Mr. Justice M'Lean
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This .case is brought before this Court .from the Circuit Court of Ohio, by a writ of error.
An action of ejectment was brought by Dunn against the defendants, in the Circuit Court, for the recovery of a certain tract of land; and on the trial, exceptions were taken to the rulings of the Court,' which being the points decided before this Court.
The first objection taken was, that the deed offered in evidence by'the plaintiff from David Carrick Buchanan to Walter Sterling, recited the proceedings and decree of a Court of the United States, for the. fifth circuit, and Virginia district, &c., and no exemplification .of the record of such proceedings and decree was offered' in evidence, in support of. the deed. Buchanan was the patentee of the land; and although he made the conveyance in • pursuance of the decree, yet as the. fee was in him, the decree could add nothing to the validity of the conveyance; and it was, therefore, wholly unnecessary to prove it. The deed was good without, the decree, and was only referred to by the grantor to show the consideration, in part, for making it.
The defendant also objected to thé admission of the deed in evidence, because “ it was not duly acknowledged, and proved, according to law; there being no proof of the delivery, either in the acknowledgment or other proof; except what appears on the deed, and that it was in possession of the lessor of the plaintiff.”
This deed was executed at Glasgow, in Scotland, and' its execution was proved by the two subscribing witnesses, who swore, “that they saw the said grantor seal as his own proper act and deed, in due form of law, acknowledge and deliver this present' conveyance.” This oath was administered by the Lord Provost, and chief magistrate of' Glasgow, and which he duly certified, under his seal of office.
The objection did not go to the execution of the deed, but to the want of proof of the delivery.
In the conclusion of the deed, it is stated to have been signed, sealed; and delivered in presence of the subscribing witnesses, and they swear that it was delivered. But, independently of these
facts, the possession of the deed by the lessor of the plaintiff, who offers it ip proof, is prima facie evidence of its delivery. Under ordinary circumstances, no' other evidence of the delivery of a deed, than the possession of it by the person claiming under it, is required.
The defendant also objected to this deed, that it did not. appear that the grantor, David Carrick Buchanan, was the same person named as grantee in .the patent, who is called David Buchanan.
In the déed, the grantor declares, that
“
I, David Carrick Bucharnan, formerly David Buchanan,” &c.
And in connection with this objection the Court were asked to charge the jury, " that it is necessary for the plaintiff to convince them by proofs in Court, that David Carrick Buchanan is the same person as David Buchanan, named as grantee in the patent. That his statement of the fact in the deed is no proof tending to establish that fact.”
The Court instructed the jury that they must be satisfied from the evidence given to them, to wit, by the deed and other documents in evidence, and the circumstances of the case, that the grantor in the deed to Sterling is the same person to whom the patent was issued; and they declared their opinions that such was the fact.
The principle is well established, that a Court may give their opinion on the evidence to the jury, being careful to distinguish between matters of law and matters of opinion in regard to the facts. When a matter of law is given by the Court to the jury, it should be considered as conclusive; but a mere matter of opinion as to the facts, will only have such influence on the jury as they, may think it is entitled to.
The law knows of but one Christian name, and the omission or insertion of the -middle name, or of the initial letter of that name, is immaterial; and it is competent for the party to show that he is known as well without as with the middle name. 5 Johns. Rep. 84. 12 Peters, 456.
We think there was no error in the Circuit Court, either in admitting the deed, or in their instruction to the jury on the point stated.
A deed from Sterling to Walter Dunn, the lessor of the plaintiff, for the premises in controversy, was objected to on the ground “ that the delivery thereof was not proved nor acknowledged in the acknowledgment and proof thereof thereon endorsed.”
This deed is not in the record, and it cannot therefore be inspected ; nor can it indeed be considered in reference to thé objection. But the same question is raised, it seems, on this deed as was made on the deed from Buchanan to Sterling, and the remarks of the Court on that exception would be equally applicable to this, if the deed to Dunn were in the record.
The evidence of the lessor of the plaintiff being closed, the defendants offered in evidence a certified copy of a paper purporting to be a deed from the auditor of Brown county, to John S. Wills, dated
the 22d April, 1824, for two hundred acres of land in the tract claimed by. the. lessor of the plaintiff; which the Court overruled, on the ground that it could riot be received without proof that'the requisites of the law, which subjected the land to taxation and sale, had been complied with,
’ The defendants then offered the same, deed or copy of a deed, accompanied by a duly certified copy of the record of the proceedings, at and before the sale of said land, for taxes, dated 9th May, 1838, certified by Hezekiah Lindsey, county auditor of said county of Brown, which the Court overruled.
The laws of Ohio, imposing a tax on lands, and regulating its collection, like similar laws in, perhaps, almost all the other states, are peculiar in their provisions, having been framed under the influence of a local policy. And this policy has, to some extent, influenced the construction of those law’s. There can be no class of laws more strictly local in their character, and which more directly concern real property, than these. They not only constitute a rule of property, but their construction by the. Courts of, the state should be followed by the Courts of the United States, with equal if not greater strictness than the construction of any other class of laws.
It will be found from' the Ohio reports, that the Supreme-Court has required a claimant under a tax title to show, before his title cán be available, a substantial compliance with the requisites of the law.. In 2 Ohio Rep. 233, the Court say, “ the requisitions of the law are substantial and useful, and cannot be dispensed with. Tax sales are attended with greater sacrifices to the owners of land than any others. Purchasers at those sales seem to have but little conscience. They calculate on obtaining acres for cents, and it stands theiri in hánd to see that the proceedings have been strictly regular.^
^ In the'case of the Lessee of Holt’s Heirs
vs.
Hemphill’s Heirs, 3 Ohio Rep. 232, the Court decided that a deed from a collector of taxes is not available to transfer the title, without proof that the land, was listed, taxed, and advertised,” &c.
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Mr. Justice M'Lean
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This .case is brought before this Court .from the Circuit Court of Ohio, by a writ of error.
An action of ejectment was brought by Dunn against the defendants, in the Circuit Court, for the recovery of a certain tract of land; and on the trial, exceptions were taken to the rulings of the Court,' which being the points decided before this Court.
The first objection taken was, that the deed offered in evidence by'the plaintiff from David Carrick Buchanan to Walter Sterling, recited the proceedings and decree of a Court of the United States, for the. fifth circuit, and Virginia district, &c., and no exemplification .of the record of such proceedings and decree was offered' in evidence, in support of. the deed. Buchanan was the patentee of the land; and although he made the conveyance in • pursuance of the decree, yet as the. fee was in him, the decree could add nothing to the validity of the conveyance; and it was, therefore, wholly unnecessary to prove it. The deed was good without, the decree, and was only referred to by the grantor to show the consideration, in part, for making it.
The defendant also objected to thé admission of the deed in evidence, because “ it was not duly acknowledged, and proved, according to law; there being no proof of the delivery, either in the acknowledgment or other proof; except what appears on the deed, and that it was in possession of the lessor of the plaintiff.”
This deed was executed at Glasgow, in Scotland, and' its execution was proved by the two subscribing witnesses, who swore, “that they saw the said grantor seal as his own proper act and deed, in due form of law, acknowledge and deliver this present' conveyance.” This oath was administered by the Lord Provost, and chief magistrate of' Glasgow, and which he duly certified, under his seal of office.
The objection did not go to the execution of the deed, but to the want of proof of the delivery.
In the conclusion of the deed, it is stated to have been signed, sealed; and delivered in presence of the subscribing witnesses, and they swear that it was delivered. But, independently of these
facts, the possession of the deed by the lessor of the plaintiff, who offers it ip proof, is prima facie evidence of its delivery. Under ordinary circumstances, no' other evidence of the delivery of a deed, than the possession of it by the person claiming under it, is required.
The defendant also objected to this deed, that it did not. appear that the grantor, David Carrick Buchanan, was the same person named as grantee in .the patent, who is called David Buchanan.
In the déed, the grantor declares, that
“
I, David Carrick Bucharnan, formerly David Buchanan,” &c.
And in connection with this objection the Court were asked to charge the jury, " that it is necessary for the plaintiff to convince them by proofs in Court, that David Carrick Buchanan is the same person as David Buchanan, named as grantee in the patent. That his statement of the fact in the deed is no proof tending to establish that fact.”
The Court instructed the jury that they must be satisfied from the evidence given to them, to wit, by the deed and other documents in evidence, and the circumstances of the case, that the grantor in the deed to Sterling is the same person to whom the patent was issued; and they declared their opinions that such was the fact.
The principle is well established, that a Court may give their opinion on the evidence to the jury, being careful to distinguish between matters of law and matters of opinion in regard to the facts. When a matter of law is given by the Court to the jury, it should be considered as conclusive; but a mere matter of opinion as to the facts, will only have such influence on the jury as they, may think it is entitled to.
The law knows of but one Christian name, and the omission or insertion of the -middle name, or of the initial letter of that name, is immaterial; and it is competent for the party to show that he is known as well without as with the middle name. 5 Johns. Rep. 84. 12 Peters, 456.
We think there was no error in the Circuit Court, either in admitting the deed, or in their instruction to the jury on the point stated.
A deed from Sterling to Walter Dunn, the lessor of the plaintiff, for the premises in controversy, was objected to on the ground “ that the delivery thereof was not proved nor acknowledged in the acknowledgment and proof thereof thereon endorsed.”
This deed is not in the record, and it cannot therefore be inspected ; nor can it indeed be considered in reference to thé objection. But the same question is raised, it seems, on this deed as was made on the deed from Buchanan to Sterling, and the remarks of the Court on that exception would be equally applicable to this, if the deed to Dunn were in the record.
The evidence of the lessor of the plaintiff being closed, the defendants offered in evidence a certified copy of a paper purporting to be a deed from the auditor of Brown county, to John S. Wills, dated
the 22d April, 1824, for two hundred acres of land in the tract claimed by. the. lessor of the plaintiff; which the Court overruled, on the ground that it could riot be received without proof that'the requisites of the law, which subjected the land to taxation and sale, had been complied with,
’ The defendants then offered the same, deed or copy of a deed, accompanied by a duly certified copy of the record of the proceedings, at and before the sale of said land, for taxes, dated 9th May, 1838, certified by Hezekiah Lindsey, county auditor of said county of Brown, which the Court overruled.
The laws of Ohio, imposing a tax on lands, and regulating its collection, like similar laws in, perhaps, almost all the other states, are peculiar in their provisions, having been framed under the influence of a local policy. And this policy has, to some extent, influenced the construction of those law’s. There can be no class of laws more strictly local in their character, and which more directly concern real property, than these. They not only constitute a rule of property, but their construction by the. Courts of, the state should be followed by the Courts of the United States, with equal if not greater strictness than the construction of any other class of laws.
It will be found from' the Ohio reports, that the Supreme-Court has required a claimant under a tax title to show, before his title cán be available, a substantial compliance with the requisites of the law.. In 2 Ohio Rep. 233, the Court say, “ the requisitions of the law are substantial and useful, and cannot be dispensed with. Tax sales are attended with greater sacrifices to the owners of land than any others. Purchasers at those sales seem to have but little conscience. They calculate on obtaining acres for cents, and it stands theiri in hánd to see that the proceedings have been strictly regular.^
^ In the'case of the Lessee of Holt’s Heirs
vs.
Hemphill’s Heirs, 3 Ohio Rep. 232, the Court decided that a deed from a collector of taxes is not available to transfer the title, without proof that the land, was listed, taxed, and advertised,” &c.
The act of the 2d February, 1821, provides, that all deeds of land sold for taxes, shall, convey to the purchaser all the right, title, and interest of the former proprietor, in and to the land so soFd; and shall be received in all Courts as good and sufficient evidence of title in such purchaser.”
Under this and similar provisions, which are found in the various tax laws up to 1824’, the Courts of Ohio seem’ never to.have held, that the deed on a tax sale is admissible as evidence of title, unaccompanied by proof that the substantial requisites of the law, in the previous steps, had been complied, with. The collector, or person making the sale, was considered as acting under a special authority, and that his acts must be strictly conformable to law, to divest the title of real property, without the consent of the owner. And the purchaser at such sales is held bound to see that the requirements
of the law, which, subjected the land
to
sale for taxes, had been strictly observed. These principles have been repeatedly sanctioned by this Court.
We will now examine the statutes under which' the sale in question was made, with the view -of ascertaining whether the Circuit Court erred in overruling the record of the auditor, offered in evidence to-suppo.rt the tax deed.
The act of the Sth February, 1820, and the act to amend the same, of the 2d February, 1821, are the laws under which the title in question was obtained.
The county auditor is required to make out from the" books or lists in his office, every year, a complete duplicate of all the lands listed in his office', subject to taxation, with the táxes charged thereon. In which duplicate he shall state the proprietor’s .name, the numbér of entry, for whom originally entered, the quantity of land contained in the original entry, the county, water course, number of acres, whether first, second, or third rate land, and the amount of taxes charged, thereon. These matters of description are required to be entered in' separate columns, opposite the name of the proprietor. And the auditor is required to keep a book "for that purpose, and to record in the form above specified, the lands entered in his county for taxation.
If the tax be not paid in the county by the 20th November, or to the state treasurer by the 31st December, in each year, the lands are to remain charged with all arrearages of taxes, and the lawful interest thereon, until the same shall be paid; to which there shall be added a penalty of twenty-five' per- cent, on the amount
of
tax' charged for each year the- same may have been delinquent.
, The auditor of the state is required to compare the list of defalcations transmitted from each county auditor with thé duplicates sent to, .his office from said County, for the same year • and to record in a book kept fór that purpose, the delinquent lands,- and charge the same with penalties- and interest. And the county auditor is required, in making out the duplicate for his county, to .charge each tract, in addition to the tax, for the current year, with the tax, interest, and penaltjfof the preceding year, which shall be entered in.a separate column, to be' designated for that purpose-on said duplicate. ‘ And when lands are returned delinquent for two years, the penalty and interest are to be charged for each year by the state auditor, who .is required to transmit the same to the county auditor; and he is forbidden to enter lands a. second time delinquent on the duplicate for the current year. .
On receiving this list of lands, a second time delinquent, the auditor. is required to advertise the same six weeks successively in a newspaper printed in the county, which advertisement shall state the amount of the tax, interest, and penalties due on each'tract, and the time of sale, &c.- All sales' are to be made, by the county auditor; and on such salé being made, he is required <‘to maké'a fair’
entry descriptive thereof, in-a book to be provided by him for that purpose,” and shall also' “record in said book all the proceedings relative "to the advertising, selling, and conveying said delinquent lands; which record shall be good evidence in all Courts holden within this state/’
The record offered in evidence is -stated to be a “ record of the proceedings relative to the advertising, selling, and conveying the lands delinquent for tax, for the years 1821, 1822, and 1823, within the county of Brown, and state of Ohio.”
“ Be it remembered, that the following lands, as herein set forth, advertised for sale, in the names of the person to each tract annexed, were regularly entered on the duplicates for taxation, by the auditor of Brown county, for'the year 1821; the tax whereon not being paid for said year, the collector of said county returned the same as delinquent therefor; whereupon the said county auditor made out and transmitted-to the auditor of state, a list of said lands so returned as delinquent; and afterwards a list of said lands, with the amount of taxes, penalty, and interest charged thereon, was transmitted by the auditor- of state to the county auditor of said county; whereupon a copy thereof was published three weeks in succession in a newspaper printed at Georgetown, Brown county, Ohio, in general circulation in said county; and afterwards the county auditor, in making out the duplicate for said county the succeeding year, to wit, for the year 1822, charged each tract in addition to the tax for said year 1822, with the tax, interest, and penalty of the preceding, and sent the same out a second time for collection; the tax on said land not being paid for the year 1S22, they were a second time returned delinquent for the non-payment of the tax, penalty, and interest charged thereon; a list of which was again transmitted to the auditor of the state; that afterwards the said auditor of the state did transmit,” &c.
This, together with the advertisement published six months before the sale of the land, is the-record and only evidence offered to show that the legal requisites of the law had been complied with, previous to the sale of the land.
The first objection which arises to this paper is, that it is a mere historical-statement of the facts as they occurred, and not a copy from the record.
The first important step is to show that the land was listed for taxation.' On this depends the validity of the subsequent proceedings. And bow is this shown by this record? It states that “the land was regularly entered on the duplicates for taxation, and sent out for collection for the year 1821,” &c. Now this is a mere statement of the fact, and not an exemplification of the record.
The record of the auditor shows in what manner the land was listed for taxation, the amount of tax charged, the description of the land required by the law, and the rate at which it was entered. But tire auditor in the record before us has stated that the entry or list
was regularly made, without copying the same from his records, which copy would enable the Court to determine whether the entry for taxation had been made legally. Now this is- the foundation of the whole proceeding; and unless the Court will substitute the judgment of the auditor for their own, it is impossible for them, to say the land was entered for taxation according to law.
Suppose the auditor had, instead of copying the advertisement on which the land was sold, merely stated that the land had been Regularly advertised; could such a statement have been held sufficient ? Perhaps no one acquainted with the legal requisites on this point, could hesitate in deciding that such a statement would be radically defective. That the advertisment constituted an essential part of the .record, as the Court could only judge of its sufficiency by inspecting it. It would not do therefore for the auditor to withhold from his record and the Court, the advertisement, and merely say that it was regular.
Clear as this point is, it is not less so than the objection above stated. The listing of the land in conformity to law, is as essential as advertising it. for sale. But in this record we have no evidence that the land was entered according to law, except the mere statement of the fact by the auditor, that it was so entered.
Is this statement evidence ? The law makes the record evidence; but this statement is evidently made out, not by copying from the record, but by looking at the record, and giving in a short statement what the auditor supposed to be the fáct.
Suppose it should be important in' any other case to show that this land had been regularly entered for. taxation in' the year 1821. Would the certificate of the auditor, in general terms, that the land was regularly entered that year, be evidence ? Must not the record itself be produced, or an exemplification of it; which, would show how it had been entered'; and enable the Court to judge of the regularity of the entry ? That this would be required, seems too clear, for argument; and yet in no possible case could this evidence be so important, as in the case under consideration.
- If the Court are to receive the mere statement of the auditor, that the -land was regularly entered, which is the first step in the proceeding, and ¡as important as any other; to be consistent, they must receive his mere statement,, as proof that the subsequent steps were taken as to the charge of penalties, and interests, and delinquencies, and that it was advertised regularly and sold. This would be a short .mode of arriving at. the result, and might add somewhat to the validity of the titles, in disregard, however, to the rights of the nonresident land holder.
The law requires the auditor, on receiving the list of delinquent lands from the state auditor, to give public notice by advertisement, for three weeks in succession, in some newspaper in general circulation in his county, of the amount of taxes charged, &c. Now, if-this advertisement be not published, the land cannot be returned by the auditor a second, time as delinquent; and if not regularly re
turned as delinquent twice, it is not liable to be sold. And what evidence is there in the record that this notice was given. There is none,'but the mere statement of the fact that such notice was given three weeks in succession, in a hewspaper printed in Georgetown. Now, if the statement of the. auditor be sufficent as. to this notice, it must be held equally good as to the notice of the sale. This land was transmitted from the auditor of the state twice, charged with penalties, to the county auditor, who, by the thirty-sixth section of the act of 1820, was required to publish the same, when received, three weeks; but it seems from his record that this notice has been but once given.
And, again, there.is no evidence that the penalties were charged, and the interest added, but the mere statement of the auditor. What amount was charged as penalty, and the amount of interest added, nowhere appears.
In the list published in the notice of sale, if does not appear at what rate the land was entered for taxation; and the gross sum of fifty dollars is charged, without showing of what items it was composed. In the case of Lafferty’s Lessee
vs.
Byers, 5 Ham. 458, the plaiutiff offered in evidence an exemplified copy of the books of the county auditor, showing the listing for taxation, and the advertisement of the sale.
Upon the whole, we think that the Court did hot err,- in rejecting the paper certified by the auditor as a record. We think that this record contained no evidence that the land was regularly listed for taxation; and that it was defective.in not showing that other important requisites of the law had been complied with. That it is a mere historical account of the facts as they transpired, and not the record evidence of those facts, as they appear or should appear on the.record.'
Under the law of 1824, which makes, the tax deed prima facie evidence, the Ohio Courts have not required proof to the same extent in support of the deed, as before such law. But the present case does not comé under.this law.; and it is unnecessary to go into its construction by the Ohio Courts. 5 Ohio Rep. 370.
The defendants gave in evidence a duly authorized transcript of the'record, proceedings, and .decree, of the Supreme Cour$ of the state of Ohio, of a certain case, wherein White’s heirs and J. S. Wills’ heirs, and H. Brush, were complainants, and David Buchanan, deceased, in his lifetime, defendant; and his unknown heirs. defendants after his death, by bill of revivor; wherein the title to the premises in question, and other lands, were decreed to complainants. And here the defendants rested their case.
The Court were asked to instruct the jury, by the defendant, that it was necessary for the plaintiff to prove the calls of his patent for the ground, by establishing the different corners, &c. But the Court refused to give the instruction as requested, and informed the jury, that, by a rule of Court, the defendants having entered-into the consent rule, were bound to admit, at the trial, that they are in pos
session of the premises claimed by the lessor of the .plaintiff. And there can be no doubt that, under the rule, this decision of the Court was correct!
This was not a dispute about boundaries, but of title; and in such a case, the rule referred to is salutary, and supersedes th§ necessity of proving the possession of the defendant. Without this rule, it would have been incumbent on the plaintiff to. prove the possession; but this could have been done by any one who had a general knowledge
'of
the land in controversy, and who could state that the defendant was in possession.
And the Court instructed the jury, that the pendency of the suit against Buchanan and his heirs, could in no sense be held constructive notice to Sterling, in receiving the deed from Buchanan, after the commencement of the suit, unless the process had been served, or publication made, before such deed was executed.
There can be no doubt that this instruction was proper; and, upon the whole, we affirm the judgment of the Circuit Court.
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the Circuit Court of the United.States for the District of Ohio, and was argued by counsel. On consideration whereof, it is ordered and adjudged by this Court, that the judgment of the said Circuit Court in this cause be, and the same is hereby, affirmed, with costs.