Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-10782 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:16-cv-00019-HLM; 4:10-cr-00012-HLM-WEJ-1
GEORGE D. HOUSER,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(April 10, 2020)
Before JORDAN, NEWSOM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 2 of 9
George Houser, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s denial of his
28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate sentence as untimely. Houser argues that his
§ 2255 motion was timely filed because it was deposited in the prison’s mail
system on or before the expiration of the statute of limitations, and the district
court misinterpreted Rule 3(d) of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings.
After careful review, we vacate and remand for further proceedings.
Following a bench trial, Houser was convicted of one count of conspiracy to
commit health care fraud, eight counts of payroll tax fraud, and two counts of
failure to file individual income tax returns. United States v. Houser, 754 F.3d
1335, 1337 (11th Cir. 2014). He was sentenced to 240 months’ imprisonment. Id.
We affirmed on direct appeal. Id.
Houser subsequently filed a typed § 2255 motion using the designated
§ 2255 form. At the end of the form, he stated that he executed the motion on
January 17, 2016, and delivered it to prison authorities for mailing on January 19,
2016, followed by his typed name, but without his signature in ink. Houser also
attached an in forma pauperis affidavit, which was executed on January 17, 2016
and bore Houser’s signature. Additionally, Houser included a summary of his
claims which bore his signature and was dated January 19, 2016. The prison’s
received stamp on the envelope containing this motion was dated January 14,
2 Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 3 of 9
2016. 1 The district court received and docketed Houser’s § 2255 motion on
Monday, January 25, 2016.
The district court ultimately denied his § 2255 motion as barred by the
one-year statute of limitations established by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act (“AEDPA”). See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1). 2 In reaching this
conclusion, the district court determined that the statute of limitations expired on
January 20, 2016, and even though Houser’s motion and other related documents
were dated and signed prior to this date, the motion was untimely because Houser
failed to sign a declaration in compliance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746, pursuant to Rule
3(d) of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings. Houser appealed, and a
judge of this Court granted a certificate of appealability as to “whether Houser’s 28
U.S.C. § 2255 motion was timely filed under the prison mailbox rule.”
When reviewing a district court’s denial of a § 2255 motion, we review
questions of law de novo and factual findings for clear error. Lynn v. United
States, 365 F.3d 1225, 1232 (11th Cir. 2004). We review de novo the dismissal of
1 We acknowledge that the prison’s received stamp is confusing given the date the motion was signed by Houser, but this particular factual discrepancy has no bearing on the outcome of this appeal. 2 AEDPA provides that, generally, a federal prisoner must file his § 2255 motion within one-year of “the date on which the judgment of conviction becomes final.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1). In this case, all parties agree that Houser’s judgment of conviction became final on January 20, 2015, and, therefore, he had until January 20, 2016 to file a timely § 2255 motion. 3 Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 4 of 9
a § 2255 motion as time-barred. Daniels v. United States, 809 F.3d 588, 589 (11th
Cir. 2015).
Under the prison mailbox rule, a pro se prisoner’s § 2255 motion is deemed
filed on the date the prisoner delivers the motion to prison authorities for mailing.
Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 276 (1988); Adams v. United States, 173 F.3d
1339, 1341 (11th Cir. 1999). In Houston, the Supreme Court explained that this
bright-line rule applies to pro se prisoners because they necessarily lose control
over their filing when they deliver it to prison authorities. 487 U.S. at 275. Thus,
“[a]bsent evidence to the contrary, we assume that a prisoner delivered a filing to
prison authorities on the date he signed it,” and “[t]he burden is on the Government
to prove the motion was delivered to prison authorities on a date other than the date
the prisoner signed it.” Jeffries v. United States, 748 F.3d 1310, 1314 (11th Cir.
2014). The government bears this burden because “prisons ‘have well-developed
procedures for recording the date and time at which they receive papers for mailing
and [ ] can readily dispute a prisoner’s assertions that he delivered the paper on a
different date.’” Id. (quoting Houston, 487 U.S. at 275).
Consistent with the prison mailbox rule, Rule 3(d) of the Rules Governing
Section 2255 Proceedings, provides that:
A paper filed by an inmate confined in an institution is timely if deposited in the institution’s internal mailing system on or before the last day for filing. If an institution has a system designed for legal mail, the inmate must use that system to receive the benefit of this rule. 4 Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 5 of 9
Timely filing may be shown by a declaration in compliance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746[3] or by a notarized statement, either of which must set forth the date of deposit and state that first-class postage has been prepaid.
Contrary to the district court’s conclusion, we have never held that in order
to be timely filed, a § 2255 motion must contain a declaration in compliance with
§ 1746. Indeed, the plain language of Rule 3(d), which provides that “[t]imely
filing may be shown by a declaration in compliance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746 or by a
notarized statement,” undermines such a contention. See Rule 3(d), Rules
Governing Section 2255 Proceedings (emphasis added). The plain language of the
rule indicates that there are multiple ways in which a prisoner can demonstrate the
timeliness of a filing, including, but not limited to, filing a declaration in
compliance with § 1746.
The government’s reliance on our decision in Daniels for the contrary
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Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-10782 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:16-cv-00019-HLM; 4:10-cr-00012-HLM-WEJ-1
GEORGE D. HOUSER,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(April 10, 2020)
Before JORDAN, NEWSOM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 2 of 9
George Houser, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s denial of his
28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate sentence as untimely. Houser argues that his
§ 2255 motion was timely filed because it was deposited in the prison’s mail
system on or before the expiration of the statute of limitations, and the district
court misinterpreted Rule 3(d) of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings.
After careful review, we vacate and remand for further proceedings.
Following a bench trial, Houser was convicted of one count of conspiracy to
commit health care fraud, eight counts of payroll tax fraud, and two counts of
failure to file individual income tax returns. United States v. Houser, 754 F.3d
1335, 1337 (11th Cir. 2014). He was sentenced to 240 months’ imprisonment. Id.
We affirmed on direct appeal. Id.
Houser subsequently filed a typed § 2255 motion using the designated
§ 2255 form. At the end of the form, he stated that he executed the motion on
January 17, 2016, and delivered it to prison authorities for mailing on January 19,
2016, followed by his typed name, but without his signature in ink. Houser also
attached an in forma pauperis affidavit, which was executed on January 17, 2016
and bore Houser’s signature. Additionally, Houser included a summary of his
claims which bore his signature and was dated January 19, 2016. The prison’s
received stamp on the envelope containing this motion was dated January 14,
2 Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 3 of 9
2016. 1 The district court received and docketed Houser’s § 2255 motion on
Monday, January 25, 2016.
The district court ultimately denied his § 2255 motion as barred by the
one-year statute of limitations established by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act (“AEDPA”). See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1). 2 In reaching this
conclusion, the district court determined that the statute of limitations expired on
January 20, 2016, and even though Houser’s motion and other related documents
were dated and signed prior to this date, the motion was untimely because Houser
failed to sign a declaration in compliance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746, pursuant to Rule
3(d) of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings. Houser appealed, and a
judge of this Court granted a certificate of appealability as to “whether Houser’s 28
U.S.C. § 2255 motion was timely filed under the prison mailbox rule.”
When reviewing a district court’s denial of a § 2255 motion, we review
questions of law de novo and factual findings for clear error. Lynn v. United
States, 365 F.3d 1225, 1232 (11th Cir. 2004). We review de novo the dismissal of
1 We acknowledge that the prison’s received stamp is confusing given the date the motion was signed by Houser, but this particular factual discrepancy has no bearing on the outcome of this appeal. 2 AEDPA provides that, generally, a federal prisoner must file his § 2255 motion within one-year of “the date on which the judgment of conviction becomes final.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1). In this case, all parties agree that Houser’s judgment of conviction became final on January 20, 2015, and, therefore, he had until January 20, 2016 to file a timely § 2255 motion. 3 Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 4 of 9
a § 2255 motion as time-barred. Daniels v. United States, 809 F.3d 588, 589 (11th
Cir. 2015).
Under the prison mailbox rule, a pro se prisoner’s § 2255 motion is deemed
filed on the date the prisoner delivers the motion to prison authorities for mailing.
Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 276 (1988); Adams v. United States, 173 F.3d
1339, 1341 (11th Cir. 1999). In Houston, the Supreme Court explained that this
bright-line rule applies to pro se prisoners because they necessarily lose control
over their filing when they deliver it to prison authorities. 487 U.S. at 275. Thus,
“[a]bsent evidence to the contrary, we assume that a prisoner delivered a filing to
prison authorities on the date he signed it,” and “[t]he burden is on the Government
to prove the motion was delivered to prison authorities on a date other than the date
the prisoner signed it.” Jeffries v. United States, 748 F.3d 1310, 1314 (11th Cir.
2014). The government bears this burden because “prisons ‘have well-developed
procedures for recording the date and time at which they receive papers for mailing
and [ ] can readily dispute a prisoner’s assertions that he delivered the paper on a
different date.’” Id. (quoting Houston, 487 U.S. at 275).
Consistent with the prison mailbox rule, Rule 3(d) of the Rules Governing
Section 2255 Proceedings, provides that:
A paper filed by an inmate confined in an institution is timely if deposited in the institution’s internal mailing system on or before the last day for filing. If an institution has a system designed for legal mail, the inmate must use that system to receive the benefit of this rule. 4 Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 5 of 9
Timely filing may be shown by a declaration in compliance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746[3] or by a notarized statement, either of which must set forth the date of deposit and state that first-class postage has been prepaid.
Contrary to the district court’s conclusion, we have never held that in order
to be timely filed, a § 2255 motion must contain a declaration in compliance with
§ 1746. Indeed, the plain language of Rule 3(d), which provides that “[t]imely
filing may be shown by a declaration in compliance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746 or by a
notarized statement,” undermines such a contention. See Rule 3(d), Rules
Governing Section 2255 Proceedings (emphasis added). The plain language of the
rule indicates that there are multiple ways in which a prisoner can demonstrate the
timeliness of a filing, including, but not limited to, filing a declaration in
compliance with § 1746.
The government’s reliance on our decision in Daniels for the contrary
proposition is misplaced. Daniels, our only published case regarding Rule 3(d),
did not hold that strict compliance with Rule 3(d) is required before a § 2255
motion may be timely filed. Rather, in Daniels, consistent with Houston and its
progeny, we applied the common law prison mailbox rule and explained that
Daniels’s § 2255 motion was presumed filed on September 4, 2013, the date he
3 A sworn declaration under § 1746, is a statement that: “‘I declare (or certify, verify, or state) under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on (date). (Signature).’” 28 U.S.C. § 1746(2). 5 Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 6 of 9
signed and dated the motion. 809 F.3d at 589. This date, however, was beyond the
applicable one-year statute of limitations. Id. Daniels argued that a different filing
date than the date he signed his § 2255 motion should apply because he submitted
the motion to prison authorities for mailing on an earlier date. Id. at 590. In
support of his contention, he submitted an affidavit stating that he placed his
motion in the prison mailbox prior to the expiration of the relevant statute of
limitations. Id. We explained that “Rule 3(d) . . . permits a prisoner to show that
his motion was timely by making that type of declaration,” but that under the rule
the declaration must include both the date of deposit and that “first-class postage
has been prepaid.” Id. Daniels’s affidavit did not comply with Rule 3(d) because,
while he stated the date of deposit, he failed to state that he prepaid for first-class
postage. Id. Consequently, we held that the affidavit did not overcome the
presumed filing date—the date that his § 2255 motion was signed. Id. In other
words, we considered Rule 3(d) and its requirements only because Daniels argued
that a filing date different from the date he signed his § 2255 motion should apply
and attempted to establish that alternative date through a declaration under
Rule 3(d). Id. at 589–90.
Similarly, Allen v. Culliver, 471 F.3d 1196 (11th Cir. 2006), does not
support the government’s position. Allen involved the timeliness of a notice of
appeal under Rule 4(c) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, which at the
6 Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 7 of 9
time included virtually identical language to Rule 3(d) at issue here. Id. at 1197–
98. In that case, Allen filed a motion for the district court to accept as timely his
belated-appeal from the denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus, arguing
that, although he was now outside the applicable window to appeal, he had in fact
delivered a timely notice of appeal to prison authorities for mailing on an earlier
date (which it was undisputed the district court never received). Id. at 1198. The
district court assumed, without finding, that Allen in fact delivered the notice of
appeal on that earlier date, but then concluded that he was not entitled to benefit
from the mailbox rule because he failed to act with due diligence in inquiring as to
the status of his appeal. Id. On appeal, we explained that, based on the district
court’s assumption that Allen delivered a timely notice of appeal to the prison’s
mailing system, “both Houston and [Rule 4(c)(1)] mandate a holding that the NOA
was timely filed as of the date of delivery to the prison authorities.” Id. at 1198.
We then held that the district court abused its discretion in imposing a due
diligence requirement, as “there is no room, either in Houston or in [Rule 4(c)], for
the operation of [such] a requirement.” Id. Finally, we noted that, on remand, the
district court had the discretion to inquire further concerning the alleged delivery
of the notice of appeal and make a factual finding as to that issue, and that the
burden of proof was on the government, provided that “Allen ha[d] satisfied the
requirement of Fed. R. App. P. 4(c)(1) (‘timely filing may be shown by a
7 Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 8 of 9
declaration in compliance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746 or by a notarized
statement. . . .’).” 4 Thus, Allen, like Daniels, demonstrates that, absent evidence to
the contrary, the date a filing is delivered to prison authorities for mailing is the
presumptive filing date. Id.
In this case, all the record evidence indicated that Houser’s pro se § 2255
motion was signed and executed on January 17, 2016, and delivered to prison
authorities for mailing on January 19, 2016. Thus, “absent evidence to the
contrary in the form of prison logs or other records,” the district court was required
to assume that Houser’s § 2255 motion was filed on January 19, 2016, which was
prior to the expiration of the one-year statute of limitations. Washington v. United
States, 243 F.3d 1299, 1301 (11th Cir. 2001); Daniels, 809 F.3d at 589; Jeffries,
748 F.3d at 1314. Houser was not required to present a declaration in compliance
with Rule 3(d) in order to be entitled to this mailbox rule presumption. See
Daniels, 809 F.3d at 589. Pursuant to Houston and its progeny, the burden then
shifted to the government to demonstrate that Houser delivered the motion on a
date other than January 19, 2016, which it failed to do based on its mistaken belief
that Houser had to first comply with Rule 3(d). Therefore, on remand, the district
4 Although we referenced Rule 4(c)’s declaration requirements in passing, that was because Allen was arguing that he should be given the benefit of the mailbox rule based off of a timely notice of appeal that he allegedly gave to prison authorities, but which the district court never received. In other words, because the document in question was lost, in order to receive the benefit of the prison mailbox rule, Allen would have had to complete a declaration averring when he delivered the document to prison authorities. 8 Case: 19-10782 Date Filed: 04/10/2020 Page: 9 of 9
court may give the government an opportunity to meet this burden, provided that
Houser is also given an opportunity to respond.
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is vacated, and the case is
remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.5
VACATED AND REMANDED.
5 Houser’s pending motion for leave to file an appendix out of time is DENIED AS MOOT. 9