117 T.C. No. 8
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
GARY D. AND LINDY H. COMBRINK, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent*
Docket No. 13580-99. Filed August 23, 2001.
* On May 15, 2001, the Court filed its Opinion in this case at 116 T.C. No. 24. On August 7, 2001, respondent filed a Notice of Proceeding in Bankruptcy, in which respondent notified the Court that this Court’s proceedings should have been stayed with respect to petitioners Gary D. Combrink and Lindy H. Combrink, who, on January 29, 2001, commenced a case in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Oklahoma, under 11 U.S.C. Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. Petitioners herein had heretofore filed a timely petition with this Court on August 10, 1999.
Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. sec. 362(a)(8)(1988), the proceedings in this Court were automatically stayed on January 29, 2001, thus nullifying our Opinion filed May 15, 2001.
An Order was filed by the Bankruptcy Court on July 11, 2001, discharging the debtors Gary Dean Combrink and Lindy Hayton Combrink from all dischargeable debts. The automatic stay of proceedings in this case was thereby lifted.
By Order dated August 14, 2001, the Opinion in this case at 116 T.C. No. 24 was withdrawn. This Opinion is unchanged from the previous Opinion. - 2 -
P owned 100 percent of the stock in two corporations, C and L. During 1995 and 1996, C made a series of remittances totaling $89,728.73 which were treated as loans from C to P, followed by subsequent loans from P to L. P also lent additional funds to L. Thereafter, in late 1996, promissory notes payable by L to P in the amount of $252,481.03 were converted into a single promissory note of $77,481.03 and additional paid-in capital of $175,000.00. Then, in December of 1996, P transferred his shares in L to C in exchange for release from the $174,133.20 liability he had previously incurred to C.
Held: To the extent of $12,247.70, the transfer of L stock to C in exchange for debt release is excepted from redemption characterization pursuant to sec. 304(b)(3)(B), I.R.C., and, under secs. 351 and 357, I.R.C., generates no gain or loss.
Held, further, to the extent of $161,885.50, the stock transfer is to be recast as a redemption, and taxed as a dividend distribution, in accordance with secs. 301, 302, and 304, I.R.C.
Kerry R. Hawkins and Kenneth W. Klingenberg, for
petitioners.
Brian A. Smith and C. Glenn McLoughlin, for respondent.
OPINION
NIMS, Judge: Respondent determined a Federal income tax
deficiency for petitioners’ 1996 taxable year in the amount of
$56,449.00. The principal issue to be decided is the proper
application of section 304, which could in turn require
application of sections 301 and 302, to the facts of this case. - 3 -
Additional adjustments made in the statutory notice of deficiency
are computational in nature and will be resolved by our holding
herein.
Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to
sections of the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the year at
issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of
Practice and Procedure.
Background
This case was submitted fully stipulated pursuant to Rule
122, and the facts are so found. The stipulations of the
parties, with accompanying exhibits, are incorporated herein by
this reference. At the time the petition was filed in this case,
petitioners resided in Enid, Oklahoma.
The primary dispute in this matter focuses on the proper
treatment for tax purposes of certain transactions involving
petitioner Gary D. Combrink and two related corporations, Cost
Oil Operating Company (COST) and Links Investment, Inc. (LINKS).
Mr. Combrink incorporated COST on January 7, 1983, and has at all
times owned 100 percent of the company’s stock. COST, a
subchapter C corporation, is engaged in the operation of working
interests in oil and gas wells. Mr. Combrink incorporated LINKS
on November 12, 1992, and has at all relevant times through - 4 -
November of 1996 owned all outstanding shares. LINKS, also a
subchapter C corporation, was formed with the intention of
opening and operating a golf course.
During the 1990’s, Mr. Combrink received various amounts
from COST which were treated as loans from the corporation to Mr.
Combrink. In two instances, promissory notes payable to COST
were signed by Mr. Combrink. A note in the amount of $56,404.47
was signed on December 31, 1992, and a note for $17,000.00 was
signed on December 31, 1993. Additional loan amounts were
reflected on the corporate records as accounts receivable due
from Mr. Combrink. As of May 25, 1995, the balance of COST’s
accounts receivable from shareholders was $11,000.00.
Thereafter, during 1995 and 1996, this balance was increased as a
result of transactions taking one of two forms.
First, in 1995, COST repaid sums owed to third parties by
Mr. Combrink in his personal capacity, as follows:
Date Amount May 26, 1995 $16,362.98 August 31, 1995 15,729.17 December 20, 1995 11,228.64 December 29, 1995 1,102.37 Total $44,423.16
The August 31, 1995, payment was made in satisfaction of amounts
owed by Mr. Combrink to a loan broker who had assisted in finding
a lender to finance LINK’s operations. The December 20, 1995, - 5 -
payment repaid sums owed by Mr. Combrink to a creditor for
equipment used exclusively by LINKS. (The record does not
reflect the purpose or recipient of the remaining two payments.)
The second type of transaction recorded on COST’s books as
accounts receivable from Mr. Combrink took the form of payments
made directly to LINKS in 1996. These payments are set forth
below:
Date Amount April 29, 1996 $1,000.00 May 6, 1996 2,000.00 May 15, 1996 3,500.00 June 3, 1996 15,000.00 June 5, 1996 23,805.57 Total $45,305.57
The foregoing nine accounts receivable transactions, totaling
$89,728.73, were consistently treated by Mr. Combrink and his
corporations as loans from COST to Mr. Combrink and as subsequent
loans from Mr. Combrink to LINKS. LINKS recorded the amounts as
accounts payable to stockholders, and the debt resulting from
these and other funds advanced to LINKS by Mr. Combrink was
memorialized by two promissory notes payable by LINKS to Mr.
Combrink in the total amount of $252,481.03. - 6 -
Subsequently, on October 15, 1996, Mr. Combrink and LINKS
agreed to convert the above-referenced promissory notes payable
by LINKS to Mr. Combrink into one promissory note in the amount
of $77,481.03 and additional paid-in capital of $175,000.00. No
further shares were issued at this time. Then, on December 1,
1996, Mr. Combrink transferred all of his stock in LINKS to COST
in exchange for COST’s releasing Mr. Combrink from a liability to
COST in the amount of $174,133.20, apparently consisting of the
$56,404.47 promissory note, the $17,000.00 promissory note, the
$11,000 accounts receivable balance as of May 25, 1995, and the
$89,728.73 added to the accounts receivable balance in 1995 and
1996 as detailed above.
On their timely filed joint 1996 U.S. Individual Income Tax
Return, Form 1040, petitioners did not report any income or loss
as a result of the release transaction. Respondent determined
that $174,133.20 must be included in income as a dividend
pursuant to sections 301, 302, and 304.
Discussion
Section 304 mandates that certain transactions involving
shares in related corporations be recast for tax purposes as
redemptions, the tax treatment of which is then governed by
section 302 and potentially section 301. The parties here
disagree with respect to whether section 304 is applicable to the
December 1, 1996, transaction between Mr. Combrink and COST. - 7 -
Petitioners advance two alternative arguments as to why
section 304 should not be applied to the exchange of LINKS stock
for debt release, one of which rests on a general appeal to
policy and the other of which relies on a specific statutory
exception. As a policy matter, petitioners emphasize that
Congress, in enacting section 304, sought to prevent the
“bailout” of corporate earnings as capital gain rather than
ordinary income. Because it is petitioners’ position that the
transfer at issue does not manifest the characteristics of such a
bailout, petitioners aver that it should not be subjected to the
construct set up by section 304.
In the alternative, petitioners contend that the transaction
here is specifically exempted from the redemption treatment
otherwise required under section 304(a) by the exception
established in section 304(b)(3)(B). According to petitioners,
the disputed transfer involved COST’s assumption of liability
incurred by Mr. Combrink to acquire the LINKS stock. As such,
petitioners claim that the transaction falls within the section
304(b)(3)(B) exception applicable in certain cases where there is
an assumption of acquisition indebtedness.
Conversely, respondent asserts that to characterize the
December 1996 transaction as a redemption pursuant to the rules
of section 304(a) is consistent with both the language and the
policy of the statute. Respondent further maintains that Mr. - 8 -
Combrink’s transfer of the LINKS stock to COST is not covered by
the section 304(b)(3)(B) exception. In respondent’s view, the
evidence fails to establish that the liability released by COST
was incurred to acquire the transferred LINKS stock. Respondent
therefore alleges that the transaction must be taxed as a
dividend in accordance with sections 302(d) and 301.
Thus, as framed by the parties’ contentions, resolution of
this matter requires determining the applicability of section 304
to the December 1996 transfer of LINKS stock. In considering
this broad question, we address in turn, to the extent relevant,
each of three subissues. The first is whether the subject
transaction is, absent any exception, of a type intended to be
covered by section 304(a). If yes, the second question is
whether section 304(b)(3)(B) exempts the transfer from the
redemption characterization that subsection (a) would otherwise
require. Third, it will be necessary to analyze the appropriate
tax treatment in light of the answers given to the foregoing
inquiries.
I. The General Rule--Section 304(a)
As previously indicated, section 304 mandates that certain
transactions involving shares in related corporations be recast
for tax purposes as redemptions. The general rule is set forth
in section 304(a) and provides in relevant part as follows: - 9 -
SEC. 304(a). Treatment of Certain Stock Purchases.--
(1) Acquisition by related corporation (other than subsidiary).--For purposes of sections 302 and 303, if--
(A) one or more persons are in control of each of two corporations, and
(B) in return for property, one of the corporations acquires stock in the other corporation from the person (or persons) so in control,
then (unless paragraph (2) applies) such property shall be treated as a distribution in redemption of the stock of the corporation acquiring such stock. To the extent that such distribution is treated as a distribution to which section 301 applies, the stock so acquired shall be treated as having been transferred by the person from whom acquired, and as having been received by the corporation acquiring it, as a contribution to the capital of such corporation.
Accordingly, there are two elements required for a
transaction to fall within the purview of section 304(a)(1).
First, the transferor(s) of the issuing corporation’s stock must
be in control of both the issuing and the acquiring corporations.
Second, the issuing corporation’s stock must be transferred to
the acquiring corporation in exchange for property. Transfers so
described in section 304(a)(1) are often referred to as “brother-
sister” stock sales; section 304(a)(2) offers analogous rules for
“parent-subsidiary” sales.
To guide in evaluating the above two requisites, section 304
and related sections set forth several pertinent definitions. - 10 -
Regarding the control element, section 304(c)(1) specifies that
“control means the ownership of stock possessing at least 50
percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of
stock entitled to vote, or at least 50 percent of the total value
of shares of all classes of stock.” Section 304(c)(3)(A) further
clarifies that “Section 318(a) (relating to constructive
ownership of stock) shall apply for purposes of determining
control under this section”. As a result, indirect ownership
through family members and related entities is taken into account
in ascertaining control. See sec. 318(a). A person who owns at
least 5 percent of a corporation’s stock, for example, is
considered as owning a proportionate amount of any shares held by
that corporation. See sec. 304(c)(3)(B)(i); sec. 318(a)(2)(C).
Property is defined for purposes of sections 301 through 318
as “money, securities, and any other property; except that such
term does not include stock in the corporation making the
distribution (or rights to acquire such stock).” Sec. 317(a);
cf. Bhada v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 959, 963-964 (1987), affd. 892
F.2d 39 (6th Cir. 1989), affd. sub nom. Caamano v. Commissioner,
879 F.2d 156 (5th Cir. 1989).
Given the foregoing requirements and definitions, we are
satisfied that Mr. Combrink’s exchange of LINKS stock for debt
release is a transaction of the type described in section
304(a)(1). With respect to control, Mr. Combrink directly owned - 11 -
100 percent of the stock of both LINKS (the issuing corporation)
and COST (the acquiring corporation) immediately prior to the
transfer. Furthermore, after the transfer he continued to own
100 percent of COST directly and thereby owned 100 percent of
LINKS constructively through application of section 318(a)(2)(C).
Consequently, Mr. Combrink at all times held and never
relinquished control of both LINKS and COST.
As regards the second element, the exchange of stock for
property, Mr. Combrink transferred the LINKS stock to COST and
received in return a release from liability. In this connection,
regulatory law indicates that a corporation’s cancellation of
shareholder indebtedness owed to the corporation constitutes
property within the meaning of the section 317(a) definition.
See sec. 1.301-1(m), Income Tax Regs. Regulations under section
301, which statute relies on the same section 317(a) definition
of property, expressly provide that “cancellation of indebtedness
of a shareholder by a corporation shall be treated as a
distribution of property.” Id.
Accordingly, we conclude that release by COST of Mr.
Combrink’s liability was a distribution of property within the
meaning of sections 317(a) and 304. We further observe that our
result is the same regardless of whether we characterize the
instant transaction as involving assumption, cancellation, or
forgiveness of debt. Although petitioners repeatedly emphasize - 12 -
that the LINKS stock was exchanged for debt assumption rather
than forgiveness of Mr. Combrink’s liability, the section 304
calculus does not turn on the basis of such labels, at least not
in the circumstances of this case. As a practical matter, there
exists no substantive difference between a corporation’s
canceling versus assuming a debt owed to itself. We thus treat
the terms as synonymous on these facts and equally applicable to
the release of Mr. Combrink’s liability.
Lastly, we note that whatever particular abuses may have led
to the enactment of section 304, we may not judicially create a
supposed policy-based exception where a transaction falls within
the plain language of the statute as written. We therefore need
not parse whether the December 1996 transfer did or did not
effect something akin to a bailout of earnings. The transaction
meets the only two elements set forth in section 304(a) and
hence, absent a specific statutory exception, must be recast as a
redemption.
II. The Exception--Section 304(b)(3)(B)
Section 304(b) provides an exception to the statute’s
operation. Although section 304(a) is expressly stated to
override section 351 in most cases where both are potentially
applicable, see sec. 304(b)(3)(A), section 304(b)(3)(B)
authorizes the following limited exception: - 13 -
(B) Certain assumptions of liability, etc.--
(i) In general.--In the case of an acquisition described in section 351, subsection (a) shall not apply to any liability--
(I) assumed by the acquiring corporation, or
(II) to which the stock is subject,
if such liability was incurred by the transferor to acquire the stock. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term “stock” means stock referred to in paragraph (1)(B) or (2)(A) of subsection (a).
(ii) Extension of obligations, etc.--For purposes of clause (i), an extension, renewal, or refinancing of a liability which meets the requirements of clause (i) shall be treated as meeting such requirements.
(iii) Clause (i) does not apply to stock acquired from related person except where complete termination.--Clause (i) shall apply only to stock acquired by the transferor from a person--
(I) none of whose stock is attributable to the transferor under section 318(a) (other than paragraph (4) thereof), or
(II) who satisfies rules similar to the rules of section 302(c)(2) with respect to both the acquiring and the issuing corporations (determined as if such person were a distributee of each such corporation). * * *
This exception can be restated in terms of four general
requirements: (1) The acquiring corporation must have obtained
the transferred stock in a section 351 transaction; (2) the
acquiring corporation must have assumed a liability or taken the
transferred stock subject to a liability; (3) the transferor - 14 -
shareholder must have incurred the assumed liability to acquire
the transferred stock; and (4) the transferred stock must not
have been acquired from a person whose stock was attributable to
the shareholder under the section 318 attribution rules.
In the present controversy, respondent challenges only the
third of the elements enumerated above. Accordingly, we focus
our analysis on whether the $174,133.20 liability released by
COST was incurred by Mr. Combrink to acquire the LINKS stock.
Petitioners bear the burden of proving that this question should
be answered in the affirmative. See Rule 142(a).
Of the $174,133.20 assumed by COST, the stipulated evidence
explicitly establishes only that $72,263.38 was transferred to or
used for the benefit of LINKS. Remittances on August 31 and
December 20, 1995, of $15,729.17 and $11,228.64, respectively,
were applied to repay creditors for services and property related
to the LINKS business. Then, in 1996, payments totaling
$45,305.57 were made directly to LINKS. However, the parties
also agreed that all nine accounts receivable transactions,
including those on May 26 and December 29, 1995, were
consistently treated as loans from COST to Mr. Combrink, followed
by loans from him to LINKS. On the basis of such consistency, we - 15 -
are willing to assume that $89,728.73 was applied for the benefit
of LINKS. Conversely, the record fails to trace the remaining
$84,404.47 canceled to any use benefiting LINKS.
Furthermore, the evidence shows that the amounts supplied by
Mr. Combrink to LINKS, both through COST and from personal
sources, were initially characterized as debt, not equity. Mr.
Combrink owned 100 percent of the outstanding LINKS stock prior
to any such remittances and did not at the time of these loans to
LINKS receive any additional shares or equity. Only subsequently
was $175,000.00 of the $252,481.03 once represented by promissory
notes from LINKS to Mr. Combrink redesignated as additional paid-
in capital. Although we are willing in these circumstances to
accept this recapitalization as establishing that $175,000.00 was
used to acquire LINKS stock within the meaning of section
304(b)(3)(B)(i), $77,481.03 still remained outstanding in the
form of debt. Since the $89,728.73 portion of the assumed
liability that can be traced to LINKS exceeds this $77,481.03
that clearly was intended to represent debt rather than equity in
LINKS by only $12,247.70, we are able to determine from the
record only that $12,247.70 of the $174,133.20 assumed by COST
was used to acquire stock or equity in LINKS.
As to this $12,247.70 amount, we hold that petitioners are
entitled to the section 304(b)(3)(B) exception. With respect to
the remaining $161,885.50, petitioners have failed to carry their - 16 -
burden of proof on a required element of the section 304(b)(3)(B)
exception. We therefore hold that, to the extent of $161,885.50,
the disputed December 1996 transaction is not removed from the
purview of section 304(a) by reason of section 304(b)(3)(B).
III. The Tax Treatment--Sections 301 and 302
The $12,247.70 exempted from section 304(a) results in no
gain or loss under sections 351 and 357, and we need not address
it further. However, because we have decided that $161,885.50 of
the transaction must be recast as a redemption in accordance with
section 304(a), we turn now to the tax consequences of that
characterization. Section 302 provides the framework governing
tax treatment of redemptions and reads in pertinent part as
follows:
SEC. 302. DISTRIBUTIONS IN REDEMPTION OF STOCK.
(a) General Rule.--If a corporation redeems its stock (within the meaning of section 317(b)), and if paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4) of subsection (b) applies, such redemption shall be treated as a distribution in part or full payment in exchange for the stock.
(b) Redemptions Treated as Exchanges.--
(1) Redemptions not equivalent to dividends.-- Subsection (a) shall apply if the redemption is not essentially equivalent to a dividend.
(2) Substantially disproportionate redemption of stock.-- - 17 -
(A) In General.--Subsection (a) shall apply if the distribution is substantially disproportionate with respect to the shareholder.
(B) Limitation.--This paragraph shall not apply unless immediately after the redemption the shareholder owns less than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote.
(C) Definitions.--For purposes of this paragraph, the distribution is substantially disproportionate if--
(i) the ratio which the voting stock of the corporation owned by the shareholder immediately after the redemption bears to all of the voting stock of the corporation at such time,
is less than 80 percent of--
(ii) the ratio which the voting stock of the corporation owned by the shareholder immediately before the redemption bears to all of the voting stock of the corporation at such time. * * *
(3) Termination of shareholder’s interest.-- Subsection (a) shall apply if the redemption is in complete redemption of all of the stock of the corporation owned by the shareholder.
(4) Redemption from noncorporate shareholder in partial liquidation.--Subsection (a) shall apply to a distribution if such distribution is--
(A) in redemption of stock held by a shareholder who is not a corporation, and (B) in partial liquidation of the distributing corporation.
* * * * * * *
(c) Constructive Ownership of Stock.-- - 18 -
(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, section 318(a) shall apply in determining the ownership of stock for purposes of this section.
(d) Redemptions Treated as Distributions of Property.--Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, if a corporation redeems its stock (within the meaning of section 317(b)), and if subsection (a) of this section does not apply, such redemption shall be treated as a distribution of property to which section 301 applies.
Thus, under the schematic created in section 302, unless a
redemption transaction falls into one of four enumerated
categories qualifying for treatment as a sale or exchange, it is
taxed in accordance with section 301. When evaluating whether a
transfer takes one of the four listed forms in the context of a
section 304 proceeding, section 304(b)(1) directs that such
determination be made by reference to the stock of the issuing
corporation.
Here, we conclude that the December 1996 transaction is not
among the four types afforded exchange treatment. First,
pursuant to United States v. Davis, 397 U.S. 301, 313 (1970), the
transfer cannot qualify as “not essentially equivalent to a
dividend” under section 302(b)(1). The U.S. Supreme Court ruled
in United States v. Davis, supra at 307, 313, that redemption of
the shares of a corporation’s sole stockholder is “always”
essentially equivalent to a dividend and, consequently, that a
taxpayer “who (after application of the attribution rules) was - 19 -
the sole shareholder of the corporation both before and after the
redemption” could not meet the section 302(b)(1) test. Since
section 318(a) deems Mr. Combrink the sole stockholder of LINKS,
the issuing corporation, both prior to and following the
transfer, he likewise is entitled to no relief under paragraph
(1).
Second, the attribution rules similarly prevent the subject
transaction for qualifying for sale treatment under section
302(b)(2). As a result of constructive ownership, the transfer
failed to effect the requisite change in Mr. Combrink’s voting
control which would signal a substantially disproportionate
Third, an identical rationale, namely, no reduction in
deemed ownership, precludes the redemption from constituting a
complete termination of Mr. Combrink’s interest under section
302(b)(3).
Lastly, with respect to section 302(b)(4), the facts contain
no indication that LINKS or COST was involved in a plan of
partial termination. We therefore conclude that the December
1996 transaction is governed by section 302(d) and, accordingly,
that the tax effects thereof must be determined under section
301. - 20 -
Section 301 provides in relevant part:
SEC. 301. DISTRIBUTIONS OF PROPERTY.
(a) In General.--Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a distribution of property (as defined in section 317(a)) made by a corporation to a shareholder with respect to its stock shall be treated in the manner provided in subsection (c).
(b) Amount Distributed.--
(1) General rule.--For purposes of this section, the amount of any distribution shall be the amount of money received, plus the fair market value of the other property received.
(c) Amount Taxable.--In the case of a distribution to which subsection (a) applies--
(1) Amount constituting dividend.--That portion of the distribution which is a dividend (as defined in section 316) shall be included in gross income.
(2) Amount applied against basis.--That portion of the distribution which is not a dividend shall be applied against and reduce the adjusted basis of the stock.
(3) Amount in excess of basis.--
(A) In general.--Except as provided in subparagraph (B), that portion of the distribution which is not a dividend, to the extent that it exceeds the adjusted basis of the stock, shall be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of property. * * * - 21 -
Section 316(a), in turn, defines “dividend” as “any
distribution of property made by a corporation to its
shareholders--(1) out of its earning and profits accumulated
after February 28, 1913, or (2) out of its earnings and profits
of the taxable year”. In other words, a section 301 distribution
is taxed as a dividend, and therefore as ordinary income, to the
extent of the distributing corporation’s earnings and profits.
Only after such earnings and profits are exhausted may the
distribution be treated as a return of basis or capital gain.
Additionally, for purposes of applying the above test to a
section 304 redemption, section 304(b)(2) specifies that the
amount of the dividend shall be determined as if the property
were distributed first by the acquiring corporation to the extent
of its earnings and profits and then by the issuing corporation
to the extent of its earnings and profits.
As previously indicated, the cancellation of a liability is
considered the equivalent of a distribution of money in the face
amount of the obligation. See sec. 1.301-1(m), Income Tax Regs.
Yet on the record before us, petitioners, who bear the burden of
proof, have introduced no evidence to show that COST lacked
earnings and profits in at least the amount of the debt release - 22 -
afforded to Mr. Combrink. We thus are constrained to hold that
petitioners received dividend income in the amount of $161,885.50
in 1996, pursuant to sections 301, 302, and 304.
To reflect the foregoing,
Decision will be entered
under Rule 155.