Ingraham, J.:
The complaint in this action, which is brought by the trustee in bankruptcy of Morris Moses, a resident of the State of New York, alleges that on the 3,0th day of January, 1899, the bankrupt was carrying on business in the'city .of Helena, Mont., and was the owner of a stock of goods of the fair value in the aggregate of over $28,000 ; that on or about the 27th day of February, 1899, Moses was insolvent within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Act (30 U. S. Stat. at Large 544, et seq.); that on or about that date [359]*359Moses, with intent to hinder, delay and defraud his creditors, and well knowing that the fair value of the said goods, wares and merchandise was in excess of $28,000, sold, assigned and delivered the said merchandise to the defendants for the sum of $7,500 or thereabouts, the said defendants well knowing that the said Moses was insolvent, and that said sale and transfer were made by him with the intent to hinder, delay and defraud his creditors; and that the defendants purchased the said goods, wares and merchandise for the sum of $7,500 or thereabouts, and paid said sum therefor with the intent on the part of said defendants to hinder, delay and defraud the creditors of Moses, and that the said defendants entered into the possession of the said goods, wares and merchandise, and still hold them, or the proceeds thereof, for their own sole use and benefit.
These allegations of the complaint were denied, but on the trial the court found that the sale by Moses to the defendants was made with the intent to hinder, delay and defraud the creditors of Moses, which was well known to the defendants at the time of the sale, and the said sale “ is adjudged and decreed fraudulent, null and void as against the plaintiff and as against the creditors of the said Morris Moses and is hereby set aside.” It appeared that in the year 1898 the bankrupt, although a resident of the State of New York, and engaged in business in the State of Pennsylvania, and interested in several stores in that State, started what is called a department store at Helena, Mont. The business in Montana, which was in charge of a manager, had not been conducted satisfactorily and was not profitable. In January, 1899, an attorney from New York went to Montana for the purpose of closing out this business. He entered into negotiations with several persons engaged in the same business in Montana to sell the entire stock at Helena. At this time the credit of the bankrupt was good, and, so far as appears, there was no suspicion that he was insolvent. He was indebted in Montana, the exact amount of which does not appear; but, so far as it does appear, all his debts there were paid out of the proceeds of the sale of this business. The stock of goods at Helena was inventoried as of the value of about $28,000, but the evidence is undisputed that this inventory was quite inaccurate, both as to the amount of goods and their value. There is evidence that the man[360]*360ager of the bankrupt at Helena had, after the taking of this inven-' tory, disposed of a considerable amount of the goods in stock; and an examination of the stock by proposed purchasers disclosed that it consisted of an ordinary stock of goods usual in a store of this kind, portions of which had been sold. Some of it was shopworn, and it does not appear to have been a desirable stock of goods. The representative of Moses, when he arrived in Montana, endeavored to obtain a purchaser for the goods.. He finally induced the defendants to make an offer for the whole stock of $7,500. After this offer was made it appeared that about $800 worth of goods, which had been shipped to the bankrupt, had not been delivered by the railroad company, and the railroad company refused to deliver them for some reason not clearly disclosed, when it was agreed that this $800 should be deducted from the contract price, that amount to be paid only in case the purchaser succeeded in obtaining from the railroad company the goods held by them. The bankrupt was indebted to a bank in Helena in the sum of $2,500, which the bankrupt’s representative agreed to pay from the purchase price of the goods, and other debts owed in Helena were also paid by the bankrupt’s representative. During the negotiations the defendants consulted their counsel, who advised them that in purchasing such stock of goods there might be complications arising from the claims of creditors in Montana, or the shippers of goods to the bankrupt, and advised the purchasers not to make the purchase unless they had a bond of indemnity to indemify them against such claims; and it was finally agreed that such a bond should .be furnished by the bankrupt, which was subsequently done. There is no evidence that the defendants had any suspicion that the vendor was insolvent or unable to pay his debts, or that his business affairs in Pennsylvania were not in a flourishing condition. The reason given to them for this sale was that the bankrupt was dissatisfied with the way in which his affairs had been managed in Helena; that he was in bad health, and desired to withdraw from business. It is not disputed but that the defendants paid the purchase price. The amount realized was used in paying the debts of the bankrupt in Helena, the balance being sent to Ii. B. Claflin & Co., in New York. Just what interest they had in the transaction does not appear. This transaction .was finally closed on the 30th day of January, 1899. The [361]*361defendants paid the money to the representative of the bankrupt and immediately took possession of the goods, removing them to their own store. Subsequently, in March, 1899, upon a petition of Moses’ creditors in Hew York, he was adjudicated a bankrupt and the plaintiff duly appointed his trustee.
There is no direct evidence that Moses was insolvent at the time of this transaction, nor is there evidence to show that' the defendants had knowledge of circumstances which would charge them with knowledge of his insolvency at the time of the transaction. The witnesses called by plaintiff, as well as those called by defendants, testified that at the time of this transfer Moses was reputed to be solvent, and while it is true there were some unpaid claims against him at Helena, it does not appear but that the value of his property, putting it at the price that the defendants paid for it, was much more than sufficient to pay all his debts there. A representative in Helena of a commercial agency testified that their investigations in Hew York and Philadelphia affecting • Moses showed that he was amply responsible, and that the only knowledge that they had that would justify a suspicion was the fact that he was not prompt in the payment of his Montana indebtedness, but there is no evidence to show that the defendants had any knowledge of that fact. The bank in which this Montana business "was a depositor had loaned the bankrupt a considerable sum of money, "which was paid out of the proceeds of this sale to the defendants. The cashier of that bank testified that he considered Moses perfectly responsible, and that the indebtedness, which consisted of a discount of a note, was not due at the time of this sale. It is not disputed but that these defendants were solicited to purchase the property by Moses’ representative, and were only induced to make the purchase after considerable solicitation, and that they made it with some reluctance. There is nothing in the whole case that would justify a suspicion against them, except the advice that they received from their counsel.
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Ingraham, J.:
The complaint in this action, which is brought by the trustee in bankruptcy of Morris Moses, a resident of the State of New York, alleges that on the 3,0th day of January, 1899, the bankrupt was carrying on business in the'city .of Helena, Mont., and was the owner of a stock of goods of the fair value in the aggregate of over $28,000 ; that on or about the 27th day of February, 1899, Moses was insolvent within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Act (30 U. S. Stat. at Large 544, et seq.); that on or about that date [359]*359Moses, with intent to hinder, delay and defraud his creditors, and well knowing that the fair value of the said goods, wares and merchandise was in excess of $28,000, sold, assigned and delivered the said merchandise to the defendants for the sum of $7,500 or thereabouts, the said defendants well knowing that the said Moses was insolvent, and that said sale and transfer were made by him with the intent to hinder, delay and defraud his creditors; and that the defendants purchased the said goods, wares and merchandise for the sum of $7,500 or thereabouts, and paid said sum therefor with the intent on the part of said defendants to hinder, delay and defraud the creditors of Moses, and that the said defendants entered into the possession of the said goods, wares and merchandise, and still hold them, or the proceeds thereof, for their own sole use and benefit.
These allegations of the complaint were denied, but on the trial the court found that the sale by Moses to the defendants was made with the intent to hinder, delay and defraud the creditors of Moses, which was well known to the defendants at the time of the sale, and the said sale “ is adjudged and decreed fraudulent, null and void as against the plaintiff and as against the creditors of the said Morris Moses and is hereby set aside.” It appeared that in the year 1898 the bankrupt, although a resident of the State of New York, and engaged in business in the State of Pennsylvania, and interested in several stores in that State, started what is called a department store at Helena, Mont. The business in Montana, which was in charge of a manager, had not been conducted satisfactorily and was not profitable. In January, 1899, an attorney from New York went to Montana for the purpose of closing out this business. He entered into negotiations with several persons engaged in the same business in Montana to sell the entire stock at Helena. At this time the credit of the bankrupt was good, and, so far as appears, there was no suspicion that he was insolvent. He was indebted in Montana, the exact amount of which does not appear; but, so far as it does appear, all his debts there were paid out of the proceeds of the sale of this business. The stock of goods at Helena was inventoried as of the value of about $28,000, but the evidence is undisputed that this inventory was quite inaccurate, both as to the amount of goods and their value. There is evidence that the man[360]*360ager of the bankrupt at Helena had, after the taking of this inven-' tory, disposed of a considerable amount of the goods in stock; and an examination of the stock by proposed purchasers disclosed that it consisted of an ordinary stock of goods usual in a store of this kind, portions of which had been sold. Some of it was shopworn, and it does not appear to have been a desirable stock of goods. The representative of Moses, when he arrived in Montana, endeavored to obtain a purchaser for the goods.. He finally induced the defendants to make an offer for the whole stock of $7,500. After this offer was made it appeared that about $800 worth of goods, which had been shipped to the bankrupt, had not been delivered by the railroad company, and the railroad company refused to deliver them for some reason not clearly disclosed, when it was agreed that this $800 should be deducted from the contract price, that amount to be paid only in case the purchaser succeeded in obtaining from the railroad company the goods held by them. The bankrupt was indebted to a bank in Helena in the sum of $2,500, which the bankrupt’s representative agreed to pay from the purchase price of the goods, and other debts owed in Helena were also paid by the bankrupt’s representative. During the negotiations the defendants consulted their counsel, who advised them that in purchasing such stock of goods there might be complications arising from the claims of creditors in Montana, or the shippers of goods to the bankrupt, and advised the purchasers not to make the purchase unless they had a bond of indemnity to indemify them against such claims; and it was finally agreed that such a bond should .be furnished by the bankrupt, which was subsequently done. There is no evidence that the defendants had any suspicion that the vendor was insolvent or unable to pay his debts, or that his business affairs in Pennsylvania were not in a flourishing condition. The reason given to them for this sale was that the bankrupt was dissatisfied with the way in which his affairs had been managed in Helena; that he was in bad health, and desired to withdraw from business. It is not disputed but that the defendants paid the purchase price. The amount realized was used in paying the debts of the bankrupt in Helena, the balance being sent to Ii. B. Claflin & Co., in New York. Just what interest they had in the transaction does not appear. This transaction .was finally closed on the 30th day of January, 1899. The [361]*361defendants paid the money to the representative of the bankrupt and immediately took possession of the goods, removing them to their own store. Subsequently, in March, 1899, upon a petition of Moses’ creditors in Hew York, he was adjudicated a bankrupt and the plaintiff duly appointed his trustee.
There is no direct evidence that Moses was insolvent at the time of this transaction, nor is there evidence to show that' the defendants had knowledge of circumstances which would charge them with knowledge of his insolvency at the time of the transaction. The witnesses called by plaintiff, as well as those called by defendants, testified that at the time of this transfer Moses was reputed to be solvent, and while it is true there were some unpaid claims against him at Helena, it does not appear but that the value of his property, putting it at the price that the defendants paid for it, was much more than sufficient to pay all his debts there. A representative in Helena of a commercial agency testified that their investigations in Hew York and Philadelphia affecting • Moses showed that he was amply responsible, and that the only knowledge that they had that would justify a suspicion was the fact that he was not prompt in the payment of his Montana indebtedness, but there is no evidence to show that the defendants had any knowledge of that fact. The bank in which this Montana business "was a depositor had loaned the bankrupt a considerable sum of money, "which was paid out of the proceeds of this sale to the defendants. The cashier of that bank testified that he considered Moses perfectly responsible, and that the indebtedness, which consisted of a discount of a note, was not due at the time of this sale. It is not disputed but that these defendants were solicited to purchase the property by Moses’ representative, and were only induced to make the purchase after considerable solicitation, and that they made it with some reluctance. There is nothing in the whole case that would justify a suspicion against them, except the advice that they received from their counsel. Considering the circumstances under which this sale took place, the absence of Moses, who was making this sale through an attorney, and that he was a non-resident, engaged in business in Hew York and Pennsylvania, the fact that the defendants’ legal adviser suggested a possibility of complications which would cause the purchasers an expense in defending their right to the goods, and that they should [362]*362be indemnified from the cost of such an attack, was not sufficient to justify a finding that they knew or had reason to know that Moses was at the time insolvent, or that this transfer was made with intent to hinder, delay and defraud his creditors. I am not at all satisfied from this evidence that this stock of goods, taken as a whole, was really worth more than that paid for it by the defendants. Certainly the inadequacy of price was not sufficient to justify a finding that the defendants must have known that the sale was made with some unlawful intent. The goods had been examined by several proposed purchasers, but so far as appears the defendants were the only ones that could be induced to make any offer for them ; and assuming the facts as stated to the defendants to be true, that Moses was in bad health, was engaged in business in New York and Pennsylvania; that his business in Montana had been unsuccessful, and its management not satisfactory; that the inventory price taken on the 1st of January was $28,000; that á considerable portion of the stock had been dissipated since that inventory was taken, and the character of the stock, it certainly is not at all clear but that the amount realized was as much as could have been realized in any other way, and was the fair value of the property sold in bulk under the circumstances that the sale was made. Certainly the advertisements of the sale of the stock of goods are not to be taken seriously.
My conclusion from a review of the evidence is, that the finding that this sale, was made with intent to hinder, delay and defraud creditors, and thr.t the defendants were chargeable with knowledge of such intent, was not sustained by the evidence, and that the judgment appealed from should, therefore, be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant to abide the event.
Van Brunt, P. J., and McLaughlin, J., concurred; Patterson and Laughlin, JJ., dissented.
Judgment reversed, new trial ordered, costs to appellant to abide event.