to be
applied in such cases. The applicable standard of review of recusal is abuse
of discretion. Menard v. Menard, 19-580 (La. App. 3 Cir. 3/11/20), 297 So.
3d 82; In re Commitment of M.M., 53,577 (La. App. 2 Cir. 9/23/20), 303 So.
3d 1095.
In order to recuse a judge from a case, the moving party is required to
prove that “objectively speaking, ‘the probability of actual bias on the part of
the judge or decisionmaker is too high to be constitutionally tolerable.”
Daurbigney v. Liberty Pers. Ins. Co., 18-929 (La. App. 3 Cir. 5/9/19), 272
So. 3d 69, quoting Rippo v. Baker, 137 S. Ct. 905, 197 L. Ed. 2d 167 (2017).
Plaintiffs argue that Judge Tutt did not specifically use the term “actual bias”
in the judgment rendered on the motion to recuse and did not discuss the
objective standard in his reasoning.
A review of the record indicates that the recusal hearing and
subsequent judgment rendered on the issue were thorough and addressed the
lack of evidence of any bias on the part of the trial court judge. We find
there was no abuse of discretion in denying the motion to recuse. This
assignment of error is without merit.
B. Second and Fourth Assignments of Error: Article 971 SLAPP
As the second and fourth assignments of error are substantially
identical, focusing on application of Article 971, we will address them
together. Plaintiffs allege that the trial court erred in finding that the
defendants satisfied their prima facie burden of demonstrating the
complained of speech was relative to a public issue, as required by Article
7 971, and further erred in finding that plaintiffs had not satisfied their burden
of showing that they had a probability of success on their claims at trial.
Because we review this matter de novo, we must examine the record
and determine whether the defendants’ motions under La. C.C.P. art. 971
should have been granted. This review must first resolve whether the
statements made by the defendants fall under the protection of Article 971,
i.e. whether Lawler’s written or oral statements were made in a place open to
the public or a public forum in connection with an issue of public interest.1
Speech on matters of public concern is at the heart of the First
Amendment’s protection, and matters of public concern relate to any matter
of political, social, or other concern to the community. Connick v. Myers,
461 U.S. 138, 103 S. Ct. 1684, 75 L. Ed. 2d 708 (1983). Whether speech
addresses matters of public concern must be determined by the content,
form, and context of a given statement, as revealed by the entire record.
Kennedy v. Sheriff of E. Baton Rouge, 05-1418 (La. 7/10/06), 935 So. 2d
669; Wainwright, supra; Quinlan, supra.
All public statements complained of by the plaintiffs involve
Hatfield’s run for public office for sheriff in 2015 and 2019 or his
competence as constable and whether he should be reelected to that office.
In their petition, Plaintiffs have provided copies of Facebook posts from a
page entitled “Recall Caddo Ward 8 Constable Eric Hatfield,” photos of the
lyingeric.com website advertised on “The Inquisitor” newspaper boxes, and
photos of various people holding signs advertising lyingeric.com standing on
1 The plaintiffs admit that Herring and Ken and David Lawler have not had any communications that would be deemed defamatory, and instead, plaintiffs allege they were part of a civil conspiracy to “rid Caddo Parish of the plaintiffs.”
8 the side of public streets. Plaintiffs also included a Facebook post from
Lawler’s personal page, offering free food and drinks to local restaurants
that that do not support Hatfield and Senn. One post from August 3, 2018,
calls Hatfield a bully and Senn an “attention whore.” Another Facebook
post from Lawler’s personal page offers to pay people to hold signs and pull
trailers advertising the lyingeric.com website.
Plaintiffs attached various exhibits to their affidavit in opposition to
the special motions to strike. These exhibits include an article written by
Lawler for “The Inquisitor” which states that Hatfield and Senn “are the
targets of a Medicaid fraud complaint filed with the Louisiana Attorney
General’s Office,” and a copy of the front page of “The Inquisitor” with the
headline “Seriously?? She May Be A 3” in reference to Senn. One exhibit
includes a quote attributed to Lawler, which states, in relation to Senn,
“What a nasty woman! I mean, seriously? She may be a three. And I
emphasize ‘may be a three.’”
In response, Lawler provided an affidavit that states his website,
lyingeric.com, consists of public documents, commentary on Hatfield’s
fitness for public office, and Lawler’s opinion that Hatfield is a liar. Lawler
attests that “[m]y political opinion, which I have expressed through my
website, lyingeric.com, and other means, is solely intended to inform the
public of Mr. Hatfield’s fitness for public office.”
The competence of public officials and their fitness for office are
matters of public interest to the community. During the time period
complained of by the plaintiffs, Hatfield was a duly elected constable and/or
running a campaign to be sheriff of Caddo Parish, or had expressed an
9 intention to seek reelection to his current position. We find plaintiffs’
argument that an elected constable is not a public official to be unpersuasive.
A public official is someone who holds a governmental position that invites
public scrutiny and discussion and has such apparent importance that the
public has an independent interest in the qualifications and performance of
the person who holds it. Davis v. Borskey, 94-2399 (La. 9/5/95), 660 So. 2d
17, 21 at n. 6. We further find that Senn interjected herself in the public
dispute between Lawler and Hatfield, by participating in social media
platforms in an effort to assert reciprocal character issue claims against
Lawler and his wife and family. Some of those allegations resulted in
litigation between the parties, awarding damages against Hatfield and Senn
and in favor of Lawler’s wife, which was recently affirmed by this court.
The primary thrust of plaintiffs’ argument to this court in this matter is
that the defendants did not satisfy their prima facie burden of proof that the
complained of statements are protected under the First Amendment because
they did not attach affidavits or deposition testimony to the special motions
to strike. We find this argument to be without merit. Plaintiffs have failed
to cite any authority that states an affidavit or deposition testimony is a
mandatory requirement to meet the mover’s prima facie burden under
Article 971. In fact, Louisiana jurisprudence has found that “reference to
the plaintiff’s petition alone demonstrates that the causes of action arise from
acts in furtherance of the defendants’ right of free speech and in connection
with a public issue.” Darden v. Smith, 03-1144 (La. App. 3 Cir. 6/30/04,
879 So. 2d 390, writ denied, 04-1955 (La. 11/15/04), 887 So. 2d 480.
Finally, plaintiff’s argument disregards the fact that the trial court allowed
10 Lawler to attach an affidavit to his special motion to strike, attesting that his
statements were made in the furtherance of his First Amendment rights.
To facilitate the determination of any likelihood of success on the
claims made, Article 971 requires the court to consider the pleadings and
any supporting and opposing affidavits. There is no corresponding
requirement that any affidavits must be filed. Rather, should the parties
elect to file such affidavits, the court is affirmatively charged to consider
those filings. The pleadings themselves, and the allegations contained
therein, may alone be sufficient for the court to make its determination of
whether it involves a public issue and if there exists a probability of success
on the claim.
Considering the above, the statements complained of by the plaintiffs
meet the statutory definition of acts in furtherance of the right of petition or
free speech under the United States or Louisiana Constitution in connection
with a public issue and, thus, fall under the purview of La. C.C.P. art. 971.
The defendants have made a prima facie showing that the complained of
statements were constitutionally protected and were made in connection with
a public issue.
The burden now shifts to the plaintiffs to demonstrate a probability of
success on their claims. If more than one claim is alleged in the petition, the
court should examine the probability of success of each claim individually,
and if the plaintiff can demonstrate a probability of success on any claim,
then the motion must fail. Quinlan, supra.
As permitted by Louisiana’s fact pleading provisions, plaintiffs have
outlined the historical acrimony which existed between the parties in what is
11 best described as an “airing of grievances.” Many of the complained of
activities and statements have long ago prescribed under Louisiana’s tort
law, but such allegations aid in providing historical perspective. The trial
court properly discerned which allegations could possibly be construed to
assert viable claims against the defendants. We must do the same.
Defamation
Defamation is a tort that involves the invasion of a person’s interest in
his or her reputation and good name. Sassone v. Elder, 626 So. 2d 345 (La.
1993); Wainwright, supra. A statement is defamatory if it tends to harm the
reputation of another so as to lower the person in the estimation of the
community or to deter others from associating or dealing with the person or
otherwise exposes the person to contempt or ridicule. Kennedy, supra;
Wainwright, supra.
There are four elements necessary to establish a claim for defamation:
1) a false or defamatory statement concerning another, 2) an unprivileged
publication to a third party, 3) fault (negligence or greater), and 4) resulting
injury. La. C.C. art. 2315; Kennedy, supra; Wainwright, supra. If even one
of the required elements of the tort is lacking, the cause of action fails.
Wainwright, supra; Quinlan, supra. The fault requirement is malice, actual
or implied. Wainwright, supra. Actual malice is generally established by
showing that the defendant either knew that the statement was false or acted
with reckless disregard for the truth. Costello v. Hardy, 03-1146 (La.
1/21/04), 864 So. 2d 129.
In determining the standard of liability in defamation claims, the
Louisiana Supreme Court makes a distinction between plaintiffs who are
12 public officials or public figures and private individuals. Kennedy, supra.
In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d
686 (1964), the United States Supreme Court found that the First
Amendment prohibits a public official from recovering damages arising
from a defamatory falsehood published in relation to his or her official
conduct, unless the public official proves that statement was made with
“actual malice.” This protection was granted to speech discussing public
officials because defamation would have a chilling effect on constitutionally
valuable speech. Kennedy, supra. The New York Times decision imposed
the requirement for a high degree of fault in defamation actions brought by
public officials and shifted the heightened burden of proof of fault to the
public official. Kennedy, supra.
The case of Curtis Pub. Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130, 87 S. Ct. 1975, 18
L. Ed. 2d 1094 (1967), extended the standard of liability outlined in the New
York Times to include public figures, i.e. non-public officials who are
intimately involved in the resolution of important public questions or who,
by reason of their fame, shape events in areas of concern to society at large.
A person may become a public figure because they have thrust themselves to
the forefront of particular public controversies in order to influence the
resolution of the issues involved. Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323,
94 S. Ct. 2997, 41 L. Ed. 2d 789 (1974). An individual who voluntarily
injects himself or is drawn into a particular controversy becomes a public
figure for this limited range of issues because they have invited attention and
comment and assume special prominence in the resolution of public
questions. Gertz, supra; Wainwright, supra.
13 As noted above, at all pertinent times herein, Hatfield was a duly
elected constable and public official. He was also a candidate for Caddo
Parish Sheriff in 2015 and 2019 and had made known his intention to seek
re-election to his position as constable. A candidate for public office is held
to the same standard as a public official for defamation purposes. Badeaux
v. Sw. Computer Bureau, Inc., 05-0612 (La. 3/17/06), 929 So. 2d 1211. As
such, Hatfield is subject to the higher burden placed on public officials and
must prove that the complained of statements were made with actual malice.
Similarly, Senn is a limited purpose public figure. Senn has gained a
certain level of notoriety related to the animosity between Hatfield and
Lawler. She has a criminal conviction related to an altercation with Lawler
and has been a named defendant in a defamation action instituted by
Lawler’s wife. See Yanong v. Coleman, 53,933 (La. App. 2 Cir. 5/17/21),
2021 WL 1961018. In the Yanong matter, this court noted that Senn had
participated in a number of podcasts discussing Lawler and made posts on
her Facebook account about Lawler and his wife. Senn has voluntarily
injected herself into this particular controversy and has become a public
figure for this limited range of issues. She has invited attention and
comment on these issues and has assumed special prominence in the
resolution of public questions about Hatfield and his capacity as a public
official.
In the instant case, Hatfield, as a public official, and Senn, as a public
figure, must establish actual malice in order for their defamation action to
succeed. The actual malice standard is not met merely through showing ill
will or “malice” in the ordinary sense of the word. Actual malice may not
14 be inferred from evidence of personal spite, an intention to injure, or a bad
motive. Tarpley v. Colfax Chronicle, 94-2919 (La. 2/17/95), 650 So. 2d
738. Actual malice must be proven with convincing clarity. Kennedy,
supra.
Hatfield and Senn have failed to provide any evidence of actual
malice. While the animosity between the parties is clear, there is no
evidence of actual malice but, rather, evidence of personal spite and a
political motive. Louisiana politics is no doubt a contact sport. The
Louisiana and United States constitutions, and subsequent interpretive
jurisprudence, have cut a wide swath of protection around speech, which,
while it could understandably cause consternation and anger, offers refuge
for opinionated comment when it comes to those seeking and holding public
office and the version of themselves they portray to voters and constituents.
Unfortunately, those exchanges have become increasingly harsh and public,
but such public issue speech can not be stymied.
The language cited by the plaintiffs is made up of opinions and
hyperbole. An expression of opinion occurs when the maker of the
comment states the facts on which his opinion of the plaintiff is based and
then expresses a comment as to the plaintiff’s conduct, qualifications, or
character. Wainwright, supra. An expression of opinion on a matter of
public concern that does not imply a false fact cannot be the basis of a
defamation action. Where a statement of opinion on a matter of public
concern reasonably implies false and defamatory facts regarding public
figures or officials, those individuals must show that such statements were
15 made with knowledge of their false implications or with reckless disregard
of the truth. Id.
Here, Plaintiffs have only provided a small number of instances where
Hatfield or Senn are specifically referenced by Lawler, i.e. calling Hatfield a
liar and a bully on Facebook and calling Senn an attention whore. These are
clearly expressions of opinion and not sufficient to show a probability of
success on defamation action.
The statements made in plaintiffs’ brief and the record are simply
conclusory and fail to state specific instances of defamation of a public
official or public figure. Considering the above, Hatfield and Senn have not
demonstrated a probability of success on their defamation claims, and we
find that their defamation claims were properly dismissed by the trial court.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
Hatfield and Senn have also made claims for intentional infliction of
emotional distress. In order to be successful on these claims, they are
required to demonstrate: 1) that the conduct of the defendant was extreme
and outrageous, 2) that the emotional distress suffered by the plaintiff was
severe, and 3) that the defendant desired to inflict severe emotional distress
or knew that severe emotional distress would be certain or substantially
certain to result from his conduct. LaBove v. Raftery, 00-1394 (La.
11/28/01), 802 So. 2d 566, 577; Darden, supra. Public figures and public
officials may not recover for the tort of intentional infliction of emotional
distress by reason of publications unless they are able to show that the
publication contains a false statement of fact which was made with “actual
malice,” i.e. with knowledge that the statement was false or with reckless
16 disregard as to whether or not it was true. Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell,
485 U.S. 46, 108 S. Ct. 876, 99 L. Ed. 2d 41 (1988).
Our review of the record indicates that plaintiffs have failed to
demonstrate a probability of success as to these claims. There is no
evidence that defendants’ statements were made with actual malice. As
such, we find that the intentional infliction of emotional distress claims were
appropriately dismissed by the trial court.
Invasion of Privacy
Plaintiffs have made a claim for invasion of privacy. Violation of the
right of privacy is actionable only when a defendant’s conduct is
unreasonable and seriously interferes with another’s privacy interest.
Zellinger v. Amalgamated Clothing, 28,127 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/3/96), 683 So.
2d 726; Smith v. Arkansas Louisiana Gas Co., 26,180 (La. App. 2 Cir.
10/26/94), 645 So. 2d 785, writ denied, 95-0035 (La. 4/10/95), 650 So. 2d
1179. For an invasion to be actionable, it is not necessary that there be
malicious intent on the part of a defendant. The reasonableness of the
defendant’s conduct is determined by balancing the conflicting interests at
stake; the plaintiff’s interest in protecting his privacy from serious invasions,
and the defendant’s interest in pursuing his course of conduct. Smith, supra.
Plaintiffs have not described any specific, nonprescribed instances of
invasion of privacy. Plaintiffs have not provided evidence that the
defendants’ statements unreasonably or seriously interfered with the
plaintiffs’ privacy interest. As such, these claims were properly dismissed
by the trial court.
17 Claims on behalf of the Hatfield Children
Finally, the record contains no specific allegations regarding the
Hatfield children, other than an allegation that the children’s medical records
had been obtained by an unknown person and distributed in 2017. The trial
court found these claims prescribed, and plaintiffs have not argued that they
were not prescribed. We find no evidence in the record to support claims of
defamation, intentional infliction of emotional distress, or invasion of
privacy on behalf of the minor children, and thus, affirm the trial court’s
dismissal of any such claims.
C. Third Assignment of Error: Sanctions
Plaintiffs request that this court issue sanctions against the Lawlers’
counsel for “filing a frivolous motion against plaintiffs’ attorney causing
unnecessary court costs for transcription and attorney’s fees.” Plaintiffs’
counsel seeks sanctions against defense counsel for seeking sanctions
against her at the trial court level. The remedy for a claim for sanctions is a
hearing on the issue and determination by the trial court as to whether the
alleged actions rise to a level to be sanctionable. Opposing counsel is not
the arbiter of that matter. While counsel may form a good faith belief that
sanctions should be levied by the court, it is the court, considering the
totality of the circumstances, which is empowered to reach a conclusion of
the issue. Such a hearing or consideration by the trial court would have
afforded the appropriate relief to the filings below. Appellate courts,
however, will not consider issues that were not raised in the pleadings, were
not addressed by the trial court, or are raised for the first time on appeal.
Enriquez v. Safeway Ins. Co. of La., 52,425 (La. App. 2 Cir. 1/16/19), 264
18 So. 3d 648. Plaintiffs did not seek sanctions against defense counsel at the
trial court level. As such, this court cannot consider this issue, and this
ATTORNEY FEES AND COSTS
In any action subject to La. C.C.P. art. 971(A), a prevailing party on a
special motion to strike shall be awarded reasonable attorney fees and costs.
La. C.C.P. art. 971(B); Quinlan, supra. As a general rule, attorney fees are
not allowed in Louisiana unless they are authorized by statute or provided
for by contract. State, Dept. of Transp. & Dev. v. Wagner, 10-0050 (La.
5/28/10), 38 So. 3d 240; Quinlan, supra.
This court has held that the general rule regarding additional attorney
fees for work done on appeal is that an increase in attorney fees is usually
allowed where a party was awarded attorney fees by the trial court and is
forced to and successfully defends an appeal. In Quinlan, supra, this court
found that where a plaintiff appealed the trial court’s grant of the
defendant’s special motion to strike pursuant to La. C.C.P. art. 971, the
defendant was entitled to an increase of attorney fees for the work done on
appeal when defendant prevailed.
Here, the plaintiffs were unsuccessful in obtaining relief on appeal,
and the appeal necessitated additional work by counsel for the defendants,
all of which has its genesis in Article. 971. As such, pursuant to the
mandatory attorney fee language in La. C.C.P. art. 971(B), we find
defendants are entitled to an increase in attorney fees for this appeal. This
matter shall be remanded to the trial court for the determination of a
19 reasonable attorney fee award for defendants for the necessary work on
appeal by their respective counsel.
CONCLUSION
The trial court’s judgment dismissing the plaintiffs’ claims with
prejudice is affirmed. The trial court’s denial of the motion to recuse is
affirmed. Plaintiffs’ request for sanctions is denied. The matter is remanded
to the trial court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion
relative to fixing additional attorney fee awards in accordance with La.
C.C.P. art. 971(B). Costs of this appeal are assessed to appellants, George
Eric Hatfield and Amy Senn.
AFFIRMED; REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.