Gastelum v. TJX Companies

Opinion

1 2 3 7 8 FERNANDO GASTELUM, Case No. 21-cv-06714-VKD

9 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S 10 v. MOTION TO DISMISS WITH LEAVE TO AMEND 11 TJX COMPANIES dba HOMEGOODS, Re: Dkt. No. 12 Defendant. 12

13 15 Pro se plaintiff Fernando Gastelum brings this action based on accessibility barriers he 16 claims he encountered at a store located in Gilroy, California and allegedly owned or operated by 17 defendant TJX Companies (“TJX”).1 According to his complaint, Mr. Gastelum is missing one 18 leg and uses a wheelchair for mobility. Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 1. Mr. Gastelum claims that he visited the 19 store on June 30, 2021 and encountered the following barriers that prevented him from having 20 equal access to the store: “[u]nsecured carpets within the store [that] impede [his] ability to wheel 21 [him]self over uneven ground in [his] wheelchair”; “[p]rotruding objects [that] reduce clear width 22 of accessible routes between rows of merchandising displays” that “make[] it more difficult for 23 [him] to move between the rows of merchandise and shop in [his] wheelchair”; “[c]ear width of 24 accessible routes less than 32 inches between rows of merchandising displays” that “makes it more 25 difficult for [him] to move between the rows of merchandise and shop in [his] wheelchair”; and a 26

27 1 TJX says that the proper party to this lawsuit is HomeGoods, Inc., not The TJX Companies, Inc. 1 “[r]estroom door requir[ing] greater than 5 lbs of force to open” that “makes it more difficult for 2 him to open the restroom door to use the facility in [his] wheelchair.” Id. ¶¶ 4(a)-(d). He alleges 3 that he “will not return back to Defendant’s place until it becomes fully compliant with federal and 4 state disability laws.” Id. ¶ 6. 5 Mr. Gastelum appears to assert claims under Title III of the American with Disabilities Act 6 of 1990 (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12182 et seq., and the California Unruh Civil Rights Act (“Unruh 7 Act”), Cal. Civ. Code §§ 51-53.2 Dkt. No. 1. He seeks injunctive relief, as well as statutory 8 damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs. Id. at 2. 9 TJX now moves pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) to dismiss the complaint, arguing that Mr. 10 Gastelum does not have Article III standing to pursue this action. Mr. Gastelum opposes the 11 motion. The matter is deemed suitable for determination without oral argument. Civil L.R. 7- 12 1(b). The January 25, 2022 hearing is vacated. Upon consideration of the moving and responding 13 papers, the Court grants TJX’s motion to dismiss with leave to amend.3 15 Standing is a jurisdictional issue properly addressed under a Rule 12(b)(1) motion. 16 Cetacean Cmty. v. Bush, 386 F.3d 1169, 1174 (9th Cir. 2004). A Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss 17 challenges a federal court’s jurisdiction over the subject matter of a plaintiff’s complaint. A 18 jurisdictional challenge under Rule 12(b)(1) may be made either on the face of the pleadings (a 19 “facial attack”) or by presenting extrinsic evidence (a “factual attack”). Warren v. Fox Family 20 Worldwide, Inc., 328 F.3d 1136, 1139 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing White v. Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1242 21 (9th Cir. 2000)). “In a facial attack, the challenger asserts that the allegations contained in a 22

23 2 Mr. Gastelum’s complaint does not identify discrete claims for relief. While his complaint states that the store in question “was not compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act and the 24 California’s civil rights laws and California disabled person’s law” (Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 4), he does not identify the particular statute or statutes on which he bases his state law claims. In view of the 25 complaint’s request for “[d]amages under California law for $4,000 per violation,” (id. at 2), it appears that Mr. Gastelum seeks to assert a claim under the Unruh Act. See Cal. Civ. Code 26 § 52(a).

27 3 All parties have expressly consented that all proceedings in this matter may be heard and finally 1 complaint are insufficient on their face to invoke federal jurisdiction.” Safe Air for Everyone v. 2 Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004). In resolving a facial attack on jurisdiction, the record 3 is limited to the complaint and materials that may be judicially noticed. See Hyatt v. Yee, 871 F.3d 4 1067, 1071 n.15 (9th Cir. 2017). Additionally, the Court accepts well-pled allegations of the 5 complaint as true, draws all reasonable inferences in Mr. Gastelum’s favor, and determines 6 whether his allegations are sufficient to support standing. Id. 7 “By contrast, in a factual attack, the challenger disputes the truth of the allegations that, by 8 themselves, would otherwise invoke federal jurisdiction.” Safe Air for Everyone, 373 F.3d at 9 1039. “In resolving a factual attack on jurisdiction, the district court may review evidence beyond 10 the complaint without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment” and 11 “need not presume the truthfulness of the plaintiff’s allegations.” Id. “Once the moving party has 12 converted the motion to dismiss into a factual motion by presenting affidavits or other evidence 13 properly brought before the court, the party opposing the motion must furnish affidavits or other 14 evidence necessary to satisfy its burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction.” Id. (internal 15 quotations and citation omitted). 16 As the party asserting federal subject matter jurisdiction, Mr. Gastelum bears the burden of 17 establishing its existence. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). 19 A. Standing re ADA Claim 20 Under Article III of the Constitution, federal courts have jurisdiction to decide only actual 21 “Cases” or “Controversies,” U.S. Const., art. III, § 2, and Mr. Gastelum has standing to sue if he 22 “(1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the 23 defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Spokeo, Inc. v. 24 Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 338 (2016); see also Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 25 (1992). Mr. Gastelum’s claimed injury must be both “particularized” and “concrete.” A 26 “particularized” injury is one that “‘affect[s] the plaintiff in a personal and individual way.’” 27 Spokeo, Inc., 578 U.S. at 339 (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560 n.1). A “concrete” injury “must 1 Additionally, in the context of injunctive relief, which is the only remedy available to Mr. 2 Gastelum under Title III of the ADA, he “must demonstrate a ‘real and immediate threat of 3 repeated injury’ in the future.” Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.), Inc., 631 F.3d 939, 946 (9th 4 Cir. 2011) (quoting Fortyune v. Am. Multi-Cinema, Inc., 364 F.3d 1075, 1081 (9th Cir. 2004)); see 5 also Lujan, 504 U.S. at 564 (“Past exposure to illegal conduct does not in itself show a present 6 case or controversy regarding injunctive relief . . . if unaccompanied by any continuing, present 7 adverse effects.”) (internal quotation marks omitted)). Thus, an ADA plaintiff may establish 8 standing “either by demonstrating deterrence, or by demonstrating injury-in-fact coupled with an 9 intent to return to a noncompliant facility.” Chapman, 631 F.3d at 944. While courts take a broad 10 view of constitutional standing in disability access cases, “the ADA’s reach is not unlimited.” Id. 11 at 946. 12 In his opposition papers, Mr. Gastelum indicates that his complaint is based on a 13 “deterrence” theory, “and not on injury in fact coupled with intent to return.” Dkt. No. 15 at 5. 14 TJX says that its present motion to dismiss raises a factual attack on jurisdiction, arguing that the 15 complaint’s allegations are conclusory and hypothetical, and that Mr. Gastelum’s credibility 16 regarding deterrence is questionable. See Dkt. No. 12 at 1, 3, 8, 9; Dkt. No. 17 at 2. Noting that 17 the complaint indicates that Mr. Gastelum lives in Arizona (see Dkt. No. 1 at 1), TJX asserts that 18 Mr. Gastelum has filed a number of other disability access cases based on alleged visits to other 19 places of public accommodation throughout California on or around the same day he reportedly 20 visited the store at issue in the present case. Dkt. No. 12 at 9-12. In particular, TJX notes that 21 these other lawsuits indicate that on June 29 and 30, 2021, Mr. Gastelum claims to have visited 22 various hotels and other establishments (including the store in question) in San Diego, Gilroy and 23 Sacramento, California. Id. In essence, TJX says that this evidence shows that Mr. Gastelum 24 “was on a drive-by lawsuit spree, dashing from businesses to business all over the state in order to 25 create a basis for his claims.” Dkt. No. 12 at 12. Mr. Gastelum does not refute the information 26 presented by TJX concerning his lawsuits or directly address TJX’s assertions. 27 The Ninth Circuit has held that a “[j]urisdictional finding of genuinely disputed facts is 1 question of jurisdiction is dependent on the resolution of factual issues going to the merits of an 2 action.” Safe Air for Everyone, 373 F.3d at 1039 (internal quotations and citation omitted). “The 3 question of jurisdiction and the merits of an action are intertwined where a statute provides the 4 basis for both the subject matter jurisdiction of the federal court and the plaintiff’s substantive 5 claim for relief.” Id. (internal quotations and citation omitted). To the extent TJX questions the 6 plausibility of Mr. Gastelum’s claim to have visited the store in question, that is an issue going to 7 the merits of his claims that the Court declines to resolve on the present record at this stage of the 8 proceedings. Moreover, insofar as TJX questions Mr. Gastelum’s motives for visiting the store in 9 question, “motivation is irrelevant to the question of standing under Title III of the ADA.” Civil 10 Rights Educ. & Enf’t Ctr. v. Hospitality Props. Tr. (“CREEC”), 867 F.3d 1093, 1102 (9th Cir. 11 2017); see also D’Lil v. Best Western Encina Lodge & Suites, 538 F.3d 1031, 1040 (9th Cir. 2008) 12 (“Accordingly, we must be particularly cautious about affirming credibility determinations that 13 rely on a plaintiff’s past ADA litigation.”); Johnson v. Garden Court Inn LLC, No. 21-cv-01546- 14 HSG, 2021 WL 3209721, at *4 (N.D. Cal. July 29 2021) (“Defendant is of course free to 15 challenge the sincerity of Plaintiff’s intention to return to the hotel later in this litigation, but the 16 Court declines to make credibility determinations at this preliminary stage.”). 17 Even so, the Court agrees that Mr. Gastelum has not established his Article III standing 18 whether based on an intent to return or deterrence. To the extent Mr. Gastelum intends to proceed 19 on a deterrence theory, “[t]o establish standing based on deterrence, an ADA plaintiff must 20 demonstrate that he would return but for the barrier.” Feezor v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 608 F. 21 App’x 476, 477 (9th Cir. 2015); see also Doran v. 7-Eleven, Inc., 524 F.3d 1034, 1041 (2008) 22 (“Allegations that a plaintiff has visited a public accommodation on a prior occasion and is 23 currently deterred from visiting that accommodation by accessibility barriers establish that a 24 plaintiff’s injury is actual or imminent.”) (citing Pickern v. Holiday Quality Foods Inc., 293 F.3d 25 1133, 1138 (9th Cir. 2002)). Conclusory allegations of deterrence, however, are insufficient. 26 Feezor, 608 F. App’x at 477. Mr. Gastelum relies on the bare assertion that he “will not return 27 back to Defendant’s place until it becomes fully compliant with federal and state disability laws.” 1 plausible likelihood of future injury and true deterrence from returning to the store. See Strojnik v. 2 Bakersfield Convention Hotel I, LLC, 436 F. Supp. 3d 1332, 1341 & 1345 n.3 (E.D. Cal. 2020) 3 (“Mere conclusory assertions that an ADA plaintiff intends to return and is deterred from returning 4 to a place are insufficient.”); Barnes v. Marriott Hotel Servs., Inc., No. 15-CV-01409-HRL, 2017 5 WL 635474, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2017) (“[T]he injury alleged by the plaintiff—whether 6 based on an intent to return or deterrence—cannot be based only on conclusory statements 7 unsupported by specific facts.”). Cf. Whitaker v. Ramon Bravo, Inc., No. 21-cv-03714-JCS, 2021 8 WL 4133871, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 10, 2021) (finding that the plaintiff sufficiently alleged 9 imminent future injury based on allegations that he is an ADA tester who frequently travels to the 10 Bay Area, including the Redwood City area). TJX’s argument is particularly compelling here 11 where the store in question is over 700 miles from Mr. Gastelum’s home in Arizona. Dkt. No. 12 12 at 1. Mr. Gastelum’s failure to respond to TJX’s argument on this point suggests it may not be 13 possible for him to truthfully and plausibly allege deterrence or an intent to return. 14 The Court finds nothing in the Ninth Circuit’s decisions in CREEC or Whitaker v. Tesla 15 Motors, Inc., 985 F.3d 1173 (9th Cir. 2021) to support Mr. Gastelum’s suggestion that conclusory 16 allegations of deterrence or an intent to return are sufficient to establish Article III standing. To 17 the contrary, Whitaker reaffirmed that the standard for pleading standing to pursue an ADA claim 18 is described in detail in the Ninth Circuit’s en banc decision in Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.), 19 Inc., 631 F.3d 939 (9th Cir. 2011). See Whitaker, 985 F.3d at 1179. Chapman, in turn, makes 20 clear that conclusory allegations are insufficient. See Chapman, 631 F.3d at 954 (“While we are 21 mindful of the generous pleading standards that apply to civil rights plaintiffs, a liberal 22 interpretation of a . . . civil rights complaint may not supply essential elements of the claim that 23 were not initially pled. Chapman’s complaint fails to sufficiently allege the essential elements of 24 Article III standing.”) (internal quotations and citation omitted); id. at 953 (“[Plaintiff] lacks 25 standing if he is indifferent to returning to the store or if his alleged intent to return is not genuine, 26 or if the barriers he seeks to enjoin do not pose a real and immediate threat to him due to his 27 particular disability.”). See also Bakersfield Convention Hotel I, LLC, 436 F. Supp. 3d at 1343 1 Supreme Court precedents to hold for the first time that conclusory allegations of one’s intent to 2 return and deterrence from returning to a place to be sufficient to establish imminent future harm 3 is neither logical nor rooted in the four corners of the case.”); Gastelum v. Canyon Hospitality 4 LLC, No. CV-17-02792-PHX-GMS, 2018 WL 2388047, at *6 (D. Ariz. May 25, 2018) (stating 5 that CREEC “did not relax the requirement that the Plaintiff demonstrate real and immediate threat 6 of repeated injury by showing a legitimate intent to visit again the public accommodation in 7 question.”). 8 Accordingly, the Court concludes that Mr. Gastelum has not shown that he has standing to 9 seek injunctive relief under the ADA. TJX’s motion to dismiss the complaint for lack of subject 10 matter jurisdiction is granted. 11 B. State Law Claim 12 Having dismissed Mr. Gastelum’s ADA claim for lack of standing, this Court has no 13 authority to retain jurisdiction over his state law claim. Scott v. Pasadena Unified Sch. Dist., 306 14 F.3d 646, 664 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a)). The state law claim is dismissed 15 without prejudice. 16 C. Leave to Amend 17 Under Rule 15(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, leave to amend “shall be freely 18 given when justice so requires,” because “the court must remain guided by the underlying purpose 19 of Rule 15 . . . to facilitate decisions on the merits, rather than on the pleadings or technicalities.” 20 Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (alterations and internal quotation 21 marks omitted). “The decision of whether to grant leave to amend nevertheless remains within the 22 discretion of the district court,” which may deny leave to amend if allowing amendment would 23 unduly prejudice the opposing party, cause undue delay, or be futile, or if the party seeking 24 amendment has acted in bad faith. Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Publ’g, 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th 25 Cir. 2008) (citing Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)). 26 On the present record, the Court cannot rule out the possibility that Mr. Gastelum can 27 plausibly allege facts supporting Article III standing if given leave to amend. For this reason, he 1 facts to support his alleged deterrence from returning to the store in question. Additionally, to the 2 || extent he seeks to reassert claim(s) under state law, Mr. Gastelum should identify the particular 3 statute or statutes on which he bases those claims. 4 || IV. CONCLUSION 5 Based on the foregoing, TJX’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter 6 || jurisdiction is granted. To the extent Mr. Gastelum chooses to amend his complaint, his amended 7 complaint must be filed, in compliance with this order, no later than February 9, 2022. 9 Dated: January 19, 2022 10

1 Uniginia dE, Marcle: VIRGINIA K. DEMARCHI 12 United States Magistrate Judge

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