Montgomery, J.
Appellants brought this suit to enjoin appellee from letting a contract for the improvement of Central avenue in the city of Bluffton, and to have the improvement ordinance decreed invalid and void.
Appellee’s demurrer to the complaint was sustained, and, appellants declining to amend or to plead further, final judgment was rendered against them.
Errors have been assigned upon the sustaining of appellee’s demurrer to the complaint, and to each specification of the alleged grounds for injunction severally.
It was alleged that the common council of the city of Bluffton consisted of the mayor and five councilmen, and that by a vote of four to one the ordinance for the proposed improvement was passed over the mayor’s veto and the remonstrance of forty-one abutting property owners.
1.
The complaint alleged that the benefits to real estate abutting on said street will not be equal to fifty per cent of the aggregate value of the property, exclusive of the improvements thereon, as it is assessed for taxation, and subject to be assessed to pay for said improvement.
The letting of contracts for street improvements in excess of fifty per cent of the taxable value of the property to be assessed for such improvement is prohibited only in cities of the first, second and third classes. §8710 Burns 1908, Acts 1905, p. 219, §107. This allegation will not justify an in[457]*457junction against the letting of such a contract by a city of the fifth class, to which class the city of Bluffton belongs.
It was further averred that the cost of improvement will exceed the benefits to real estate to be assessed therefor; that certain other streets, upon which part of the lots to be assessed also abut, have recently been improved, and that the bonds therefor cannot be sold at par, and this fact will enhance the cost of the proposed improvement, and because of their present financial distress a number of the owners of abutting property will be unable to pay the assessments to be made against their lots; that the benefits resulting from the improvements will not be equal to. the costs thereof; that the improvement is not necessary; that it is manifestly unjust, unreasonable and oppressive; that no road or street connects with the eastern terminus of Central avenue, that there will be but little travel over the part to be improved, and no public or private necessity exists for such improvement.
2.
Common councils of cities of the fifth class in this State are vested with jurisdiction over the making of improvements of the streets and alleys within their cities. Their acts in this connection can only be attacked collaterally by injunction on some ground sufficient to show a want of jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the particular improvement proposed or over the parties to be affected. Martindale v. Town of Rochester (1908), 171 Ind. 250, and cases cited.
3.
[458]*458
4.
[457]*457The alleged causes for injunction just enumerated affect only the propriety, wisdom or expediency of making the contemplated improvements, and must be addressed to the sound discretion of the members of the common council. A city may cause an improvement to be made, the cost of which will exceed the benefits to be assessed against the abutting property, and may pay the excess, not to exceed $5,000 out of the public treasury. Acts 1905, p. 219, §111, §8716 Burns 1908. The common council [458]*458is made the judge of the necessity of making such improvements, and by a two-thirds vote may act in spite of the remonstrances of abutting property owners. The property affected by the improvement cannot be assessed in excess of the resulting benefits, and if any such assessment shall be deemed excessive a direct and adequate remedy is provided by an appeal to the circuit court. §8716 supra.
5.
If adequate redress against anticipated or threatened injustice be afforded through an appeal to court, or other statutory tribunal, in these proceedings, injunction will not lie. Martindale v. Town of Rochester, supra.
It was further alleged that councilman Poffenberger voted for the improvement, and that, at the time, he was the owner of a lot abutting on the proposed improvement, that he was a first cousin to Robert Drew, who owned an abutting lot to be assessed for such improvement, and for these reasons he was disqualified from voting; that rejecting his vote the resolution and ordinance received only a three-fifths, instead of the necessary two-thirds vote of the common council.
6.
No provision is found in the statutes of this State prohibiting a councilman from acting in the matter of making street improvements affecting his own interests. In taking all the proceedings disclosed in appellants’ complaint, the common council was in the exercise of its legislative or administrative powers. It is not until after the final notice has been given, bringing the property owners in for a hearing upon the assessment of benefits to their lots, that the council may be said to act in a quasi-judicial capacity. Brown v. Central Bermudez Co. (1904), 162 Ind. 452, and cases cited. When such tribunals sit in a judicial or quasi-judicial capacity, members personally interested in a pending proceeding may be disqualified from acting. Daly v. Gubbins (1908), 170 Ind. 105; Carr v. Duhme (1906), [459]*459167 Ind. 76; Small v. Buchanan (1901), 165 Ind. 549; Bradley v. City of Frankfort (1885), 99 Ind. 417; Markley v. Rudy (1888), 115 Ind. 533.
The enactment of the ordinance attacked was legislative in character, and the act of councilman Poffenberger, in favoring the proposed improvement and making a taxing district including his own property and that of his kinsman, would appear from the allegations of the complaint to be against his apparent interests. It is obvious that he could not by his vote discriminate in favor of his personal interests as against those of other taxpayers in the district. The interest here shown, and of which complaint is made, was inseparably linked with that of other abutters, and such as ought to make a councilman careful and prudent to prevent the imposition of unnecessary and intolerable burdens which he must assist in bearing. The principle for which appellants contend is most just and salutary in judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings, but as applied to officers engaged in the performance of legislative and administrative functions it would disqualify and exclude those whose counsel and judgment would ordinarily be regarded as most conservative and wise. It is our conclusion, therefore, that councilman Poffenberger was not disqualified from acting in all matters leading up to the letting of a contract for the proposed improvement, and that the ordinance was accordingly enacted by a two-thirds vote and was valid. City of Topeka v. Huntoon (1891), 46 Kan. 634, 26 Pae. 488; Steckert v. City of East Saginaw (1870), 22 Mich. 104; 1 Dillon, Mun. Corp. (3d ed.), §444.
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Montgomery, J.
Appellants brought this suit to enjoin appellee from letting a contract for the improvement of Central avenue in the city of Bluffton, and to have the improvement ordinance decreed invalid and void.
Appellee’s demurrer to the complaint was sustained, and, appellants declining to amend or to plead further, final judgment was rendered against them.
Errors have been assigned upon the sustaining of appellee’s demurrer to the complaint, and to each specification of the alleged grounds for injunction severally.
It was alleged that the common council of the city of Bluffton consisted of the mayor and five councilmen, and that by a vote of four to one the ordinance for the proposed improvement was passed over the mayor’s veto and the remonstrance of forty-one abutting property owners.
1.
The complaint alleged that the benefits to real estate abutting on said street will not be equal to fifty per cent of the aggregate value of the property, exclusive of the improvements thereon, as it is assessed for taxation, and subject to be assessed to pay for said improvement.
The letting of contracts for street improvements in excess of fifty per cent of the taxable value of the property to be assessed for such improvement is prohibited only in cities of the first, second and third classes. §8710 Burns 1908, Acts 1905, p. 219, §107. This allegation will not justify an in[457]*457junction against the letting of such a contract by a city of the fifth class, to which class the city of Bluffton belongs.
It was further averred that the cost of improvement will exceed the benefits to real estate to be assessed therefor; that certain other streets, upon which part of the lots to be assessed also abut, have recently been improved, and that the bonds therefor cannot be sold at par, and this fact will enhance the cost of the proposed improvement, and because of their present financial distress a number of the owners of abutting property will be unable to pay the assessments to be made against their lots; that the benefits resulting from the improvements will not be equal to. the costs thereof; that the improvement is not necessary; that it is manifestly unjust, unreasonable and oppressive; that no road or street connects with the eastern terminus of Central avenue, that there will be but little travel over the part to be improved, and no public or private necessity exists for such improvement.
2.
Common councils of cities of the fifth class in this State are vested with jurisdiction over the making of improvements of the streets and alleys within their cities. Their acts in this connection can only be attacked collaterally by injunction on some ground sufficient to show a want of jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the particular improvement proposed or over the parties to be affected. Martindale v. Town of Rochester (1908), 171 Ind. 250, and cases cited.
3.
[458]*458
4.
[457]*457The alleged causes for injunction just enumerated affect only the propriety, wisdom or expediency of making the contemplated improvements, and must be addressed to the sound discretion of the members of the common council. A city may cause an improvement to be made, the cost of which will exceed the benefits to be assessed against the abutting property, and may pay the excess, not to exceed $5,000 out of the public treasury. Acts 1905, p. 219, §111, §8716 Burns 1908. The common council [458]*458is made the judge of the necessity of making such improvements, and by a two-thirds vote may act in spite of the remonstrances of abutting property owners. The property affected by the improvement cannot be assessed in excess of the resulting benefits, and if any such assessment shall be deemed excessive a direct and adequate remedy is provided by an appeal to the circuit court. §8716 supra.
5.
If adequate redress against anticipated or threatened injustice be afforded through an appeal to court, or other statutory tribunal, in these proceedings, injunction will not lie. Martindale v. Town of Rochester, supra.
It was further alleged that councilman Poffenberger voted for the improvement, and that, at the time, he was the owner of a lot abutting on the proposed improvement, that he was a first cousin to Robert Drew, who owned an abutting lot to be assessed for such improvement, and for these reasons he was disqualified from voting; that rejecting his vote the resolution and ordinance received only a three-fifths, instead of the necessary two-thirds vote of the common council.
6.
No provision is found in the statutes of this State prohibiting a councilman from acting in the matter of making street improvements affecting his own interests. In taking all the proceedings disclosed in appellants’ complaint, the common council was in the exercise of its legislative or administrative powers. It is not until after the final notice has been given, bringing the property owners in for a hearing upon the assessment of benefits to their lots, that the council may be said to act in a quasi-judicial capacity. Brown v. Central Bermudez Co. (1904), 162 Ind. 452, and cases cited. When such tribunals sit in a judicial or quasi-judicial capacity, members personally interested in a pending proceeding may be disqualified from acting. Daly v. Gubbins (1908), 170 Ind. 105; Carr v. Duhme (1906), [459]*459167 Ind. 76; Small v. Buchanan (1901), 165 Ind. 549; Bradley v. City of Frankfort (1885), 99 Ind. 417; Markley v. Rudy (1888), 115 Ind. 533.
The enactment of the ordinance attacked was legislative in character, and the act of councilman Poffenberger, in favoring the proposed improvement and making a taxing district including his own property and that of his kinsman, would appear from the allegations of the complaint to be against his apparent interests. It is obvious that he could not by his vote discriminate in favor of his personal interests as against those of other taxpayers in the district. The interest here shown, and of which complaint is made, was inseparably linked with that of other abutters, and such as ought to make a councilman careful and prudent to prevent the imposition of unnecessary and intolerable burdens which he must assist in bearing. The principle for which appellants contend is most just and salutary in judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings, but as applied to officers engaged in the performance of legislative and administrative functions it would disqualify and exclude those whose counsel and judgment would ordinarily be regarded as most conservative and wise. It is our conclusion, therefore, that councilman Poffenberger was not disqualified from acting in all matters leading up to the letting of a contract for the proposed improvement, and that the ordinance was accordingly enacted by a two-thirds vote and was valid. City of Topeka v. Huntoon (1891), 46 Kan. 634, 26 Pae. 488; Steckert v. City of East Saginaw (1870), 22 Mich. 104; 1 Dillon, Mun. Corp. (3d ed.), §444.
It was further alleged that there was collusion and fraud on the part of three members of the council in the passage of the ordinance, in that the wife of one of them owned property abutting on South street, which was to be improved concurrently with Central avenue, and that member voted for the Central avenue ordinance to seeure the support of [460]*460Polfenberger for the South street improvement, both believing that the properties in which they were interested would be improved free of costs on account of their official stations; and a third member supported both propositions in order to get votes for desired improvements in his ward.
7.
8.
A complaint grounded upon fraud must aver the facts constituting such fraud directly and positively, and not infer entially or by way of recital. Appellee insists that this specification does not measure up to the requirements of good pleading in the respect mentioned. We are not prepared to hold that the facts upon which this clause of the complaint is predicated, if well pleaded, would constitute actionable fraud, but do not rest our decision upon that ground. In passing the improvement resolution and ordinance in question the common council was acting in a legislative capacity, and the courts generally hold that they cannot inquire into the motives of members of a municipal council for the purpose of determining the validity of ordinances which are not contractual, but wholly legislative in character. Schmidt v. City of Indianapolis (1907), 168 Ind. 631, 120 Am. St. 385, 14 L. R. A. (N. S.) 787; Lilly v. City of Indianapolis (1898), 149 Ind. 648; Meyer v. Village of Teutopolis (1890), 131 Ill. 552, 23 N. E. 651; Buell v. Ball (1866), 20 Iowa 282; Villavaso v. Barthet (1887), 39 La. Ann. 247, 1 South. 599; People v. Gardner (1906), 143 Mich. 104, 106 N. W. 541; Dreyfus v. Lonergan (1898), 73 Mo. App. 336; Moore v. Haddonfield (1898), 62 N. J. L. 386, 41 Atl. 946; Kittinger v. Buffalo Traction Co. (1899), 160 N. Y. 377, 54 N. E. 1081; Borough of Freeport v. Marks (1868), 59 Pa. St. 253; Corporation of Knoxville v. Bird (1883), 12 Lea 121, 47 Am. Rep. 326; Wood v. City of Seattle (1900), 23 Wash. 1, 62 Pac. 135, 52 L. R. A. 369; State, ex rel., v. Superior Court, etc. (1900), 105 Wis. 651, 81 N. W. 1046, 48 L. R. A. 819.
[461]*461No sufficient ground for injunctive relief having been alleged, the court correctly sustained appellee’s demurrer to the complaint.
The judgment is affirmed.