05/11/2021
OP 20-0410 Case Number: OP 20-0410
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 2021 MT 115
MIGUEL GARDIPEE,
Petitioner,
v.
JAMES SALMONSEN, Acting Warden,
Respondent.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING: Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. CDC-13-284 Honorable Kenneth R. Neill, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Petitioner:
Miguel Gardipee, Self-Represented, Deer Lodge, Montana
For Respondent:
Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Damon Martin, Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
John W. Parker, Cascade County Attorney, Susan Weber, Chief Deputy County Attorney, Great Falls, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: April 23, 2021
Decided: May 11, 2021
Filed:
cir-641.—if __________________________________________ Clerk Justice Laurie McKinnon delivered the Opinion and Order of the Court.
¶1 Representing himself, Miguel Gardipee has filed a verified Petition for a Writ of
Habeas Corpus, challenging his 2014 conviction and sentence following his no contest plea
for sexual assault on a minor. In compliance with this Court’s August 18, 2020 Order, the
Assistant Attorney General for the State of Montana has filed a response, requesting that
Gardipee’s Petition be denied because he challenges his conviction and not his sentence.
PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND
¶2 The State provides Gardipee’s background, which we summarize here. In
June 2013, the State charged Gardipee with felony sexual abuse of children, pursuant to
§ 45-5-625(1)(h), MCA (2011), after Gardipee responded to an online ad and
“knowingly travel[ed] within, from, or to this state with the intention of meeting a child
under 16 years of age or a person the offender believe[d] to be a child under 16 years of
age in order to engage in sexual conduct, actual or simulated.” In April 2014, Gardipee
signed a Plea Agreement, in which he agreed to plead no contest1 in return for a
commitment to the Department of Corrections (DOC) for twenty-five years with ten years
suspended.2 In August 2014, Gardipee moved the District Court to withdraw his plea and
to proceed to trial; however, Gardipee later withdrew his motion. Accordingly, in
September 2014, the District Court held a sentencing hearing and imposed a sentence of
twenty-five years to the Montana State Prison (MSP), with ten years suspended. The court
1 No contest and nolo contendere are used interchangeably. 2 Gardipee received an exception to the mandatory minimum sentence of 100 years, pursuant to § 45-5-625(4)(a)(i), MCA (2011), and he was sentenced as recommended in his plea agreement to twenty-five years with ten suspended, under § 46-18-222(6), MCA. 2 made Gardipee ineligible for parole until he completed MSP’s Sex Offender Treatment
Program (SOP) 1 and 2. Gardipee did not appeal or seek postconviction relief in the
District Court. Gardipee did apply for sentence review, and the Sentence Review Division
affirmed his sentence.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
¶3 “The writ of habeas corpus is not available to attack the validity of the conviction
or sentence of a person who has been adjudged guilty of an offense in a court of record and
has exhausted the remedy of appeal.” Section 46-22-101(2), MCA. “[W]e recognize that
the current habeas corpus statute bars an individual . . . , who has been adjudged guilty of
an offense and has failed to appeal or has exhausted his remedy of appeal, to attack the
validity of his sentence.” Lott v. State, 2006 MT 279, ¶ 19, 334 Mont. 270, 150 P.3d 337.
“It is well established that a plea of guilty which is voluntarily and understandingly made
constitutes a waiver of nonjurisdictional defects and defenses, including claims of
constitutional violations which occurred prior to the plea.” Hagan v. State, 265 Mont. 31,
35, 873 P.2d 1385, 1387 (1994) (citing State v. Turcotte, 164 Mont. 426, 428, 524 P.2d 787,
788 (1974)).
DISCUSSION
¶4 Gardipee argues that his sentence is illegal. Citing State v. Hansen, 2017 MT 280,
389 Mont. 299, 405 P.3d 625, he contends that his no contest plea to a sexual offense is
not valid. He further contends that his plea was induced by counsel’s ineffectiveness,
thereby raising an ineffectiveness assistance of counsel (IAC) claim. Gardipee states that
he was a victim of entrapment and that he never waived any of his constitutional rights.
3 ¶5 The State responds that Gardipee is procedurally barred from challenging his
conviction through Montana’s statute for habeas corpus relief, pursuant to
§ 46-22-101(2), MCA, and that Gardipee cannot demonstrate a facially invalid sentence
even under the exception put forth in Lott, ¶¶ 21-22. The State explains that Gardipee does
not dispute that his sentence of twenty-five years with ten suspended is a legal sentence for
sexual abuse of children and contends that Gardipee’s claims are an attack on the validity
of his conviction, not his sentence. Because Gardipee’s claims are an attack on his
conviction and not his sentence, he has made his claims too late, some six years after his
conviction, and can no longer seek relief through a direct appeal or a petition for
postconviction relief in District Court. See Hardin v. State, 2006 MT 272, ¶ 16,
334 Mont. 204, 146 P.3d 746. The State distinguishes Lott, arguing Lott was challenging
a facially invalid sentence in a petition for habeas corpus relief; in contrast, Gardipee’s
claims relate to his conviction and not an invalid sentence. Finally, the State argues the
limited “record also establishes that the plea agreement was favorable to Gardipee, and he
received a significant benefit from the plea agreement since he faced the potential
[outcome] of a 100-year sentence.”
¶6 The State correctly distinguishes that Gardipee is not challenging his sentence, but
his conviction. The State asks that Hansen and Hardin, the case upon which Hansen was
based, be overruled to the extent that the sentence is deemed illegal because of an invalid
plea. Hansen, ¶ 10; Hardin, ¶ 15. We agree that our failure to distinguish between an
alleged error in a defendant’s conviction from an error rendering a sentence illegal, as we
4 failed to do in both Hansen and Hardin, is problematic. We take this opportunity to clarify
our precedent.
¶7 Hardin involved an appeal from a district court’s denial of Hardin’s request for
postconviction relief. Hardin argued the District Court had no authority to accept his plea
of nolo contendere to sexual intercourse without consent because of the prohibitions
contained in § 46-12-204(4), MCA, (“The court may not accept a plea of nolo contendere
in a case involving a sexual offense[.]”). Hardin characterized his claim as jurisdictional,
arguing “the court lacked jurisdiction to accept a nolo contendere plea and render a
sentence based on that plea.” Hardin, ¶ 14. We stated that
Hardin is confusing statutory error with the power or capacity of the court to accept a plea or impose a sentence. Hardin’s assertion that the District Court lacked jurisdiction to accept the plea and impose the sentence he received is “more accurately characterized as a claim that his sentence was illegal as exceeding statutory authority.”
Hardin, ¶ 15 (quoting Pena v. State, 2004 MT 293, ¶ 24, 323 Mont. 347, 100 P.3d 154).
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05/11/2021
OP 20-0410 Case Number: OP 20-0410
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 2021 MT 115
MIGUEL GARDIPEE,
Petitioner,
v.
JAMES SALMONSEN, Acting Warden,
Respondent.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING: Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. CDC-13-284 Honorable Kenneth R. Neill, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Petitioner:
Miguel Gardipee, Self-Represented, Deer Lodge, Montana
For Respondent:
Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Damon Martin, Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
John W. Parker, Cascade County Attorney, Susan Weber, Chief Deputy County Attorney, Great Falls, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: April 23, 2021
Decided: May 11, 2021
Filed:
cir-641.—if __________________________________________ Clerk Justice Laurie McKinnon delivered the Opinion and Order of the Court.
¶1 Representing himself, Miguel Gardipee has filed a verified Petition for a Writ of
Habeas Corpus, challenging his 2014 conviction and sentence following his no contest plea
for sexual assault on a minor. In compliance with this Court’s August 18, 2020 Order, the
Assistant Attorney General for the State of Montana has filed a response, requesting that
Gardipee’s Petition be denied because he challenges his conviction and not his sentence.
PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND
¶2 The State provides Gardipee’s background, which we summarize here. In
June 2013, the State charged Gardipee with felony sexual abuse of children, pursuant to
§ 45-5-625(1)(h), MCA (2011), after Gardipee responded to an online ad and
“knowingly travel[ed] within, from, or to this state with the intention of meeting a child
under 16 years of age or a person the offender believe[d] to be a child under 16 years of
age in order to engage in sexual conduct, actual or simulated.” In April 2014, Gardipee
signed a Plea Agreement, in which he agreed to plead no contest1 in return for a
commitment to the Department of Corrections (DOC) for twenty-five years with ten years
suspended.2 In August 2014, Gardipee moved the District Court to withdraw his plea and
to proceed to trial; however, Gardipee later withdrew his motion. Accordingly, in
September 2014, the District Court held a sentencing hearing and imposed a sentence of
twenty-five years to the Montana State Prison (MSP), with ten years suspended. The court
1 No contest and nolo contendere are used interchangeably. 2 Gardipee received an exception to the mandatory minimum sentence of 100 years, pursuant to § 45-5-625(4)(a)(i), MCA (2011), and he was sentenced as recommended in his plea agreement to twenty-five years with ten suspended, under § 46-18-222(6), MCA. 2 made Gardipee ineligible for parole until he completed MSP’s Sex Offender Treatment
Program (SOP) 1 and 2. Gardipee did not appeal or seek postconviction relief in the
District Court. Gardipee did apply for sentence review, and the Sentence Review Division
affirmed his sentence.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
¶3 “The writ of habeas corpus is not available to attack the validity of the conviction
or sentence of a person who has been adjudged guilty of an offense in a court of record and
has exhausted the remedy of appeal.” Section 46-22-101(2), MCA. “[W]e recognize that
the current habeas corpus statute bars an individual . . . , who has been adjudged guilty of
an offense and has failed to appeal or has exhausted his remedy of appeal, to attack the
validity of his sentence.” Lott v. State, 2006 MT 279, ¶ 19, 334 Mont. 270, 150 P.3d 337.
“It is well established that a plea of guilty which is voluntarily and understandingly made
constitutes a waiver of nonjurisdictional defects and defenses, including claims of
constitutional violations which occurred prior to the plea.” Hagan v. State, 265 Mont. 31,
35, 873 P.2d 1385, 1387 (1994) (citing State v. Turcotte, 164 Mont. 426, 428, 524 P.2d 787,
788 (1974)).
DISCUSSION
¶4 Gardipee argues that his sentence is illegal. Citing State v. Hansen, 2017 MT 280,
389 Mont. 299, 405 P.3d 625, he contends that his no contest plea to a sexual offense is
not valid. He further contends that his plea was induced by counsel’s ineffectiveness,
thereby raising an ineffectiveness assistance of counsel (IAC) claim. Gardipee states that
he was a victim of entrapment and that he never waived any of his constitutional rights.
3 ¶5 The State responds that Gardipee is procedurally barred from challenging his
conviction through Montana’s statute for habeas corpus relief, pursuant to
§ 46-22-101(2), MCA, and that Gardipee cannot demonstrate a facially invalid sentence
even under the exception put forth in Lott, ¶¶ 21-22. The State explains that Gardipee does
not dispute that his sentence of twenty-five years with ten suspended is a legal sentence for
sexual abuse of children and contends that Gardipee’s claims are an attack on the validity
of his conviction, not his sentence. Because Gardipee’s claims are an attack on his
conviction and not his sentence, he has made his claims too late, some six years after his
conviction, and can no longer seek relief through a direct appeal or a petition for
postconviction relief in District Court. See Hardin v. State, 2006 MT 272, ¶ 16,
334 Mont. 204, 146 P.3d 746. The State distinguishes Lott, arguing Lott was challenging
a facially invalid sentence in a petition for habeas corpus relief; in contrast, Gardipee’s
claims relate to his conviction and not an invalid sentence. Finally, the State argues the
limited “record also establishes that the plea agreement was favorable to Gardipee, and he
received a significant benefit from the plea agreement since he faced the potential
[outcome] of a 100-year sentence.”
¶6 The State correctly distinguishes that Gardipee is not challenging his sentence, but
his conviction. The State asks that Hansen and Hardin, the case upon which Hansen was
based, be overruled to the extent that the sentence is deemed illegal because of an invalid
plea. Hansen, ¶ 10; Hardin, ¶ 15. We agree that our failure to distinguish between an
alleged error in a defendant’s conviction from an error rendering a sentence illegal, as we
4 failed to do in both Hansen and Hardin, is problematic. We take this opportunity to clarify
our precedent.
¶7 Hardin involved an appeal from a district court’s denial of Hardin’s request for
postconviction relief. Hardin argued the District Court had no authority to accept his plea
of nolo contendere to sexual intercourse without consent because of the prohibitions
contained in § 46-12-204(4), MCA, (“The court may not accept a plea of nolo contendere
in a case involving a sexual offense[.]”). Hardin characterized his claim as jurisdictional,
arguing “the court lacked jurisdiction to accept a nolo contendere plea and render a
sentence based on that plea.” Hardin, ¶ 14. We stated that
Hardin is confusing statutory error with the power or capacity of the court to accept a plea or impose a sentence. Hardin’s assertion that the District Court lacked jurisdiction to accept the plea and impose the sentence he received is “more accurately characterized as a claim that his sentence was illegal as exceeding statutory authority.”
Hardin, ¶ 15 (quoting Pena v. State, 2004 MT 293, ¶ 24, 323 Mont. 347, 100 P.3d 154).
We explained that “[a] challenge to the legality of a sentence can be raised on direct
appeal.” Hardin, ¶ 16 (citing Pena, ¶¶ 36-37). Because Hardin’s claim should have been
raised on direct appeal, he was procedurally barred from bringing it in a petition for
postconviction relief. Section 46-21-105(2), MCA; Hardin, ¶ 16. In Hardin, this Court
did not address whether a no contest plea for a sexual offense could be asserted in a
habeas corpus petition; however, our conclusion in Hardin that the challenge being made
was to the legality of a sentence suggests that relief could potentially be obtained through
habeas corpus.
5 ¶8 Hansen relied, in part, on Hardin to conclude that the same alleged defect in the
plea and conviction, entering a no contest plea to a sexual assault, resulted in an illegal
sentence. However, in contrast to Hardin, Hansen’s challenge was raised on direct appeal
and Hansen had not objected to the sentence at the time the district court imposed his
sentence. Hansen, ¶ 11. We acknowledged, relying on State v. Lenihan, 184 Mont. 338,
602 P.2d 997 (1979), that an illegal sentence could be challenged at any time and identified
the issue as whether the court erred “by accepting Hansen’s no contest plea to the charge
of sexual assault, and imposing a sentence based upon that plea[.]” Hansen, ¶ 7. We held
that the “entry of the no contest plea to sexual assault was an explicit violation of
§ 46-12-204(4), MCA.” Hansen, ¶ 10. We erred, however, in concluding that an invalid
plea results in an illegal sentence; more particularly, when we concluded “that Hansen’s
sentence, imposed upon his no contest plea, is illegal for exceeding a district court’s
statutory authority. See Hardin, ¶ 15.” Hansen, ¶ 10. This conclusion was in error
because, while the District Court erred in accepting Hansen’s nolo contendere plea to a
sexual offense, the error related to his conviction and Hansen made no objection to the
District Court. Hansen’s objection to his conviction was not preserved for appeal.
¶9 Hansen and Hardin were unique procedurally and stand in contrast to our precedent
distinguishing between an illegal sentence and an invalid plea. A claim that a plea is invalid
because § 46-12-204(4), MCA, prohibits a court from accepting a no contest plea in a case
involving a sexual offense, is a claim challenging the conviction. Gardipee’s claim
challenging the validity of his conviction is waived because he failed to object in the trial
court. Conversely, a claim challenging the legality of a sentence may always be raised,
6 despite it not having been raised in the trial court. However, Gardipee’s sentence is within
the legal range for sexual abuse of children and is, therefore, a legal sentence.
¶10 To the extent that Hansen and Hardin fail to distinguish between an illegal sentence
and an invalid plea, they are overruled.
CONCLUSION
¶11 Gardipee has not demonstrated that he is entitled to habeas corpus relief. Lott, ¶ 19.
His alleged error is a defective plea and not an illegal sentence. By failing to raise the
alleged error in his conviction on direct appeal, he has waived his claim.
DATED this 11th day of May, 2021.
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
We concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH /S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON /S/ BETH BAKER /S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR