Winslow, O. J.
There are three questions in this case, viz.: (1) Does the evidence show (contrary to the conclusion reached by the lower courts) that Greenwald had implied or apparent authority to enter into a binding agreement of surrender on behalf of the defendant ? (2) Could a valid surrender be made by parol? and (3) Was the parol arrangement for surrender made between Greenwald and Landeck intended to be a contract of itself or simply a step in the preliminary negotiations leading up to the real contract in writing ? These questions will be treated in their order.
1. It seems clear to us that the trial court took entirely too contracted a view of the powers of Greenwald, i. e. the powers which third persons dealing with him in good faith were entitled to assume that he possessed. True, the vice-president of the ordinary domestic corporation is not generally endowed with large powers, either actually or ostensibly. Indeed, he is frequently a practical nonentity so far as the conduct of the business of the corporation is concerned. The situation here, however, is different. The defendant is a Pennsylvania corporation evidently of very large proportions. The by-laws, which are in evidence, do not show the amount of the present capital stock, but do show that it is [653]*653expected’to reach the sum of $10,000,000 and possibly more-There are nine vice-presidents, all of whom are authorized to perform any duties which the president may delégate or the hoard of directors may assign to them. This foreign corporation is conducting a mercantile business of considerable proportions in Milwaukee, which is admitted to be in complete charge of Mr. Greenwald as vice-president, who is the only officer of the corporation in this state. It seems very clear that Mr. Greenwald is no mere ornamental figurehead, whose name appears only in large type on the stationery of the company, but a real executive, who, so far as the business in Wisconsin is concerned, determines its conduct and is the-visible embodiment of the corporation to all who deal with it. As to the Wisconsin business he occupies practically the same position to the business world as the active managing officer of a Wisconsin business corporation.
In these days, when so large and increasing a proportion of the business of the world is done through corporations, it cannot be endured that all persons dealing with one of these creatures of the law must at their peril first verify the exact extent of the powers of an officer who is held out to the world as a manager of its business. The principle must be, as held in Ford v. Hill, 92 Wis. 188, 66 N. W. 115, that “when a private corporation allows its managing officer to so conduct himself in his dealings and transactions on behalf of the company as to lead the public or those dealing with him to reasonably believe he possesses certain powers, the company will not be allowed to question such apparent authority as against one relying in good faith on the same.” Mutual confidence is and must always be the corner-stone of successful business.. Things must be what they seem to be. Ho one can be allowed to play fast and loose with the business world. Ho-corporation can allow its officer to transact its business for years and then deny that it ever gave him -authority to do so. [654]*654The doctrine of estoppel raises the conclusive presumption that the necessary power was duly given. Bullen v. Milwaukee T. Co. 109 Wis. 41, 85 N. W. 115.
In the present case it is clear that a vice-president had been for years the managing officer of the defendant’s Wisconsin business with all the apparent authority which a managing president ordinarily has. To the Wisconsin business public he was in substance the corporation. The property in question was business property adjoining the defendant’s place of business, and seems to have been intended to be used ultimately for purposes of enlargement of the business. It had been leased by three written leases executed on behalf of the corporation by Hamburger, and the written consents to the subletting of the premises afterwards given had been executed in the same way. It is affirmatively shown that Greenwald had the same powers which Hamburger had previously exercised. So when Landeck approached Green-wald he approached a man who to all apparent seeming was the manager of the business and who had been in the past endowed by the corporation with the power to make and consent to the transfer of leases of this very property.
1 It is true that the trial court found that Greenwald told Landeck, when the written offer was made, that he wished to send it East to place before one of defendant’s officers before acceptance and that (as the court found) this was a notification to Landeck that Greenwald had no authority to act in the matter. In this connection it may be remarked that Greenwald did not state that he lacked the power, and that his desire to send the offer East might well be understood as simply a desire to obtain advice rather than power. However this may be, we do not regard it as in any sense conclusive. When he received his reply from the East he affirmatively claimed authority and assumed to close the contract. We cannot think that it was necessary for the plaintiff to demand that Greenwald produce a certified copy of the records [655]*655of the corporation or even a letter from the home office as proof of the fact. It seems hardly likely that his curiosity would have been gratified had he done so. The surrender of the leases was apparently a transaction along the same line and within the same general field as the original making of the leases and the consents to the making of the subleases. In all these transactions the resident vice-president had apparently acted for the company. It seems also that the property was not detached real estate, hut was adjoining property, intended to be used at no distant day for the purpose of enlarging the accommodations for the mercantile business of which Greenwald was in sole charge. As we view the facts, Landeck was amply justified in concluding from the conduct of the business in the past that Greenwald had been endowed with authority to make the agreement for surrender of the leases, and hence that the agreement, unless void for some other reason, was valid.
2. The second question must be answered in the affirmative, under the logic of Baumgarten v. Cohn, 141 Wis. 315, 124 N. W. 288. It was held in that case that an oral lease of land for one year, to take effect in the future, was a valid lease. This holding was placed on the ground that sec. 2301, Stats., providing that every agreement which by its terms is not to be performed within one year shall be void, applies only to personalty, and that sec. 2304, Stats., affirmatively recognizes the validity of a parol lease of lands for one year or less, even if the year commence in the future. By parity of reasoning it must follow that a leasehold interest in lands for an unexpired term, not exceeding one year, may be surrendered by parol under the terms of sec. 2302, Stats., which reads as follows:
“Ho estate or interest in lands, other than leases for a term not exceeding one year, nor any trust or power over or concerning lands or in any manner relating thereto shall be created, granted, assigned, surrendered or declared unless by [656]*656act or operation of law or by deed or conveyance in writing, subscribed by the party creating, granting, assigning, surrendering or declaring the same or by his lawful agent thereunto authorized by writing.”
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Winslow, O. J.
There are three questions in this case, viz.: (1) Does the evidence show (contrary to the conclusion reached by the lower courts) that Greenwald had implied or apparent authority to enter into a binding agreement of surrender on behalf of the defendant ? (2) Could a valid surrender be made by parol? and (3) Was the parol arrangement for surrender made between Greenwald and Landeck intended to be a contract of itself or simply a step in the preliminary negotiations leading up to the real contract in writing ? These questions will be treated in their order.
1. It seems clear to us that the trial court took entirely too contracted a view of the powers of Greenwald, i. e. the powers which third persons dealing with him in good faith were entitled to assume that he possessed. True, the vice-president of the ordinary domestic corporation is not generally endowed with large powers, either actually or ostensibly. Indeed, he is frequently a practical nonentity so far as the conduct of the business of the corporation is concerned. The situation here, however, is different. The defendant is a Pennsylvania corporation evidently of very large proportions. The by-laws, which are in evidence, do not show the amount of the present capital stock, but do show that it is [653]*653expected’to reach the sum of $10,000,000 and possibly more-There are nine vice-presidents, all of whom are authorized to perform any duties which the president may delégate or the hoard of directors may assign to them. This foreign corporation is conducting a mercantile business of considerable proportions in Milwaukee, which is admitted to be in complete charge of Mr. Greenwald as vice-president, who is the only officer of the corporation in this state. It seems very clear that Mr. Greenwald is no mere ornamental figurehead, whose name appears only in large type on the stationery of the company, but a real executive, who, so far as the business in Wisconsin is concerned, determines its conduct and is the-visible embodiment of the corporation to all who deal with it. As to the Wisconsin business he occupies practically the same position to the business world as the active managing officer of a Wisconsin business corporation.
In these days, when so large and increasing a proportion of the business of the world is done through corporations, it cannot be endured that all persons dealing with one of these creatures of the law must at their peril first verify the exact extent of the powers of an officer who is held out to the world as a manager of its business. The principle must be, as held in Ford v. Hill, 92 Wis. 188, 66 N. W. 115, that “when a private corporation allows its managing officer to so conduct himself in his dealings and transactions on behalf of the company as to lead the public or those dealing with him to reasonably believe he possesses certain powers, the company will not be allowed to question such apparent authority as against one relying in good faith on the same.” Mutual confidence is and must always be the corner-stone of successful business.. Things must be what they seem to be. Ho one can be allowed to play fast and loose with the business world. Ho-corporation can allow its officer to transact its business for years and then deny that it ever gave him -authority to do so. [654]*654The doctrine of estoppel raises the conclusive presumption that the necessary power was duly given. Bullen v. Milwaukee T. Co. 109 Wis. 41, 85 N. W. 115.
In the present case it is clear that a vice-president had been for years the managing officer of the defendant’s Wisconsin business with all the apparent authority which a managing president ordinarily has. To the Wisconsin business public he was in substance the corporation. The property in question was business property adjoining the defendant’s place of business, and seems to have been intended to be used ultimately for purposes of enlargement of the business. It had been leased by three written leases executed on behalf of the corporation by Hamburger, and the written consents to the subletting of the premises afterwards given had been executed in the same way. It is affirmatively shown that Greenwald had the same powers which Hamburger had previously exercised. So when Landeck approached Green-wald he approached a man who to all apparent seeming was the manager of the business and who had been in the past endowed by the corporation with the power to make and consent to the transfer of leases of this very property.
1 It is true that the trial court found that Greenwald told Landeck, when the written offer was made, that he wished to send it East to place before one of defendant’s officers before acceptance and that (as the court found) this was a notification to Landeck that Greenwald had no authority to act in the matter. In this connection it may be remarked that Greenwald did not state that he lacked the power, and that his desire to send the offer East might well be understood as simply a desire to obtain advice rather than power. However this may be, we do not regard it as in any sense conclusive. When he received his reply from the East he affirmatively claimed authority and assumed to close the contract. We cannot think that it was necessary for the plaintiff to demand that Greenwald produce a certified copy of the records [655]*655of the corporation or even a letter from the home office as proof of the fact. It seems hardly likely that his curiosity would have been gratified had he done so. The surrender of the leases was apparently a transaction along the same line and within the same general field as the original making of the leases and the consents to the making of the subleases. In all these transactions the resident vice-president had apparently acted for the company. It seems also that the property was not detached real estate, hut was adjoining property, intended to be used at no distant day for the purpose of enlarging the accommodations for the mercantile business of which Greenwald was in sole charge. As we view the facts, Landeck was amply justified in concluding from the conduct of the business in the past that Greenwald had been endowed with authority to make the agreement for surrender of the leases, and hence that the agreement, unless void for some other reason, was valid.
2. The second question must be answered in the affirmative, under the logic of Baumgarten v. Cohn, 141 Wis. 315, 124 N. W. 288. It was held in that case that an oral lease of land for one year, to take effect in the future, was a valid lease. This holding was placed on the ground that sec. 2301, Stats., providing that every agreement which by its terms is not to be performed within one year shall be void, applies only to personalty, and that sec. 2304, Stats., affirmatively recognizes the validity of a parol lease of lands for one year or less, even if the year commence in the future. By parity of reasoning it must follow that a leasehold interest in lands for an unexpired term, not exceeding one year, may be surrendered by parol under the terms of sec. 2302, Stats., which reads as follows:
“Ho estate or interest in lands, other than leases for a term not exceeding one year, nor any trust or power over or concerning lands or in any manner relating thereto shall be created, granted, assigned, surrendered or declared unless by [656]*656act or operation of law or by deed or conveyance in writing, subscribed by the party creating, granting, assigning, surrendering or declaring the same or by his lawful agent thereunto authorized by writing.”
The same statute was so construed in New York. Smith v. Devlin, 23 N. Y. 363. This latter case affirmed Allen v. Devlin, 6 Bosw. 1, which was cited with approval in Telford v. Frost, 76 Wis. 172, 44 N. W. 835.
3. The question whether an informal arrangement is intended by the parties to form a contract in and of itself or as only a step in the negotiations leading up to a binding contract in writing is not always easy of solution.
The law undoubtedly is that an informal agreement complete in its terms will take effect if the parties so intend, though a more formal contract is expected to be afterwards made, provided that the formal contract is not to contain material provisions not contained in or to be inferred from ■the preliminary informal agreement. Francis H. Leggett & Co. v. West Salem C. Co. 155 Wis. 462, 144 N. W. 969; Goldstine v. Tolman, 157 Wis. 141, 147 N. W. 7.
Jn the present case the written releases and agreements which were subsequently prepared by Landeck and submitted to and approved by Greenwald are in the record. They do not seem to contain any material additions to the provisions contained in or reasonably to be inferred from the written offer of Landeck and the oral acceptance thereof by Green-wald. That offer and acceptance was in substance - that plaintiff surrender or cause to be surrendered the said lease and premises on May 1, 1912, take care of any obligation or profit due the Thanhauser Company by reason of its interest in the premises, and that the defendant pay the plaintiff $500 for so doing. This is just what the written papers provide for in the ordinary way in which such stipulations would be provided for. The trial judge made no finding on- the question whether the informal arrangement was intended to [657]*657constitute a complete contract, but he did find the facts substantially as testified to by Mr. Landeek, and it is entirely clear from Mr. Landeck’s entire testimony that the contract was regarded by both parties as binding at the time when Mr. Greenwald accepted the written offer, and that the subsequent papers were intended simply to put in accurate and permanent shape the evidence of what had already been agreed on.
By the Court. — Judgment reversed, and action remanded with directions to reverse the judgment of the civil court and render judgment for the plaintiff according to the prayer of the complaint.