Galina C. v. Shaker Reg. Sch. Dist. CV-03-34-B 03/30/04 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
Galina C . , by and through her mother, Judith Reed
v. Civil No. 03-34-B Opinion No. 2004 DNH 058 Shaker Regional School District
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Galina C. is a 14-year-old girl with learning disabilities
who is entitled to special education and related services under
the Individuals with Disabilities Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seg.
("IDEA"). Her parents placed her in private school after the
Shaker Regional School District (the "School District") developed
an Individualized Education Program ("IEP") for Galina that
proposed to continue to provide her with special education
services in a public school setting. Galina's parents claim that
they are entitled to an order reguiring the School District to
reimburse them for the cost of Galina's private school education.
Because I determine that the School District satisfied the IDEA's
procedural reguirements, the special education services proposed in the IEP were reasonably calculated to allow her to receive
educational benefits, and the School District could have
implemented the IEP if Galina's parents had allowed her to remain
in public school, I affirm the decision below.
I. BACKGROUND1
Galina attended Belmont Elementary School for first grade in
1996 and 1997. In the spring of 1997, the School District tested
Galina and identified her as having speech/language
difficulties.2 Galina's parents and the School District
attempted to address these difficulties by developing an IEP for
Galina for the one-year period beginning on April 9, 1997. At
the end of the 1996-97 school year, however, Galina's parents
unilaterally placed her at Canterbury Children's Center, a
private school, and the School District discharged her to
1 The facts discussed herein are taken from the hearing officer's decision, and supplemented by the parties' joint statement of material facts and amendments thereto, the exhibits presented to the hearing officer, and the transcript of the due process hearing.
2 Over the years, Galina has received services for a variety of disabilities, including emotion and fine motor skill disabilities.
- 2 - ChildFind.3
Galina repeated first grade at Canterbury Children's Center,
and remained there for grades two and three (1997-2000). The
School District provided Galina with occupational therapy and
speech/language therapy by sending district staff to Canterbury
Children's Center to work with her. At times, Galina's parents
supplemented the therapy with private tutoring at their own
expense.
In late 1999, Galina's parents reguested that she take a
battery of tests. She was evaluated in early 2000 for "Academic,
Communication, Intelligence, Vision, Hearing, Motor, and
Observation." (Joint Stmt, of Mat. Facts). This testing
ultimately revealed that Galina's educational development was
approximately a year-and-a-half to two years behind her peers.
In May 2000, Dr. Kemper, an independent clinical
psychologist, evaluated Galina and diagnosed her as dyslexic.
Dr. Kemper recommended in part that Galina should be educated in
3 Participating school districts have a federal obligation to "locate, identify and evaluate all private school children with disabilities" using methods that are "comparable to activities undertaken for children with disabilities in public school." 34 C.F.R. § 300.451(b). ChildFind is the term used to describe this obligation.
- 3 - a substantially separate environment together with other students
with similar learning profiles and a student-teacher ratio no
larger than 8:1. He also recommended a specific teaching method
that he thought would best help Galina to maximize her learning
potential. He described the recommended method as a diagnostic
prescriptive, multi-sensory structured language-based program
implementing specific technigues such as Orton-Gillingham or
Lindamood-Bell Phonemic Seguencing (LIPS) . Diagnostic
prescriptive teaching involves continual evaluation by the
teacher of whether the student is actually learning, followed by
changes in the method of teaching depending on the results of the
ongoing analysis of the student's comprehension level. Multi-
sensory structured language-based teaching involves using
different modes of instruction utilizing several of the child's
senses (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile) incorporated into
an analytic, synthetic, systematic approach to language. Project
Read, Orton-Gillingham, and Lindamood-Bell are examples of
teaching methodologies developed according to this approach.
At the urging of Galina's parents, the School District
revised Galina's IEP in the summer of 2000 to include many, but
not all, of the specific educational programs recommended by Dr.
- 4 - Kemper. For example, the IEP required Galina's regular education
teachers to make accommodations suggested by Dr. Kemper. Her IEP
also stated that teachers would use a "structured, systematic,
multisensory, code emphasis reading/language approach such as
Orton G, LiPs, Pro Read." (Sch. Dist. Ex. at 258). After the IEP
was modified, part of the school day was used for extra tutoring
and help with specific subjects and skills in the school's
learning center.4 In the learning center, Kathy McGhee, a full
time learning disability specialist for the School District and
Galina's case manager, taught Galina using Lindamood-Bell and
Orton-Gillingham techniques.5 Galina's parents accepted the IEP
on August 29, 2000, but limited it to three months. Galina
returned to public school for fourth grade.
In November 2000, Galina's IEP team6 met to formulate an IEP
4 The learning center has at least one teacher trained in teaching students with learning disabilities. The number of students in the room at any given moment varies.
5 In anticipation of this work, Ms. McGhee received training in these programs during the intervening summer.
6 Under the IDEA'S implementing regulations, an IEP is developed by a team that includes if applicable (l)the parents of the child; (2) at least one regular education teacher of the child; (3) at least one special education teacher of the child; (4) a representative of the public agency that can provide or supervise the specially designed instruction to meet the child's
- 5 - for the remainder of that school year. The resulting IEP was
substantially the same. It was subsequently amended in December
2000 to reflect new goals, since Galina had achieved some of the
goals identified in the earlier IEP.
The 2001-2002 IEP was developed after similar discussions
and testing. In March 2001, the IEP team decided that Galina's
math goals would be extended during the summer, and that the
School District would provide services for her for that purpose
through Ms. McGhee. In May, her parents attended a meeting to
develop a new IEP, but decided that the IEP would not be
finalized until after testing. That testing was conducted by Ms.
McGhee. On June 21, 2001, the IEP team met to review the testing
results and concluded that Galina had made progress in all almost
all areas. Galina's teachers noted that she had made significant
progress on all short-term objectives. After subsequent
discussions, an IEP was adopted and implemented for her fifth
grade year. The new IEP was substantially similar to its
unique needs, is knowledgeable about the general curriculum and the availability of resources; (5) someone who can interpret the instructional implication of evaluation results; (6) other individuals at the discretion of the parent or agency who have knowledge or expertise regarding the child or services personnel; and (7) the child, if appropriate. 34 C.F.R. § 300.344.
- 6 - predecessors in that it called for placement in public school
with eighteen hours per week in a modified classroom and eight
hours per week in the learning center. Throughout her fourth and
fifth grade years, Galina's teachers and parents repeatedly
concluded that Galina was making academic progress.
As Galina approached the middle of fifth grade, her IEP team
met to collaborate on the IEP for her sixth grade year. In
November 2001, Galina's teachers concluded that she was doing
well in reading, cursive writing, graphing, and measurement, and
that they had noted improvement in her social interactions and
independent reading. Galina's parents nevertheless reguested
that Galina take a battery of tests in early 2002 which would
evaluate the efficacy of the IEP that was then in place.
Galina's parents retained Dr. Kemper to perform the evaluation.7
Dr Kemper concluded that Galina was not making the progress
that he would expect. He wrote that
it is strongly recommended that [Galina] participate in a multisensory, structured, language intensive program
7 Galina's parents insisted that testing be performed by someone with a Ph.D. and reguested Dr. Kemper specifically. The School District agreed to an independent evaluation, but recommended that Linda Hanrahan, who has a Ph.D., complete the evaluation. Galina's parents rejected Dr. Hanrahan and retained Dr. Kemper at their own expense in February of 2002.
- 7 - that is located in a substantially separate school, and will provide [Galina] with explicit, systematic, multisensory, language-based instruction that is integrated throughout all of her classes throughout the day. [Galina] will reguire a daily, individual, language arts tutorial that provides her with basic skills in the areas of both oral and written language. In addition, it is recommended that [Galina] receive summer special education services in order to ensure that regression effects do not occur during the summer vacation. Because [Galina's] psycholinguistic profile is basically unchanged since her initial Psycholin guistic Evaluation in May 2000, most of the recommendations made in that report are reiterated here. . . . [I]t is recommended that [Galina] be considered for alternative educational programming. Given the severity of her dyslexia, it is recommended that [Galina] be enrolled in a multisensory, structure language program. . . . [Galina's] multisensory, structured language program will need to be implemented within the context of substantially separate school that is devoted to addressing the needs of children who have significant language impairments. Student/teacher ratio should be small (a maximum of 8:1) in which direct teaching is performed in a systematic manner, with continuous review of previously learned information and the teaching of skills across various contexts, in order to facilitate generalization effects. It is extremely important that all of [Galina's] teachers have the training necessary to provide instruction in a multisensory, structured language program setting. In addition, [Galina] will reguire a daily, individual tutorial in which a multisensory, code emphasis program is provided for reading, spelling, and written language.
(Sch. Dist. Ex. at 174-75).
The IEP team met to discuss the Dr. Kemper's report and
recommendations on May 3, 2002. Galina's parents brought their
- 8 - advocate, Caryl Patten, to the meeting, and requested that Dr.
Kemper's recommendations be adopted in the IEP. For example,
they asked that Galina be taught with the method Dr. Kemper
specified (Orton-Gillingham), and requested that the School
District provide transportation to a private school so that
Galina could be educated in a "substantially separate"
environment. The School District team members thought that Dr.
Kemper's test results may have been affected by Galina's anxiety,
and suggested that the test scores seemed low when compared to
their own experiences with Galina. The team agreed that Ms.
McGhee would conduct more testing designed to evaluate the
efficacy of the IEP then in place, and that she would send the
results to the parents with a proposed IEP by May 31. Ms.
McGhee's testing did not show as substantial a gap between Galena
and her peers as Dr. Kemper had reported. Dr. Kemper explained
during cross-examination at the due process hearing that most of
the discrepancies between his results and those of the Ms. McGhee
were not significant.
In the meantime, Galina's parents investigated the potential
implementation of the IEP at Belmont Middle School, which Galina
would attend were she to remain in the public school system. They requested resumes of the people that would be teaching
Galina, observed several classes, and requested that if Galina
were to attend Belmont Middle School, that she be placed in the
classroom of a specific teacher to whom they felt Galina would
respond.
On June 7, 2002, Galina's parents and Ms. Patten met with
School District staff and suggested numerous changes to the IEP.
Many of their requested changes were incorporated. Near the end
of the June 7 meeting, Ms. Patten suggested placement at Burnham
Brook, a school that provides full-day integrated teaching using
the techniques recommended by Dr. Kemper. Due to the lateness of
the hour, Galina's parents and Ms. Patten suggested that the
meeting be adjourned, and that the school team members think
separately about placement and contact the parents later
regarding their response.
Stacy Buckley, the School District's Special Education
Director, subsequently telephoned Galina's parents and informed
them that the team would not recommend a private school
placement. The parents stated that they wanted further changes
made to the IEP, and Ms. Patten faxed a copy of the IEP to the
School District with the proposed changes. Most of the requested
- 10 - changes involved details that would not affect how Galina would
be taught, but rather would enable the IEP to be implemented at
Burnham Brook. For example, they reguested that the provisions
describing the person responsible for providing Galina with
services be changed from "Guidance Counselor and Classroom
Teacher" to "Special Education teacher [] with strong background
in structured language and diagnostic prescriptive teaching."
(Sch. Dist. Ex. at 69). Burnham Brook does not have a guidance
counselor, so without the change, it would be unable to implement
that provision of the IEP.
Ms. Buckley received the fax with additional proposed
changes from Ms. Patten on June 20. Ms. Buckley called Galina's
parents and left a message indicating that she was going on
vacation and would discuss the proposed changes with staff when
she returned. Ms. Buckley conferred with staff and sent Galina's
parents a letter and a revised IEP on July 2, which incorporated
some changes but rejected others, and offered reasons why School
District personnel felt that the unincorporated suggestions
either were unnecessary or would hinder Galina's progress.
By letter dated July 16, Galina's parents indicated that
they wanted to mediate the remaining differences in the IEP.
- 11 - They suggested that they would be available for meetings on
specific dates in mid to late August, including noon to three on
August 27. Lastly, they stated that they were upset that a
meeting regarding placement had been apparently been held without
them on June 12, as they felt that at the June 7 meeting they had
only agreed to have Ms. Buckley "check with other team members,
not . . . schedul[e] a meeting without [them]." (Sch. Dist. Ex.
at 20-21) .
Ms. Buckley sent a letter to Galina's parents on August 6,
which indicated that a conversation with Galina's mother had
taken place a few days earlier and that Ms. Buckley was sending a
copy of the signature pages of the School District's final
proposal for the IEP and placement. Ms. Buckley reguested that
Galina's parents sign the IEP, indicating either disagreement or
agreement. On August 13, Galina's parents replied by letter,
stating that they felt the proposed placement and IEP were not
appropriate for Galina, and that they intended to enroll her at
Burnham Brook and seek reimbursement for her tuition and related
expenses. They stated that placement was the only "major
dispute" regarding the final IEP, and they did not sign the IEP
documents. (Sch. Dist. Ex. at 10).
- 12 - On August 15, 2002, Ms. Buckley indicated in another letter
to Galina's parents that the School District understood that the
parents had rejected the proposed IEP and placement. The School
District again reguested that Galina's parents sign the documents
indicating acceptance or rejection of the IEP. In that letter,
Ms. Buckley indicated that she had spoken to Galina's mother the
day before, and proposed a meeting on August 27 in the morning,
although she noted that the district did not feel further
meetings or mediation would be productive.
On August 18, Galina's parents sent Ms. Buckley an email
stating that they were not available on the 27th in the morning
and that their letter had indicated that they were only available
in the afternoon on the 27th. Responding by email on August 20,
Ms. Buckley rescheduled the meeting for 12:30 p.m. on the 27th.
Subseguently, Galina's parents learned that their advocate was no
longer available at that time, so they cancelled the meeting the
day before it was to take place.
Meanwhile, Galina began attending Burnham Brook. Another
team meeting was scheduled for September 13, 2002, which Galina's
father cancelled on September 11. On September 12, the School
District initiated a Due Process Hearing because it could not
- 13 - register Galina in ChildFind without issuing the IEP. A
mediation was set for October 1, 2002, which was also cancelled.
Galina's parents elected to use the due process hearing to
reguest reimbursement for the private school tuition and related
costs.
The due process hearing was held on November 4, 8, and 12,8
2002 before Hearing Officer Amy Davidson. Galina's parents used
the hearing to challenge both the sufficiency of the IEP and the
ability of the School District to implement it. The School
District presented evidence and testimony supporting its
contention that the IEP was adeguate and that Belmont Middle
School could implement it.
At the hearing, Galina's parents presented the testimony of
Dr. Kemper and Colleen Silva, a teacher and learning disability
specialist at Burnham Brook, both of whom stated that Galina
would benefit from the program at Burnham Brook. Ms. Silva
testified that Burnham Brook was essentially implementing the IEP
and that Galina was doing well. The School District presented
testimony from some of the people who would have taught Galina
8 An earlier date was rejected by the parents who reguested more time to prepare.
- 14 - and implemented various parts of the IEP at Belmont Middle
School.
Galina's parents claimed that the hearing was the first time
that they were told who Galina's teachers would be. They
objected to some of the teachers' credentials, saying that the
teachers were not certified or trained in the methods the parents
had insisted be included in Galina's IEP. Further, her parents
attached great importance to the fact that School District
personnel were not familiar with some of the terminology
associated with the method of teaching they advocated.
After the due process hearing, the hearing officer issued
her opinion finding that the IEP was developed in a procedurally
sound manner, that it was sufficient, that the School District
could implement it, and that Galina's parents were not entitled
to reimbursement for her private school tuition. Galina's
parents appealed to this court.
II. ANALYSIS
Plaintiffs' arguments can be grouped into three categories
for purposes of analysis: (1) procedural complaints; (2) adeguacy
complaints; and (3) capacity complaints. I first discuss the
- 15 - IDEA and then consider each of plaintiffs' arguments in turn.
A. The IDEA
The purpose of the IDEA is to "ensure that all children with
disabilities have available to them a free appropriate public
education that emphasizes special education and related services
designed to meet their unigue needs and prepare them for
employment and independent living." 20 U.S.C. § 1400(d)(1)(A).9
A disabled child's right to a free and appropriate public
education is assured by the development and implementation of an
IEP. See Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 311-12 (1988). An IEP must
contain both a statement of the child's "present levels of
performance" and "a statement of the special education and
related services and supplementary aids and services to be
provided to the child." 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(1)(A). lEPs must be
revised not less than annually. See id. § 1414(d)(4)(A).
The IDEA also provides children with disabilities and their
parents with a number of important procedural safeguards. See
9 New Hampshire implements the IDEA through its special education law, N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 186-C, and adopts by reference the federal regulations as to special education for disabled students in private schools. N.H. Admin. Rules, Ed. 1117.03 (2003) .
- 16 - id. § 1415(a). A disabled child's parents must be included as
part of the team that develops and reviews a child's IEP. See
id. § 1414(d)(1)(B). Parents are also entitled to: (1) examine
all records relating to the child; (2) participate in meetings
concerning the child's educational placement; (3) obtain an
independent educational evaluation of the child; (4) receive
written notice of any proposal to alter or to refuse to alter the
child's educational placement; and (5) present complaints with
respect to any matter relating to the identification, evaluation
or educational placement of the child. See id. § 1415(b).
The IDEA does not reguire school districts to pay for
tuition at private schools except under limited circumstances.
Greenland Sch. Dist. v. Amy N., 358 F.3d 150 (1st Cir. 2004) .
Parents who place their children in private school without the
prior consent of a School District do so at their own financial
risk. Sch. Comm, of Burlington v. Dep't of Educ., 471 U.S. 359,
373-77 (1985). In general, a school district is not reguired to
reimburse parents for a unilateral private school placement if
the school district has made a free appropriate public education
("FAPE") available to the child. 20 U.S.C. § 1214 (A)(10)(c)(i).
A court or a hearing officer may reguire a school district to
- 17 - reimburse parents for private school tuition, however, if it
finds that the school district did not make FAPE available in a
timely manner prior to the private school placement. 20 U.S.C. §
1214 (A)(10)(c)(11). Lastly, even if a court or hearing officer
finds that the school district did not offer FAPE, reimbursement
may be reduced or denied if the parents did not provide notice of
their rejection of the IEP as required by 20 U.S.C. § 1214
(A)(10)(c)(ill). As always, every parent is free to obtain for
their children the best education available. However, under
federal and New Hampshire law, a school district is only required
to pay for an "appropriate education" as defined by the IDEA.
Judicial review of a challenge under the IDEA is twofold:
whether the school district "complied with the procedures of the
Act, and whether the IEP developed through those procedures is
'reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational
benefits.'" Kathleen H. v. Mass. Dep't of Educ., 154 F.3d 8, 11
(1st Cir. 1998) (quoting Board of Educ. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176,
206-07 (1982)). I therefore proceed to consider the procedural
violations first. My review is one of "involved oversight."
Roland M. v. Concord Sch. Comm., 910 F.2d 983, 989 (1st Cir.
1990) .
- 18 - B. The Procedural Violations
Galina's parents assert that their ability to participate in
the IEP process was impeded because (1) the School District did
not prepare the IEP in a timely fashion; (2) Galina's sixth grade
regular education teacher did not attend the IEP meetings; (3)
the School District held a meeting regarding placement to which
it did not invite her parents; and (4) the School District
decided the issue of placement prior to finalizing the IEP. I
will set aside an IEP based on a procedural deficiency only if I
find "'some rational basis to believe that procedural
inadeguacies compromised the pupil's right to an appropriate
education, seriously hampered the parents' opportunity to
participate in the formulation process, or caused a deprivation
of educational benefits.'" Hampton Sch. Dist. v. Dobrowolski,
976 F.2d 48, 54 (1st Cir. 1992) guoting Roland M. v. Concord Sch.
Comm., 910 F.2d 983, 994 (1st Cir. 1990); see also L t . T .B . v .
Warwick Sch. Comm., No. 03-1988, 2004 WL 528359 (1st Cir. 2004) .
Galina's parents first assert that they were reguired to
place Galina at Burnham Brook while continuing to negotiate with
the School District over details of the IEP because the School
District did not develop the IEP in a timely fashion. I
- 19 - disagree. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(2) requires that an IEP be in
effect at the beginning of the school year. The School District
had an adequate IEP available well before Galina's parents
enrolled her in private school. Its willingness to continue
discussions regarding points of contention does not make the IEP
untimely.
Galina's parents claim a procedural violation in that
Galina's regular teacher for the 2002-2003 (sixth grade) year was
not present at the June 7, 2002 meeting and did not help develop
the IEP. They rely on 34 C.F.R. § 300.346(d) .10 The hearing
officer found no violation because: (1) Galina's fifth grade
regular education teacher was present for most of the June 7
meeting and helped develop the IEP; (2) Galina's proposed sixth
grade regular education teacher was scheduled to attend an August
27 meeting, but her parents cancelled it; and (3) the regulation
can be satisfied by the presence and participation of either a
future or present regular education teacher. I agree with this
assessment.
10 34 C.F.R. § 300.346(d) reads: "the regular education teacher of a child with a disability, as a member of the IEP team, must, to the extent appropriate, participate in the development, review, and revision of the child's IEP . . . ."
- 20 - Galina's parents also accuse the School District of holding
a team meeting to discuss placement on June 12, 2002, without
inviting them. If true, this could potentially be violation of
the IDEA'S procedural reguirements. Parents have a right to
participate in the development of the IEP. Roland M., 910 F.2d
at 994. However, it was either Galina's parents or their
advocate who first suggested that Ms. Buckley contact the school
team members about the issue after the meeting, and inform the
parents or their advocate of the staff's conclusions regarding
placement. Having chosen to allow the School District personnel
to discuss the issue separately, Galina's parents cannot now
complain that they did so.
Lastly, Galina's parents claim that placement was
predetermined rather than decided after the IEP was completed. I
disagree. See Hampton Sch. Dist. v. Dobrowolski, 976 F.2d 48, 54
(1st Cir. 1992). Placement must indeed be determined after the
IEP is formulated. See, e.g., 34 C.F.R. § 300.552(a)(2)(b)(2)
("each public agency shall ensure that . . . the placement
decision . . . is based on the child's IEP"). In this case,
however, there is no indication that the School District had
decided where Galina would be placed before it prepared her IEP.
- 21 - The School District first drafted the IEP and sent it to Galina's
parents prior to the June 7, 2002 meeting. It included
references to programs that are part of the School District, such
as the Learning Center. After receiving that draft, the parents
negotiated to have many of those specific references removed. At
the June 7 meeting, her parents reguested that the School
District personnel consider placement prior to finalizing the
IEP, contrary to ordinary procedure. Subseguently, the parents
suggested further changes to the IEP, some of which were
ultimately incorporated into the IEP.
These events indicate that the School District did not
attempt to resolve the placement issue until the parents
reguested that School District personnel consider it. Further,
even if the IEP had not yet been finalized, the changes suggested
by the parents after that were minor, and the School District
personnel were satisfied that the staff at Belmont Middle School
could adeguately provide Galina with an appropriate education and
support services to enable her to receive FAPE. The School
District should not be penalized for accommodating a parental
reguest to consider placement while simultaneously discussing
further minor amendments to the IEP. Lastly, I note that the
- 22 - First Circuit has held that any error in the timing of placement
decisions is harmless if the decision did not result in a
deprivation of the child's right to an appropriate education or
the parents' right to participate. Hampton Sch. Dist. v.
Dobrowolski, 976 F.2d 48, 54 (1st Cir. 1992). Since I ultimately
conclude that the School District did offer Galina FAPE, and the
facts demonstrate that Galina's parents had ample opportunity to
participate in the placement decision, I find no violation.
C. Adequacy of the IEP
An IEP is considered appropriate if it "provides instruction
and support services which are reasonably calculated to confer
educational benefits to the student" in the least restrictive
environment. Hampton Sch. Dist. v. Dobrowolski, 976 F.2d 48, 50
(1st Cir. 1992). While parents are always free to seek optimal
educational opportunities for their children, federal law does
not reguire that "the benefit conferred [by the IEP] reach the
highest attainable level or even the level needed to maximize the
child's potential." Lenn v. Portland Sch. Comm., 998 F.2d 1083,
1086 (1st Cir. 1993); see also L t . T.B v. Warwick Sch. Comm, No.
03-1988, 2004 WL 528359, at *2 (1st Cir. 2004). An IEP can
provide FAPE even though it "may not be the only appropriate
- 23 - choice, or the choice of certain selected experts, or the child's
parents' first choice, or even the best choice," G .D . v .
Westmoreland Sch. Dist., 930 F.2d 942, 948 (1st Cir. 1991),
quoted in Amann v. Stow Sch. Sys., 982 F.2d 644, 651 (1st Cir.
1992) (emphasis in original).
The IDEA, however, does require FAPE, which courts have
interpreted to mean that the school must provide "instruction and
support services sufficient 'to permit the child to benefit
educationally from that instruction.'" Roland M., 910 F.2d at
987 (quoting Board of Educ. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 203 (1982)).
Further, "Congress indubitably desired 'effective results' and
'demonstrable improvement' for the Act's beneficiaries." Id. at
991 (quoting Burlington v. Dep't of Educ., 736 F.2d 773, 788 (1st
Cir. 1984). The IEP must "guarantee some reasonable probability
of educational benefit with sufficient supportive services at
public expense in the least restrictive environment." Hampton
Sch. Dist. v. Dobrowolski, 976 F.2d 48, 52 (1st Cir. 1992)
(internal quotations omitted). To prevail, therefore, Galina's
parents must show that the IEP was inadequate because there was
no reasonable probability that Galina could benefit from it.
- 24 - I review the record to see if a preponderance of the
evidence supports the hearing officer's decision that the IEP was
appropriate and that the School District could implement it.
Roland M. , 910 F.2d at 989. Educational policy is the particular
expertise of the local educational authority. Id. at 993 (citing
Lachman v. Illinois State Board of Educ., 852 F.2d 290, 297 (7th
Cir. 1988)). Therefore, if the IEP proposed by the school is
based upon an "accepted, proven methodology," I will not
ordinarily find it unacceptable. Id. at 989-92 (recognizing that
judges should give "due weight" to a state agency's decision in
order to "prevent judges from imposing their view of preferable
educational methods upon the States") (internal guotations
omitted); see also L t . T.B. v. Warwick Sch. Comm., No. 03-1988,
2004 WL 528359, at *2 (1st Cir. 2004) ("courts are ill-eguipped
to second-guess reasonable choices that school districts have
made among appropriate instructional methods"). In assessing the
adeguacy of the IEP, I do not consider whether Burnham Brook's
program was "better" but only whether the School District's IEP
was reasonably calculated to provide Galina with some educational
benefit, and whether Belmont Middle School could implement it.
Lt. T.B., 2004 WL 528359, at *2-3.
- 25 - Galina's parents argue that not only was the most recent IEP
inadequate, but also that her fourth and fifth grade lEPs and
education pursuant to those lEPs were not adequate. To support
this claim, they point to Galina's use of a third grade math text
during fifth grade, and the fact that Galina never achieved any
grade of "consistent, independent mastery" of any objectives for
reading. Further, they note that her testing showed that she was
not catching up to her peers. The School District states,
however, that Galina did make progress in fourth and fifth grade.
The hearing officer credited testimony from her teachers and
documentation presented at the hearing that showed Galina had
mastered many of her short-term goals and progressed in general.
Further, while Dr. Kemper's analysis and prescription for Galina
indicated that the fourth and fifth grade IFPs may have been
deficient, the hearing officer noted that Dr. Kemper's
conclusions contradicted every test performed by School District
personnel, and that the School District's results may have been
more reliable, since Galina knew and was comfortable with the
people administering the tests. I find the hearing officer's
analysis on this point persuasive. I therefore affirm the
hearing officer's finding that Galina's IFPs were reasonably
- 26 - calculated to provide her with educational benefits, which she in
fact received.
Galina's parents also attach great significance to the fact
the School District did not diagnose Galina as dyslexic, nor
label her as such even after she was so diagnosed by Dr. Kemper
in 2000. The Seventh Circuit's guidance on this point, however,
is persuasive: "[t]he IDEA charges the school with developing an
appropriate education, not with coming up with a proper label
with which to describe [the child's] multiple disabilities."
Heather S. v. Wisconsin, 125 F.23d 1045, 1055 (7th Cir. 1997);
accord, J.W. v. Contoocook Valley Sch. Dist., 154 F. Supp. 2d.
217, 228 (D.N.H. 2001). Galina's parents have not demonstrated
that her IEP would have been proposed any substantively different
programming or services for Galina if it had labeled her as
dyslexic. Therefore, the IEP was not deficient in its failure to
use Galina's parents' preferred terminology for her disability.
Finally, regarding sufficiency of the IEP, I note that
experts presented by her parents, including staff from Burnham
Brook, considered the IEP to be generally appropriate. Dr.
Kemper made it clear during cross-examination that he was
unwilling to state categorically that the IEP was inappropriate.
- 27 - Moreover, Colleen Sliva, one of Galina's teachers at Burnham
Brook, testified that she thought the IEP was appropriate for
Galina. In fact, in large part, Burnham Brook appears to have
substantially implemented the IEP as written. In summary, for
the above-stated reasons, I concur with the hearing officer's
decision that the proposed IEP was adeguate and appropriate.
D. Implementation of the IEP at Belmont
Galina's parents also challenge the School District's
ability to implement the IEP at Belmont Middle School. In making
this assertion, they rely on testimony from Dr. Kemper and
Colleen Sliva that the School District's placement of Galina in a
class with nineteen other students would make it impossible for a
teacher to implement the "diagnostic prescriptive teaching"
method reguired by the IEP. Also, Galina's parents expressed
doubts about the availability of Ms. McGhee to administer
services to Galina, and the gualifications of the other staff to
teach using the methods specified in the IEP.
The hearing officer noted the testimony of Dr. Kemper and
Ms. Sliva regarding the impracticability of educating Galina in a
class size as large as twenty, but ultimately rejected it because
neither Dr. Kemper nor Ms. Sliva had observed the methodologies
- 28 - utilized by Dawn Stefan (the proposed regular sixth grade
teacher), nor had they ever observed Galina in the School
District's proposed setting. In contrast, educators who had
observed her in fourth and fifth grade felt confident that she
could be meaningfully educated in what would be a similar
student/teacher ratio at Belmont Middle School. I, too, find the
testimony of those who observed Galina in the larger classroom
format valuable in determining whether Galina could benefit
educationally at Belmont.
The hearing officer found that the staff at the School
District was capable of administering the IEP in the manner
Galina's parents reguested. She credited the testimony of the
teachers that they understood and were trained in the
methodologies reguired. She implicitly found that the regular
teacher's methodologies (use of work-stations involving groups of
students no larger than five, team teaching, teachers' assistants
and special education teachers in the room) would allow her to
effectively use a diagnostic prescriptive teaching method. I
agree with those findings.
Regarding the availability of personnel, the fact that Ms.
McGhee's current schedule is full does not mean that had Galina
- 29 - attended Belmont Middle School, Ms. McGhee would have been unable
to allocate time for her. Since Galina was not at Belmont, Ms.
McGhee was able to work with students who she might otherwise
have had to turn away or reassign to other staff. Therefore, I
do not find this line of argument persuasive.
Lastly, Galina's parents' doubts about the abilities and
training of School District staff are not supportable given the
evidence produced at the hearing concerning their training and
experience. Annie-Laurie Vomacka, the School District's learning
disability specialist, (Tr. day 1, p. 278-87) and Dawn-Marie
Stefan, Galina's proposed regular education teacher, (Tr. day 3,
p. 24-28, 31) both testified that they understood and could teach
using the methods described in the IEP.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, I affirm the decision of the
hearing officer and find that, pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1412(10)
(C), the School District is not reguired to pay for Galina's
education at Burnham Brook because her parents unilaterally
placed her there after they rejected the school District's
- 30 - adequate IEP that proposed to place Galina in public school.
SO ORDERED.
Paul Barbadoro Chief Judge
March 30, 2004
cc: Richard Cornelius, Esq. John P. Sherman, Esq.
- 31 -