Gass v. Hawkins

1 Thompson 238, 1 Shan. Cas. 167

• Court: Tennessee Supreme Court
• Decided: April 15, 1860
• Status: Published

Opinion

WRIGHT J.,

delivered the opinion of the Court:

This hill is filed by Sarah Grass the widow of Hezekiah B. Grass deceased and his six children, against Mary Ann Hawkins, his remaining child, and her husband Henry M. Hawkins ; in which complainant seek to have the dower of said Sarah assigned to her out of a certain tract of land in Greene County, and partition of the residue, alleging 'that said tract decended from the said Hezekiah B. on the 9th of February 1883.

John Gass the father of the said Hezekiah B. executed to him a bond in the penalty of $5,000 dollars conditioned that he would make to the said Hezekiah B., or to all of his children, as the said John might elect, a deed in fee simple with covenants of general warranty to a certain tract of land describing the same by metes and bounds, of which the above tract is a part; excepting however from the conveyance all the land contained within the boundaries which he had previously conveyed to others, and also fifty acres below said Johns grist mill, as the said John might choose to have the same run out and surveyed.

In the said bond it was stipulated that if the said John executed said deed in his life-time to the children of the said Hezekiah B. then the said Hezekiah B. was to have a life estate in said land: and if the said John should die without making the deed, either to the said Hezekiah B. or his heirs, then the personal representatives of the said John were required to execute the deed to the said Hezekiah B., and said John reserved to himself a life estate in the premises to be conveyed, with the exception of a saw mill which the said Hezekiah B. was about to erect, and timber to saw in said mill; the said Hezekiah to do whatever sawing the said John might want, he to furnish the logs, and also excepting the houses and buildings which the said Hezekiah had put upon the place, and the field which he then had in possession and cultivation, and fire-wood for his own use, and timber to keep up the place. The said Hezekiah B. with his family immediately took possession of the tract of land, made improvements and continued to reside thereon until his death in 1836, and his widow and heirs have had possession of the same ever since. They claimed it absolutely as their own and were never disturbed or any claim made to it either by the said John Gass or his other heirs. In 1836, but whether before or after the death of the said Hezekiah B. does not appear, the said John went before the Clerk of the County Court of Greene County and acknowledge said Bond and the same was registered. In June, 1840, the said John Gass without having executed the deed in compliance with the court, died leaving a will bearing date the 1st of March 1837, in which he devised said tract of land to his son Hezekiah B. Gass’ “family” describing the same as 300 acres, the place whereon he died. And in a bill in equity subsequently filed by the executors of the said John Gass against those interested in his estate for a construction of the will and the execution of the trusts therein contained, it was alleged and not denied, that the devise of three ’hundred acres of land to Hezekiah B. Gass was made in pursuance of the title bond under which he and those claiming under him had such length of possession as that the absolute title was vested; and they therefore asked to be exhonorated from" any further trouble in regard to said land, and nevér did claim it, or further intermeddle with it. What quantity of land was contained in the bond does not appear, nor how much John Gass had conveyed to others before its execution ; but it seems from the bill that after he made the bond he conveyed to one Samples 50 acres of land therein embraced which is now, and has been for many years, in possession of one William 0. Babb as to whom complainants have dismissed their bill conceding that they have no valid claim on that part of the tract. We are of course unable from anything in this record to state the quantity of land that remains to the heirs of Hezekiah B. Gass after making the deductions above mentioned.

Upon these facts we are of opinion first, that this cannot be regarded as a voluntary bond between John Gass and his son Hezekiah B. but on the contrary an instrument founded upon a valuable consideration, the legal effect of which in equity, was to invest the said Hezekiah B. in his life-time with a title in fee simple to said land, subject to be divested by a deed from John Gass to the children of Hezekiah B., but which was never made; and also subject to the life estate of said John, which closed at his death; and that therefore, upon the death of Hezekiah B. the tract of land came by descent to his children and heirs at law. The bill so alleges and such we think the legal effect of the bond. In arriving at this conclusion we do not deem it necessary to consider what effect the engagement of said Hezekiah B. to said John to saw his lumber, contained in said bond might have in relieving it of its supposed voluntary character. Nor do we go into the question whether even if the bond were clearly wanting in any valuable consideration, a court of equity might not have executed it by decreeing a conveyance upon the nature of meretorious consideration, it being between father and child. Burn et al. vs. Wenthrop et al., 1 Johns. Ch. Rep. 329, 327. Montener vs. Seymour, 4 Do., 497, 500.

As before stated we think aside from these views it must be held to have invested Hezekiah B. Gass with the equitable title in the land according to the authority of the case of Whitley et als., 4 Sneed, 473. This bond is not to be taken as a gift but as .a contract for the conveyance of land valid under the statute of frauds, even though no price be named or recited; and we are not to presume from the absence of the price in the bond that none existed, but just the contrary. The title bond is prima facie evidence of a, sale and it devolves upon him who controverts it to rebut the presumption by proof. In this case there is not the slightest evidence to show that this bond was a gratuity or that it was not founded, in a valuable consideration, and no such thing is averred in the pleadings. I speak of a consideration other than such as appears upon the face of the bond. A consideration is just as necessary now, as before the statutes of frauds, but it need not be stated in the writing or title bond; its existence may be shown by parol or other common law proof, and all the presumptions in favor of its existence which at the common law arose out of an instrument like this, are still obligatory upon us as a court. It was necessary that a bond like this should have been signed by Hezekiah B. Gass in order to bind him as to, his part of his contract, he being bound for the price whatever it was upon common law principles independent of the statute. It was sufficient that it was signed by John Grass who was to be charged therewith, and that it contained an apt description of the land to be conveyed by him, with the terms upon which the conveyance was to be' made. 4 Sneed, 478, 1 Dev. & Batt. law, 103. A sufficient consideration is to be presumed not only from the fact that the writing is under seal, there being no intimation upon its face of. a gift. But this is very materially aided by the penalty annexed on failure to convey, and by the covenants for warranty, and indeed by the terms of the entire instrument, the true construction of which much more naturally imports a sale than a gift. The presumption is not affected by the relation of father and son nor by the power retained in John Grass to convey to the children of Hezekiah B. This does not prove that some valuable consideration did not pass from the said Hezekiah B. or his children to the said John. Hawood’s Heirs vs. Moore, 2 Humph. 584. The proof aliunde, that he acknowledged the bond and caused it to be registered ; that neither he nor his heirs ever claimed the land, together with the want of any averment or testimony that it was intended as a gift, support also the presumption of a sale.

Second. The demise in the will must hold a satisfaction of the bond,

(1) and the legal title united with the equitable estate, to bean tbe beirs at law of Hezekiab B. Gass. Even if tbe word “family” (2) as used in tbe will could ordinarily embrace tbe widow, it cannot be allowed to be so here ; because by force of tbe bond tbe title to this land was in Hezekiab B. Gass at bis death and descended to bis beirs and tbe will of John Gass could not alter or impair tbeir title. Its only effect was to pass to them tbe legal estate and we will not suppose that any thing else was intended. Though John Gass in bis lifetime might have exercised tbe power in favor of tbe children of Hezekiab B. by tbe execution of tbe deed to them, thereby defeating tbe estate of Hezekiab B. be could neither by deed nor by will bring in tbe widow. Tbe execution of tbe deed must have been either to Hezekiab B. or bis children, and could be to no one else. This result is not changed by tbe recital in tbe will that John Gass paid Hezekiab B. Gass’ administrator for tbe sawing done for him by tbe said Hezekiab B. He was not bound to do so, even if Hezekiab B. meant be should. But there is no ■ evidence that be so intended. And besides, bow could any thing that might take place between John Gass and tbe administrator of Hezekiab B. affects tbe rights of the heirs of the latter in this land. It certainly could not; and it is plain from this will itself that John Gass did not intend any such thing.

Third. The widow of Hezekiah B. Gass took no dower in this land (unless it be the portion excepted in favor of her husband,) because the life estate of John Gass was subsisting when her husband died, and he had only a remainder, 1 Head 348. But as six of the heirs who unite with her as complainants in the hill concede her right to dower and ask that it may he allotted to her, she may have a decree for six-sevenths. As to the other one-seventh the defendants deny her right.

Eourth. We think the decree of partition had on the County Court of Greene County under which the defendant Mary Ann Hawkins obtained her share or one-seventh conclusive upon the parties ; and that a Court of Chancery eannot revise its proceedings or correct errors if any there he, in the decree, and the complainants, certainly cannot, as is attempted here, by a new and distinct suit pass by the proceedings of that court altogether, and ask for .a repartition. The code under which this proceeding was had and by which it was authorized, confers concurrent jurisdiction of partition cases upon the County, Circuit and Chancery Courts, and the action' of the Court first taking-jurisdiction, must as to the other tribunals of the same or concurrent power, be final. Code see. 3266. (3) When a court o£ law and a court of Equity have concurrent jurisdiction of the matter in dispute, the court which first takes jurisdiction settles the matter conclusively. Thompson vs. Hill, 8 Yerg. 167. Flournoy’s Ever’s vs. Holcomb, 2 Humph. 34. The complainants, including complainant Sarah, were parties by actual service, and we see no irregu-, larity affecting the authority of the County Court. Ho fraud in the decree is alleged or pretended, and indeed no irregularity, the division being in precise conformity to. the rights of the parties, save that it is insisted that complainant Sarah did not get her share. But we have seen that under the will she took nothing, and by law has no right to dower unless it be in that portion of the land in which John Gass did not reserve a life estate, and as to that the decree of the County Court ends the matter. The remedy, if any, being by appeal or writ of error to a revising Court, and not by an original suit in a tribunal of concurrent authority. The cases of Nickley vs. Boyles (4 Humph. 177) and Whellock vs. Hale’s heirs (10 Do. 64) to which we have been referred cannot help complainants. The doctrine of these cases is that a bill for partition is not a bill to settle title, but a bill to divide that which belongs to tenants in common among them in severalty; and if the title be disputed, partition will not be made till the dispute is settled in ejectment or other appropriate form of action at law ; and hence that in an action of ejectment a partition by decree, was not conclusive upon the rights of the parties as to the title. (4) But this doctrine can have no application where the question arises upon an equitable title, such as an unassigned dower-right which must be decided in equity and cannotbe sent to law. Coze vs. Smith, 4 Johns. Ch. R. 271.(5)

In a proceeding to divide the real estate o£ an intestate apiong the heirs, in whatever court it may he had, every person entitled to dower, if the same has not been allotted, is required by the Code (sec. 3271) to be made a party and a dower set apart by commissioners as in other cases, (sec. 8289.) And when complainant Sarah was brought into the County Court as a defendant upon the partition or bill of defendants for a partition, the court could recognize and protect her right to dower upon the partition and it'was her duty thereto have asserted it, (4 Johns. Ch. Rep. 276) and if the same were not allowed or allotted to her in the decision, by which Hawkins and wife got more than their share, her remedy cannot be by a new and distinct bill.

The Code, Section 3291, provides that partition made as therein directed shall be conclusive on all parties named in the proceedings who have at the time any interest in the premises divided, as owners in fee, or as tenants for years, or as entitled to the reversion, re'mander or inheritance of such premises after the termination of any particular estate therein; or who by any contingency in any will, conveyance, or otherwise, maybe, or may become, entitled to any beneficial interest in the premises, or who shall have any interest in any individual share of the premises, as tenants for years, for life or by the courtesy or in dower, andón all persons interested in the premises who shall have any interest in any undivided share of the premises who are unknown and to whom notice bas been given by publication as therein directed; and upon the privies of the parties above enumerated. But by section 3292 it is provided that'sueh judgment and partition will not affect any tenants, or persons having claims, as tenants, in dower, by the courtesy, Ur for life, to the whole of the premises, nor preclude any person except those specified in the last section from claiming any title to the premises or from controverting the title or interest of the parties between whom the partition has been made. How far it was intended by these two sections and the other provisions of the Code upon the subject to change the rule in Nicely vs. Boyles and Wheelock vs. Hale’s Heirs as to the non-conclusive nature of a decree of partition upon the title of the parties thereto, it may not be very easy to state, and we do not attempt it here. It is enough that we think the complainant Sarah, standing as she did in the case, is concluded by the decree of the County Court.

We may remark however that it seems to have been well settled that in a Court of Chancery the uncertainty of the shares is not a ground for definately refusing a partition, but that the interest of the parties might be ascertained by the Court through the medium of the Master, and if it appeared that the parties complainant and defendant respectively, or some of them were entitled to the whole subject, then to order a partition according to the rights of all or such of them as appeared entitled, dismissing from the case such as appeared to have no right; and after the Court had thus" ascertained the proportions and rights of the parties, it was the duty of the commissioners to make the division in those ascertained proportions. Agor vs. Fairfax, 17 Ves. 531. (6) It was not every case where the title was litigated even upon the legal title, that was to be sent to law ; but only cases of doubt and difficulty, as to the extent of the undivided interest of the respective claimants ; 3 Johns. Ch. R. 302, 305; 1 Do. 111, 118. And the authorities generally lay down the rule that the judgment or decree in partition establishes a title which in an ejectment suit must be conclusive. Mills vs. Wetherington, 2 Div. and Batt. Law R. 433. Clapp vs. Bormyham, 9 Cowan, 530, 598.

The allotment to defendants will stand and partition will be made among complainants of the residue,, first allowing the widow sixth-sevenths of her dower.

The decree of the Chancellor will be reversed and the decree entered in conformity to this Opinion.

This seems to .be a case of performance, and should be distinguished from cases of satisfaction. The difference between these two classes of cases is stated by Mr. Justice Story as follows: “In the latter cases, (cases of performance,) the acts of the party are strictly in pursuance of the contract; in the former, (oases of satisfaction,) they are a substitute or equivalent for the contract. 2 Story Eq. Jur. $ 1108.

And see Goldsmid v. Goldsmid, Swanst. 219-221; Devese v. Pontel, Ch. Prac. 240, note; S. C., 1 Cox, 188; Blandy v. Widmore, 1 P. Wms. 324, and Mr. Cox’s note (1); S. C. 2 Vern. 209; S. C. Leading Cases in Eq. by White and Tudor, Vol. 2, pt.1 page, 464; Wilcox v. Wilcox, Ib. p. 463; S. C. 2 Vern. 558. And see Roper on Legacies by White, Vol. 2 ch. 18, § 4, p. 105-108.

Construction of the word “family, ”2 Story Eq. Jur. $$ 1066 b. 1071; Jarman on Wills, p. 24, et seq; 2 Wms. Ex. 964.

Wilcox v. Cannon, 1 Cold. 369; Bledsoe v. Wyley, 7 Humph. 507, 508; Mathews v. Weeden, 4 Yerg. 166, 167. As. to presumptions in favor of the jurisdiction of the County Court, see Cate v. Little, supra, p. 63, note. (1) Upon a sale for partition, the County Court has the same power as the Circuit and Chancery Courts to enforce the collection of the purchase money by judgment in a summary way against the purchaser. Still v. Boon, 6 Sneed, 380; Porter v. Woodard, 4 Cold. 590, 599. But as its equitable jurisdiction is limited and purely statutory, it eannot set aside a sale for partition on the ground of fraud after such sale has been confirmed. If any matters of equity exist or should arise subsequent to the sale, whereby the sale ought to be avoided, resort must be had to the Court of Chancery. Young v. Shumate 3 Sneed, 369; Bond v. Clay, 2 Head, 379 ; Young v. Thompson, 2 Cold, 596. Sections 4204 and 4205 of the Code, are merely declaratory of the previously existing law, and do not enlarge the jurisdiction of the County Court in this respect. Bond v. Clay; Young v. Thompson, ub. sup.; Partee v. Woodard; 4 Cold. 598. And in this last case it was held that the County Court, having sold land for partition, cannot issue a writ of possession, to put the purchaser in posession. Shackleford, J., dissenting.

In Traynor v. Brooks, 4 Hayw. 295, there was a bill for partition in the Circuit Court, to which one of the defendants demurred, claiming the whole tract. The judgment of the Circuit Court dismissing the bill was affirmed. Said the Court: Brooks is in the possession and claims the whole tract under the conveyance from the complainants’ brother. The complainant has not recovered possession in ejectment; and the defendant, Brooks, denies his title. We cannot try that legal question on this bill for partition. Partition cannot be decreed until the complainants’ title be established at law, and then, it is, of course, for a Couut of Equity to decree it.”

And so in Butler v. King, 2 Yerg. 115, 122, the Supreme Court dismissed a petition JPor partition on like grounds, and said: “The title to all the lands to be divided must be settled by legal adjudication, or other competent means, before a division can be made. The title should be settled by a court of law, with the aid of a jury and their verdict, before a partition can be ordered. For if this latter precede the adjustment of title, and this be afterwards tried, and found against the petitioner, then either the whole division will stand for nothing,or a decision without a jury on a petition for a division will be conclusive; and this would be in direct opposition to the constitution, and to all experience and practise hitherto knowú, and in direct opposition to 4 Hayw. 295.”

Again the Supreme Court said in Burton v. Rutland, 3 Humph. 435, 436. “In a case for partition in Chancery the title must be clear oí. uispuie. And in Hickman v. Cooke, 3 Humph. 640, 642, the same Court again said: “That a Court of Equity cannot try a mere simple legal title to land, is too well settled to admit of argument. Such a power is exercised only in difficult and complicated cases affording peculiar grounds of equitable interference; ” and citing in support of this dictum, 2 Johns. Ch. R. 519; 4 Randolph Va. R. 74; 1 Tac. & Walk. 484.

Nicely v. Boyles, 4 Humph. 177, was an action of ejectment, in which it was shown by way of defence that the title had been adjudicated in the Chancery Court of Tazewell upon a bill for partition, when the defendant, being made a party, claimed title to the whole tract which the Chancery Court overruled. The Supreme Court held that this was not an adjudication of the defendants’ title, and said that to hold the contrary would be “to deprive him of an assented right without a hearing.” Similar language was used in the subsequent case of Whellock v. Halls’ heirs, 10 Humph. 64, 65; and it was there held, upon the ground of the entire want ot jurisdiction in the Chancery Court to settle conflicting titles in a proceeding for partition, that a party claiming the whole tract, and having notice of the intended partition, need not appear in the Chancery Court and set up his title; and failing to do so, he is not thereby estopped from setting it up in a subsequent action of ejectment.

So in Groves v. Groves, 3 Sneed, 188, there was a bill for partition, and the defendants answered, ciaiming title to the whole of the land. It was held that the bill was properly dismissed; and thé doctrine that a bill for partition will not lie, except where the title is clear of dispute, was asserted by Caruthers, J.,' in strong terms.

Though the weight of authority in other States may, as the learned Judge intimates, support the contrary doctrine; yet it may be collected from the forgoing cases as the doctrine of the Supreme Court of Tennessee that a decree for partition is in no sense an adjudication of the legal title of the parties; and though a defendant to suoh a proceeding demures, setting up his claim to the whole tract,the Chancery Court will send the parties to law; yet if he fails to do so, and allows the partition to proceed, he is not thereby estopped from afterwards asserting his title in ejectment.

And even when the object is to be partition, but the titles are equitable, or there are equities to settle, a Court of equity may be resorted to for this purpose; and having done so, will decree partition under the same bill. Caruthers, J., in Carter v. Taylor, 3 Head, 30, 35, citing 1 Story Eq. Jur. $ 650 et seq. And see Rankin v. Black, 1 Head, 650. Thus a locutor’s interest, being merely equitable, must be reduced to a legal title by the aid of the Chancery Court, before a partition can be had. For there can be no partition unless the legal title is before the Court. Hopkins v. Joel, 4 Humph. 46, 48; Miller v, Wormington, 1 Jac. and Walk. 473. And see Cartwright v. Pultney, 2 Ark. 380.

As where one of the tenants in common has expended money in making improvements upon the premises, or has received more than his share of the rents -and profits, or has sold and converted a part of the property to Ms own use. In such .eases, equity will so decree as to establish equality among the claimants. Coleman v. Pinkard, 2 Humph. 185; Fown v. Needham, 3 Paige, 546, 555. Paige J., in Greene v. Putnam, 1 Barb. 509; Haywood v. Judson, 4 Barb. 229; Teal v. Woodworth, 3 Paige, 470; Swan v. Swan, 8 Price, 518.