IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS PD-0904-07
CHRISTOPHER GARNER, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
On Discretionary Review from the Tenth Court of Appeals, Brazos County
WOMACK , J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
We hold in this case that, when a court of appeals finds no issues of arguable merit in an
Anders brief, it may explain why the issues have no arguable merit.
I. Background
The appellant was convicted of aggravated robbery and sentenced to sixteen years in
prison. On appeal, the appellant’s counsel filed an Anders1 brief, requesting to be removed from
the case because there were no non-frivolous points of error to be raised on appeal. He did
1 Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). (Garner - 2)
present one point that could potentially be the only appealable error: the rule that “[a] conviction
cannot be had upon the testimony of an accomplice unless corroborated by other evidence
tending to connect the defendant with the offense committed; and the corroboration is not
sufficient if it merely shows the commission of the offense.”2 While he briefed this one issue, he
concluded by asserting the frivolity of the appeal in full, ultimately requesting permission to be
removed from the case, saying, “After a diligent and thorough review of the record by appellate
counsel as required by Anders, supra, in his opinion there are no issues which can legitimately be
presented to this Honorable Court. Therefore, the appeal is frivolous.”
As the decisions in Anders and Bledsoe3 permit, the appellant then filed a pro se brief,
presenting ten separate and additional points of error.4
The Court of Appeals issued a memorandum opinion responding to both counsel’s
Anders brief and the appellant’s pro se brief, ultimately finding “no issues of arguable merit.”5
The majority of the Court of Appeals relied on its own opinion in Villanueva v. State,6 which
stated that “Bledsoe does not preclude [the court] from articulating [its] analysis; it states that
2 C O D E C RIM . P RO C . art. 38.14.
3 Bledsoe v. State, 178 S.W.3d 824 (Tex. Cr. App. 2005).
4 Garner v. State, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 4246, at *2-3 (Tex. App.–W aco May 30, 2007) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“[The appellant’s] written statement was improperly admitted; (2) certain testimony by Detective Lance Matthews constitute[d] inadmissible hearsay; (3) the court’s definition of ‘accomplice’ was improper; (4) the State engaged in improper jury argument (two points); (5) certain testimony by Sergeant Charles Peters constitute[d] inadmissible hearsay; (6) evidence of extraneous offenses was admitted (two points); (7) his conviction was based on inadmissible hearsay, speculation, and extraneous evidence; and (8) the court’s ‘deadly weapon’ finding [was] improper.”).
5 Id., at *16.
6 209 S.W.3d 239, 244 (Tex. App.–W aco 2006, no pet.). (Garner - 3)
such an exercise is not required.”7 It had further held in Villanueva:
When potentially arguable issues are raised and briefed by counsel in an Anders brief, we believe it is sometimes necessary to identify the issues and to provide the appellant, the bar, and the public with the analysis behind our frivolousness determination. This transparency comports with the spirit of the applicable appellate rules (see Tex. R. App. P. 47.1, 47. 4) and only increases confidence in the judiciary.8
The Court granted counsel’s motion to withdraw from representation “effective upon his
notifying [the appellant] of [its] decision and of his right to file a pro se petition for discretionary
review.”9
The appellant filed a pro se petition for discretionary review with this Court, raising the
same ten points of error, and further contending that the Court of Appeals erred by analyzing the
points of error for substantive merit and reversible error, instead of simply determining whether
they had any arguable merit. This Court granted review on its own motion on the issue, “Is the
Court of Appeals’ opinion, which addresses the merits of points of error of an Anders appeal,
consistent with Bledsoe v. State, 178 S.W.3d 824 (Tex. Cr. App. 2005)?”
The appellant argues that the Court of Appeals’ opinion is not consistent with this Court’s
opinion in Bledsoe, because under Bledsoe, an appellate court’s duty is merely to determine
whether there are any arguable grounds to an Anders brief – not to analyze them for merit. He
argues that the Court implicitly determined that, in fact, there were “arguable grounds” for
review, analyzed them for reversible error, found none, and affirmed the trial court’s judgment in
direct violation of Bledsoe. He asserts that, by analyzing and discussing the issues in such detail,
7 Id., citing Bledsoe, 178 S.W .3d, at 827.
8 Id., at 244.
9 Garner, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 4246, at *16. (Garner - 4)
the Court of Appeals “opened the door” to the possibility that they were of arguable merit,
leaving their disposition of the case unclear, despite the characterization of frivolity. The
appellant requests that, in accordance with Bledsoe, the case be remanded to the trial court so that
new counsel can be appointed to properly brief the issues.
The State also argues that the Court of Appeals erred in addressing the substantive merits
of the appellant’s pro se response to counsel’s Anders brief; however, it contends that the
appellate court did not conclusively determine arguable merit. Rather, the State questions the
findings of the memorandum opinion and requests that this case be remanded to the appellate
court to conduct a proper analysis under Bledsoe.
II. Settled Law
In Anders, the Supreme Court of the United States held that the responsibility to
determine whether an appeal is frivolous in nature lies with the appellate court – not with the
attorney of record.10 In order to ensure effective counsel on appeal for indigent defendants,
without requiring counsel to breach ethical prohibitions against making frivolous arguments, the
Supreme Court instituted the now-established procedure of the Anders brief:
1. Following conviction, if counsel believes that all imaginable points of error are
purely frivolous, then counsel must (a) file a brief with the appellate court detailing the
reasons for that belief, and (b) request permission to be removed from representation.11
2. A copy of counsel’s brief must be furnished to the indigent appellant, who may
10 Anders, 386 U.S. 738, 744.
11 “His role as advocate requires that he support his client’s appeal to the best of his ability. Of course, if counsel finds his case to be wholly frivolous, after a conscientious examination of it, he should so advise the court and request permission to withdraw. That request must, however, be accompanied by a brief referring to anything in the record that might arguably support the appeal.” Ibid. (Garner - 5)
file a brief pro se.12
3. The appellate court then must examine the record and decide whether the
appeal is frivolous.13
4. If the court agrees that the appeal is frivolous, it may affirm the conviction.14
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IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS PD-0904-07
CHRISTOPHER GARNER, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
On Discretionary Review from the Tenth Court of Appeals, Brazos County
WOMACK , J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
We hold in this case that, when a court of appeals finds no issues of arguable merit in an
Anders brief, it may explain why the issues have no arguable merit.
I. Background
The appellant was convicted of aggravated robbery and sentenced to sixteen years in
prison. On appeal, the appellant’s counsel filed an Anders1 brief, requesting to be removed from
the case because there were no non-frivolous points of error to be raised on appeal. He did
1 Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). (Garner - 2)
present one point that could potentially be the only appealable error: the rule that “[a] conviction
cannot be had upon the testimony of an accomplice unless corroborated by other evidence
tending to connect the defendant with the offense committed; and the corroboration is not
sufficient if it merely shows the commission of the offense.”2 While he briefed this one issue, he
concluded by asserting the frivolity of the appeal in full, ultimately requesting permission to be
removed from the case, saying, “After a diligent and thorough review of the record by appellate
counsel as required by Anders, supra, in his opinion there are no issues which can legitimately be
presented to this Honorable Court. Therefore, the appeal is frivolous.”
As the decisions in Anders and Bledsoe3 permit, the appellant then filed a pro se brief,
presenting ten separate and additional points of error.4
The Court of Appeals issued a memorandum opinion responding to both counsel’s
Anders brief and the appellant’s pro se brief, ultimately finding “no issues of arguable merit.”5
The majority of the Court of Appeals relied on its own opinion in Villanueva v. State,6 which
stated that “Bledsoe does not preclude [the court] from articulating [its] analysis; it states that
2 C O D E C RIM . P RO C . art. 38.14.
3 Bledsoe v. State, 178 S.W.3d 824 (Tex. Cr. App. 2005).
4 Garner v. State, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 4246, at *2-3 (Tex. App.–W aco May 30, 2007) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“[The appellant’s] written statement was improperly admitted; (2) certain testimony by Detective Lance Matthews constitute[d] inadmissible hearsay; (3) the court’s definition of ‘accomplice’ was improper; (4) the State engaged in improper jury argument (two points); (5) certain testimony by Sergeant Charles Peters constitute[d] inadmissible hearsay; (6) evidence of extraneous offenses was admitted (two points); (7) his conviction was based on inadmissible hearsay, speculation, and extraneous evidence; and (8) the court’s ‘deadly weapon’ finding [was] improper.”).
5 Id., at *16.
6 209 S.W.3d 239, 244 (Tex. App.–W aco 2006, no pet.). (Garner - 3)
such an exercise is not required.”7 It had further held in Villanueva:
When potentially arguable issues are raised and briefed by counsel in an Anders brief, we believe it is sometimes necessary to identify the issues and to provide the appellant, the bar, and the public with the analysis behind our frivolousness determination. This transparency comports with the spirit of the applicable appellate rules (see Tex. R. App. P. 47.1, 47. 4) and only increases confidence in the judiciary.8
The Court granted counsel’s motion to withdraw from representation “effective upon his
notifying [the appellant] of [its] decision and of his right to file a pro se petition for discretionary
review.”9
The appellant filed a pro se petition for discretionary review with this Court, raising the
same ten points of error, and further contending that the Court of Appeals erred by analyzing the
points of error for substantive merit and reversible error, instead of simply determining whether
they had any arguable merit. This Court granted review on its own motion on the issue, “Is the
Court of Appeals’ opinion, which addresses the merits of points of error of an Anders appeal,
consistent with Bledsoe v. State, 178 S.W.3d 824 (Tex. Cr. App. 2005)?”
The appellant argues that the Court of Appeals’ opinion is not consistent with this Court’s
opinion in Bledsoe, because under Bledsoe, an appellate court’s duty is merely to determine
whether there are any arguable grounds to an Anders brief – not to analyze them for merit. He
argues that the Court implicitly determined that, in fact, there were “arguable grounds” for
review, analyzed them for reversible error, found none, and affirmed the trial court’s judgment in
direct violation of Bledsoe. He asserts that, by analyzing and discussing the issues in such detail,
7 Id., citing Bledsoe, 178 S.W .3d, at 827.
8 Id., at 244.
9 Garner, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 4246, at *16. (Garner - 4)
the Court of Appeals “opened the door” to the possibility that they were of arguable merit,
leaving their disposition of the case unclear, despite the characterization of frivolity. The
appellant requests that, in accordance with Bledsoe, the case be remanded to the trial court so that
new counsel can be appointed to properly brief the issues.
The State also argues that the Court of Appeals erred in addressing the substantive merits
of the appellant’s pro se response to counsel’s Anders brief; however, it contends that the
appellate court did not conclusively determine arguable merit. Rather, the State questions the
findings of the memorandum opinion and requests that this case be remanded to the appellate
court to conduct a proper analysis under Bledsoe.
II. Settled Law
In Anders, the Supreme Court of the United States held that the responsibility to
determine whether an appeal is frivolous in nature lies with the appellate court – not with the
attorney of record.10 In order to ensure effective counsel on appeal for indigent defendants,
without requiring counsel to breach ethical prohibitions against making frivolous arguments, the
Supreme Court instituted the now-established procedure of the Anders brief:
1. Following conviction, if counsel believes that all imaginable points of error are
purely frivolous, then counsel must (a) file a brief with the appellate court detailing the
reasons for that belief, and (b) request permission to be removed from representation.11
2. A copy of counsel’s brief must be furnished to the indigent appellant, who may
10 Anders, 386 U.S. 738, 744.
11 “His role as advocate requires that he support his client’s appeal to the best of his ability. Of course, if counsel finds his case to be wholly frivolous, after a conscientious examination of it, he should so advise the court and request permission to withdraw. That request must, however, be accompanied by a brief referring to anything in the record that might arguably support the appeal.” Ibid. (Garner - 5)
file a brief pro se.12
3. The appellate court then must examine the record and decide whether the
appeal is frivolous.13
4. If the court agrees that the appeal is frivolous, it may affirm the conviction.14
(That is what the Court of Appeals did in this case.) If it does not agree, it must act to
have counsel represent the appellant in presenting non-frivolous points.15
The Supreme Court said, “This procedure will assure penniless defendants the same rights and
opportunities on appeal–as nearly as is practicable–as are enjoyed by those persons who are in a
similar situation but who are able to afford the retention of private counsel.”16
In Bledsoe, this Court further elaborated the principles set forth in Anders, clarifying the
analytical procedure by which the courts determine the frivolity of the points of error.
When faced with an Anders brief and if a later pro se brief is filed, the court of appeals has two choices. It may determine that the appeal is wholly frivolous and issue an opinion explaining that it has reviewed the record and finds no reversible error. Or, it may determine that arguable grounds for appeal exist and remand the cause to the trial court so that new counsel may be appointed to brief the issues.17
12 “A copy of counsel’s brief should be furnished the indigent and time allowed him to raise any points that he chooses … .”. Ibid.
13 “[T]he court – not counsel – then proceeds, after a full examination of all the proceedings, to decide whether the case is wholly frivolous.” Ibid.
14 “If it so finds it may grant counsel’s request to withdraw and dismiss the appeal insofar as federal requirements are concerned, or proceed to a decision on the merits, if state law so requires.” Ibid.
15 “On the other hand, if it finds any of the legal points arguable on their merits (and therefore not frivolous) it must, prior to decision, afford the indigent the assistance of counsel to argue the appeal.” Ibid. “If grounds are deemed arguable, the Court of Appeals must then abate the appeal and remand the case to the trial court with orders to appoint other counsel to present those and any other grounds that might support the appeal.” Stafford v. State, 813 S.W .2d 503, 511 (Tex. Cr. App. 1991) (footnote omitted).
16 Anders, 386 U.S., at 745.
17 Bledsoe, 178 S.W.3d, at 826-27 (citing Anders, 386 U.S., at 744; Stafford, 813 S.W .2d, at 511). (Garner - 6)
Thus, courts of appeals must decide whether the Anders appeal and subsequent pro se brief raise
any meritorious “arguable grounds” for review.18 Consistent with Anders principles, Bledsoe held
that it is “[t]he court’s duty . . . to determine whether there are any arguable grounds and if there
are, to remand to the trial court so that new counsel may be appointed to brief the issues.”19
III. Analysis
In this case, counsel and appellant properly complied with the requirements of Anders.
Counsel filed his brief on July 19, 2006 and notified the appellant of his right to file a pro se
brief on July 17, 2006.
In May, 2007, the Court of Appeals issued a memorandum opinion which analyzed each
of the appellant’s ten points of error and determined that they all lacked “arguable merit.”20 The
Court of Appeals’ detailed discussion of the individual points of error did not inherently “open
the door” to their possessing arguable merit. Rather, it merely explained why each point lacked
arguable merit.21 The length and detail of the Court of Appeals’ analysis was not improper. The
Court’s actions did not violate the appellant’s constitutional rights under Anders or Bledsoe. The
provision of analysis does not necessarily imply that there is arguable merit.
We recognize the possibility that an analysis could be so complex, or be based so wholly
on unsettled precedent, that it might suggest that a particular ground carries arguable merit. And
if extensive analysis were needed to both explain the law and set forth new legal standards, then
18 Ibid.
19 Bledsoe, 178 S.W .3d, at 827.
20 Garner, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 4246, at *16-17.
21 Id., at 16 (“In summary, having addressed each of Garner’s ten points of error, we find that Garner has not presented any issues of arguable merit.”). (Garner - 7)
it would be meritorious, and in accordance with Bledsoe, should be remanded to the trial court
for new counsel.
But in this case the legal discussion of the points of error in this case, although lengthy,
was neither complex nor based on unsettled precedent, and it did not necessarily imply any
arguable merit.
Certainly, if any of the appellant’s pro se claims were found to have arguable merit, then
his constitutional rights would require that he be provided with counsel to properly brief those
grounds for review. However, as determined by this Court in Bledsoe, an appellant is not being
denied effective assistance of counsel if he does not have counsel to properly brief points of error
without arguable merit.
In our view, the Court of Appeals has benefitted the appellant by providing him with
additional detail as to why the grounds are not meritorious. This does not mean that the
supplemental analysis violates the appellant’s due-process constitutional rights.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.
Delivered December 9, 2009. Publish.