PARDEE. Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The question presented on this appeal is whether any one of the specifications of objections numbered first, fifth, sixth, and seventh, fully recited in above statement, is sufficiently proved to warrant the refusal to discharge the bankrupt.
The judge a quo was of opinion that the fifth and sixth were established by the preponderance of evidence, and that it was not necessary to pass upon the first and seventh.
[1] Counsel contend that the contest of a bankrupt’s discharge is a quasi criminal proceeding and governed by rules of criminal practice, and therefore that a mere preponderance of evidence is not sufficient. We are of opinion that, as stated in Collier (7th Ed.) 268, while the ordinary rules of evidence control, the proof must be strict and convincing, but not necessarily to the limit required in proving a crime.
The question is fully and ably discussed by Judge Putnam in Troeder v. Lorsch et al., 150 Fed. 710, 711, 80 C. C. A. 376, and we concur with what is there said on the subject.
In support of the first specification, we find much suspicion, some presumption, but no sufficient evidence to prove that the bankrupt concealed $15,000, or any other sum of money belonging to the bankrupt’s estate.
[2] The three other specifications charge the bankrupt with failure to keep books of accounts or records from which his financial condition might be ascertained; the destruction of the books of accounts relating particularly to the business conducted by the bankrupt in the city of New York during the years 1908 and 1909, as well as a large part of the books used at the Birmingham end of said business during the years 1908 and 1909; and, lastly, concealing the books of accounts or records relating to the business in New York, as well as a large part of the books used at Birmingham. And these specifications can be considered together.
There is no evidence to substantiate the charge that the bankrupt failed to keep books of accounts and records from which his financial condition might be ascertained.
There is no evidence supporting the finding that books of accounts showing the financial condition of Robert Garry & Co., kept at Birmingham, were destroyed or concealed.
All the evidence there is in the case bears on the proposition that the books of accounts kept in New York or relating to the business of Robert Garx-y & Co. in New York were concealed or destroyed.
Keeping in mind the undisputed fact that the firm of Robert Garry & Co. in New York was dissolved and the business wound up in November of 1908, the inquiry seems to be restricted to the proposition that the bankrupt concealed or destroyed books showing the financial condition of the firm in New York, and the evidence in support [464]*464of this is that when Robert Garry went to Birmingham to go on with the business of Robert Garry & Co., in that city, he left the New York books in New York, and thereafter in May, 1909, when examined before the referee, he was verbally ordered by the referee to produce the said books and turn them over to the trustee, which order he failed to comply with, and that in testifying how and when and with whom he left the books there is some discrepancy between the answers he gave on his examination before the referee and those given a year later'when examined before the special master. Besides this, the special master considered, as tending to show that the bankrupt had concealed and destroyed his books, that on his examination before the referee he had given evasive and untruthful answers to questions.relating to the matters contained in the books.
It is not pretended that any written order to produce the New York books at any time or place was ever served upon the bankrupt. Nor is it claimed that at any time the bankrupt was provided with means to go to New York, find, his books, and bring them to the referee or trustee. It cannot be inferred that when the firm of Robert Garry & Co., in New York, was dissolved and liquidated in November, 1908, there was any misconduct in leaving the books relating to the business of that firm in New York, in the absence of all proof to the effect that there and then Robert Garry contemplated that the firm of Robert Garry & Co., in Birmingham, would thereafter be forced into bankruptcy.
On the examination before the referee the bankrupt testified that the New York firm kept a full set of books and he left them in New York with a former bookkeeper named Henry Kaplain and asked him to store them. Cross-examined as to details, the following appears:
“Q. At that time .did you keep a full set of hooks?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. You are sure.
“A. Yes sir.
“Q. Keeping a cashbook and ledger, etc.?
“A. I don’t know about that.
“Q. You said a full set of books, didn’t you?
“A. Well, I guess they did then.
“Q. Do you wish me to understand, and the court to understand, that you were keeping a business like that going, and still don’t know whether they kept a cashbook and a ledger and other books that are kept in such a business?
“A. I couldn’t say, Mr. Brunner, because I don't know, you know.”
On the bankrupt’s examination by his own counsel before the special master a year later, he testified as follows:
“Q. What books did the New York firm keep?
“A. We kept a ledger, an expense book, and we kept a charge book. Our charge book was made with copies of the bill. We sent one to customer, and copy we kept and put in a binder, a cashbook.
“Q. Did you keep an invoice book?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. And checkbook?
“A. -Yes, sir. ,
“Q. Any .other books?
“A. Do not know. We kept a regular and usual set of books used in that business. ■ •
[465]*465“Q. What become of those books?
“A. Well, X wound up all the business of Robert Garry & Go. and paid everybody merchandise with the exception of this $5,000 of the bank, and X got through with it, and some one else moved in, and we sold the furniture, and I got through with the books, and I left them there. They were useless to me, and I left them there, and 1 had my bookkeeper — he quit me a long time before, some time about January. And he would come around there and help me, and I left them there, and T do not know, whether those people moved them out or left them in the same place.
“Q. Who was the firm?
“A. The manager was named Mulligan.
“Q. Where were the books when you last saw them?
“A. 465-7 Broome street.
“Q. What part of the house?
“A. Second floor; we call it here the second floor, but they call it the ground floor.
“Q.
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PARDEE. Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The question presented on this appeal is whether any one of the specifications of objections numbered first, fifth, sixth, and seventh, fully recited in above statement, is sufficiently proved to warrant the refusal to discharge the bankrupt.
The judge a quo was of opinion that the fifth and sixth were established by the preponderance of evidence, and that it was not necessary to pass upon the first and seventh.
[1] Counsel contend that the contest of a bankrupt’s discharge is a quasi criminal proceeding and governed by rules of criminal practice, and therefore that a mere preponderance of evidence is not sufficient. We are of opinion that, as stated in Collier (7th Ed.) 268, while the ordinary rules of evidence control, the proof must be strict and convincing, but not necessarily to the limit required in proving a crime.
The question is fully and ably discussed by Judge Putnam in Troeder v. Lorsch et al., 150 Fed. 710, 711, 80 C. C. A. 376, and we concur with what is there said on the subject.
In support of the first specification, we find much suspicion, some presumption, but no sufficient evidence to prove that the bankrupt concealed $15,000, or any other sum of money belonging to the bankrupt’s estate.
[2] The three other specifications charge the bankrupt with failure to keep books of accounts or records from which his financial condition might be ascertained; the destruction of the books of accounts relating particularly to the business conducted by the bankrupt in the city of New York during the years 1908 and 1909, as well as a large part of the books used at the Birmingham end of said business during the years 1908 and 1909; and, lastly, concealing the books of accounts or records relating to the business in New York, as well as a large part of the books used at Birmingham. And these specifications can be considered together.
There is no evidence to substantiate the charge that the bankrupt failed to keep books of accounts and records from which his financial condition might be ascertained.
There is no evidence supporting the finding that books of accounts showing the financial condition of Robert Garry & Co., kept at Birmingham, were destroyed or concealed.
All the evidence there is in the case bears on the proposition that the books of accounts kept in New York or relating to the business of Robert Garx-y & Co. in New York were concealed or destroyed.
Keeping in mind the undisputed fact that the firm of Robert Garry & Co. in New York was dissolved and the business wound up in November of 1908, the inquiry seems to be restricted to the proposition that the bankrupt concealed or destroyed books showing the financial condition of the firm in New York, and the evidence in support [464]*464of this is that when Robert Garry went to Birmingham to go on with the business of Robert Garry & Co., in that city, he left the New York books in New York, and thereafter in May, 1909, when examined before the referee, he was verbally ordered by the referee to produce the said books and turn them over to the trustee, which order he failed to comply with, and that in testifying how and when and with whom he left the books there is some discrepancy between the answers he gave on his examination before the referee and those given a year later'when examined before the special master. Besides this, the special master considered, as tending to show that the bankrupt had concealed and destroyed his books, that on his examination before the referee he had given evasive and untruthful answers to questions.relating to the matters contained in the books.
It is not pretended that any written order to produce the New York books at any time or place was ever served upon the bankrupt. Nor is it claimed that at any time the bankrupt was provided with means to go to New York, find, his books, and bring them to the referee or trustee. It cannot be inferred that when the firm of Robert Garry & Co., in New York, was dissolved and liquidated in November, 1908, there was any misconduct in leaving the books relating to the business of that firm in New York, in the absence of all proof to the effect that there and then Robert Garry contemplated that the firm of Robert Garry & Co., in Birmingham, would thereafter be forced into bankruptcy.
On the examination before the referee the bankrupt testified that the New York firm kept a full set of books and he left them in New York with a former bookkeeper named Henry Kaplain and asked him to store them. Cross-examined as to details, the following appears:
“Q. At that time .did you keep a full set of hooks?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. You are sure.
“A. Yes sir.
“Q. Keeping a cashbook and ledger, etc.?
“A. I don’t know about that.
“Q. You said a full set of books, didn’t you?
“A. Well, I guess they did then.
“Q. Do you wish me to understand, and the court to understand, that you were keeping a business like that going, and still don’t know whether they kept a cashbook and a ledger and other books that are kept in such a business?
“A. I couldn’t say, Mr. Brunner, because I don't know, you know.”
On the bankrupt’s examination by his own counsel before the special master a year later, he testified as follows:
“Q. What books did the New York firm keep?
“A. We kept a ledger, an expense book, and we kept a charge book. Our charge book was made with copies of the bill. We sent one to customer, and copy we kept and put in a binder, a cashbook.
“Q. Did you keep an invoice book?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. And checkbook?
“A. -Yes, sir. ,
“Q. Any .other books?
“A. Do not know. We kept a regular and usual set of books used in that business. ■ •
[465]*465“Q. What become of those books?
“A. Well, X wound up all the business of Robert Garry & Go. and paid everybody merchandise with the exception of this $5,000 of the bank, and X got through with it, and some one else moved in, and we sold the furniture, and I got through with the books, and I left them there. They were useless to me, and I left them there, and 1 had my bookkeeper — he quit me a long time before, some time about January. And he would come around there and help me, and I left them there, and T do not know, whether those people moved them out or left them in the same place.
“Q. Who was the firm?
“A. The manager was named Mulligan.
“Q. Where were the books when you last saw them?
“A. 465-7 Broome street.
“Q. What part of the house?
“A. Second floor; we call it here the second floor, but they call it the ground floor.
“Q. Were they on the floor?
“A. We had a big desk, and I sold the furniture and fixtures, and I moved it in the back part of the store. lie moved in on us unexpected.
“Q. When you closed there you had quit the business?
“A. Yes, sir; entirely.
“Q. And had paid everybody all the hills you owed — you only owed this bill to the bank?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. And nobody owed you anything that was in business?
“A. No, sir.
“Q. Who owed you anything at that time?
“A. Nobody. I wound up with notes with some concerns and discounted them in the bank, so that closed up all the books.
“Q. What date was that?
“A. In February, 1909, I left on the 20th, was the last time I saw them.
“Q. Have you made any inquiry for those books since?
“A. I did. I asked my brother about it, and they were still there in August, and I went up there in January of this year and saw Mr. Mulligan, and he said somebody moved out with the load of furniture.
“Q. Did you destroy any of those books?
“A. No, sir.
“Q. Did you conceal them?
“A. No, sir.
“Q. What is the name of your bookkeeper?
“A. Kaplain.
“Q. What request did you make of him about those books?
“A. I asked him to find them, and 1 asked Sam Garry, not knowing his address, and I saw Mr. Kaplain personally in January. lie came to see me, and I asked him about them, and he said he did not know. He said they were all there.”
The discrepancy between the bankrupt’s evidence before the referee and that before the special master and the reticence in the former compared with the fullness in the latter gives rise to a suspicion as to his credibility, but no strong inference that the bankrupt had either concealed or destroyed his books. There is little doubt that in the lengthy and to some extent badgering examination before the referee the bankrupt was evasive to the verge of untruth; but for that we do not put all the blame on the bankrupt. The special master says:
“Robert Garry, in testifying before the master, appeared unmistakably a man of much intelligence, of quick, ready, and accurate apprehension, and of keen business sagacity. He was .’>9 years old and in the maturity of sound mental and physical vigor. His business experience on his own ac[466]*466count rose from peddler to dominant partner in two large mercantile houses ■ — the one in New York, the other in Birmingham.”
He might have added that Garry came to Birmingham at the age of 16, when his education was necessarily incomplete; that he was ignorant of commercial bookkeeping and, so far as the case shows, had always relied on his bookkeeper to keep his books. These facts, taken in connection with the character of the examination, which evidently soon impressed Garry that he was in the “house of his enemies,” who were seeking to lead him into pitfalls and traps through attempted explanations of book entries that he himself had not made, and mainly at Birmingham when he was not there (for it was in relation to items in the Birmingham books that the most evasive answers were given), tend somewhat to soften the otherwise natural conclusion that he was willfully evading explanation and ivas withholding information with a bad intent.
But it we concede that the bankrupt’s conduct in this respect was all that the appellee claims, and, further, that he was in fault for not producing before the trustee his New York books, and that his conduct pending the bankruptcy has been recalcitrant, we are still unable to find in all the evidence of the case strict and convincing proof that the bankrupt either concealed or destroyed his books, which is the crux of the specifications of opposition to the bankrupt’s discharge under consideration on this appeal.
We do not agree with the special master that the evidence is perfectly clear and convincing that the bankrupt failed to keep books of account and that he concealed them or destroyed them; nor with the judge a quo, who held that the preponderance of evidence showed the bankrupt concealed and destroyed his books of account, and, as on this appeal we must follow our own convictions as to the sufficiency of the evidence to establish the specified objections of opposition herein involved, we are constrained to reverse the decree of the District Court and remand the cause, with instructions to grant the appellant his discharge in bankruptcy.
And it is so ordered and decreed.