Galeana Mendoza v. Pierce County

• Court: District Court, W.D. Washington
• Decided: April 30, 2025
• Docket: 3:23-cv-06025
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3

4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA 7 BRYAN JOSE GALEANA MENDOZA, Case No. 3:23-cv-06025-TMC 8 individually, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO STAY 9 Plaintiff, 10 v. 11 PIERCE COUNTY, a local governmental entity; BRIAN JOHNSON, in his individual 12 and official capacities; ED TROYER, in his individual and official capacities; and DOES 13 1-9, in their individual and official capacities,

14 Defendants. 15

16 I. INTRODUCTION 17 Plaintiff Bryan Jose Galeana Mendoza (“Galeana Mendoza”) moves the Court for an 18 order staying this civil action pending the resolution of criminal matters filed against him by 19 Defendant Pierce County. Dkt. 18. For the reasons explained below, the Court GRANTS 20 Galeana Mendoza’s motion to stay until the pending criminal matters are resolved. 21 II. BACKGROUND 22 On May 12, 2022, after a vehicle chase in which Defendants allege Galeana Mendoza 23 was driving a stolen vehicle, Pierce County Sheriff’s Deputy Brian Johnson fired three shots at 24 Galeana Mendoza, paralyzing him from the waist down. Dkt. 1-2 ¶¶ 3.2, 3.5, 3.7–3.8, 3.15; 1 Dkt. 9 ¶¶ 1.10, 1.13, 1.15–1.16. The next day, the Pierce County Prosecutor’s Office filed a five- 2 count information against Galeana Mendoza alleging one count of theft of a motor vehicle, one 3 count of attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle, and three counts of failing to remain at

4 the scene of a vehicle collision involving property damage. Dkt. 19 at 9–12. The Pierce County 5 Superior Court issued a bench warrant based on the criminal information under cause number 6 22-1-01487-5. Id. at 14. The court had also issued a bench warrant to Galeana Mendoza on an 7 existing criminal matter under cause number 21-1-03041-4. Id. at 6–7, 17. 8 On October 6, 2023, Galeana Mendoza filed a complaint in Pierce County Superior Court 9 alleging unconstitutional use of excessive force, as well as two state law claims of battery and 10 negligence. See generally Dkt. 1-2. On November 9, 2023, Defendants removed the case to this 11 Court. Dkt. 1. 12 On February 12, 2025, Galeana Mendoza appeared in Pierce County Superior Court to

13 quash the bench warrants in 21-1-03041-4 and 22-1-01487-5. Dkt. 19 at 16–17. The state court 14 quashed both warrants and set jury trials in both criminal matters for May 1, 2025. Id. 15 In this case, Galeana Mendoza and Defendants have issued initial disclosures and the first 16 sets of discovery. Id. ¶ 4. Galeana Mendoza has made objections and initial Fifth Amendment 17 reservations regarding the circumstances of the pending criminal prosecutions. Id. Defendants, 18 through the Pierce County Prosecutor’s Office, have requested Galeana Mendoza’s deposition in 19 this civil matter. Id. at 24–26. Galeana Mendoza contends, and Defendants do not refute, that the 20 requested deposition “will specifically include questions regarding Galeana Mendoza’s actions 21 as charged in state criminal matters 21-1-03041-4 and 22-1-01487-5.” Id. ¶ 6; see generally 22 Dkt. 20. Galeana Mendoza adds that he “has asserted and will assert his Fifth Amendment rights

23 against self-incrimination at a civil deposition regarding the facts and circumstances . . . [of] the 24 two underlying criminal matters brought by Defendant Pierce County[.]” Dkt. 18 at 3. 1 On February 20, 2025, Galeana Mendoza moved the Court for an order staying this civil 2 action pending the resolution of the two criminal matters against him, arguing that his Fifth 3 Amendment right against self-incrimination is implicated. Dkt. 18. Defendants responded on

4 March 7, 2025, Dkt. 20, and Galeana Mendoza replied on March 12, 2025, Dkt. 22. 5 III. DISCUSSION 6 A. Legal standard The Constitution does not generally require a stay of civil proceedings pending the 7 outcome of a related criminal case. Keating v. Off. of Thrift Supervision, 45 F.3d 322, 324 (9th 8 Cir. 1995). “In the absence of substantial prejudice to the rights of the parties involved, 9 simultaneous parallel civil and criminal proceedings are unobjectionable under our 10 jurisprudence.” Carter-Mixon v. City of Tacoma, No. 3:21-CV-05692-LK, 2024 WL 1988141, at 11 *2 (W.D. Wash. May 6, 2024) (quoting Keating, 45 F.3d at 324). Still, district courts have 12 discretion to stay civil proceedings “when the interests of justice seem to require such action.” 13 Keating, 45 F.3d at 324 (cleaned up). 14 In evaluating whether to stay a civil action during parallel criminal proceedings, courts 15 must evaluate the “particular circumstances and competing interests involved in the case.” Fed. 16 Sav. & Loan Ins. Corp. v. Molinaro, 889 F.2d 899, 902 (9th Cir. 1989) (citation omitted). The 17 court must first consider “the extent to which the defendant’s [F]ifth [A]mendment rights are 18 implicated.” Keating, 45 F.3d at 324 (quoting Molinaro, 889 F.2d at 902). The other relevant 19 factors are (1) the plaintiff’s interest in proceeding expeditiously with the civil litigation, and the 20 potential prejudice to the plaintiff from delay; (2) the burden imposed on the defendants; 21 (3) judicial economy; and (4) the interests of non-parties and the public in the pending civil and 22 criminal proceedings. See Carter-Mixon, 2024 WL 1988141, at *2 (first citing Keating, 45 F.3d 23 at 324–25; and then citing Molinaro, 889 F.2d at 902–03). 24 1 B. A stay is warranted. 2 Galeana Mendoza contends that a stay of the civil action until the two parallel criminal 3 matters are resolved is necessary. Dkt. 18 at 4. He argues that “[f]orcing [him] to answer

4 questions from the defendant Pierce County regarding the criminal charges filed against him will 5 significantly impair his Fifth Amendment rights.” Id. Galeana Mendoza also asserts that the 6 other Keating factors warrant a stay. Id. Defendants neither dispute that Galeana Mendoza’s 7 Fifth Amendment rights are implicated, nor oppose a stay. See Dkt. 20 at 2, 5. Defendants 8 instead propose a “short[,] time-limited stay of six months” to balance “the competing interests 9 that weigh in favor of a relatively speedy resolution of civil cases.” Id. at 2. In his reply, Galeana 10 Mendoza reiterates his request for a stay pending resolution of the criminal state court matters 11 and proposes “mandatory six (6) month review hearings scheduled to apprise the Court of any 12 developments.” Dkt. 22 at 1.

13 1. Extent to which Galeana Mendoza’s Fifth Amendment privilege is implicated Both parties agree that Galeana Mendoza’s Fifth Amendment rights are implicated by the 14 criminal cases Defendant Pierce County is prosecuting against him for alleged crimes that 15 occurred just before Defendant Deputy Johnson shot him. Dkt. 18 at 4–6; Dkt. 20 at 5. “The 16 Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination ‘protects an individual from being forced 17 to provide information that might establish a direct link in a chain of evidence leading to his 18 conviction.’” Carter-Mixon, 2024 WL 1988141, at *2 (quoting United States v. Stringer, 535 19 F.3d 929, 938 (9th Cir. 2008)). In a motion to stay, “the extent to which the defendant’s Fifth 20 Amendment rights are implicated is a significant factor for the [court] to consider[.]” Keating, 45 21 F.3d at 326 (quoting Molinaro, 889 F.2d at 902). Specifically, when “simultaneous civil and 22 criminal proceedings involve the same or closely related facts, Fifth Amendment concerns weigh 23 in favor of granting a stay.” Wright v. Pierce Cnty., No. C-11-5154-BHS, 2011 WL 1314437, at 24 1 *2 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 4, 2011) (citing cases); see also Klein v. Kim, No. 2:20-CV-01628-BJR, 2 2021 WL 5356717, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Nov. 17, 2021) (noting that significant overlap between 3 the civil and criminal matters “is indeed an important factor when considering a stay”) (citing

4 cases). 5 Here, the parallel civil and criminal cases “involve the same or closely related facts.” See 6 Wright, 2011 WL 1314437, at *2. As Defendants concede, at least one of the criminal cases 7 “arose out of alleged conduct that either occurred simultaneously with or immediately before the 8 shooting in this case.” Dkt. 20 at 5; see also id. (“Galeana Mendoza’s Fifth Amendment rights 9 are highly implicated[.]”). Still, Defendants argue that Galeana Mendoza has already asserted his 10 Fifth Amendment right to remain silent by objecting to Defendants’ interrogatory about the 11 circumstances just before the shooting. Id. Thus, Defendants state, “negative inferences may 12 already be drawn from that assertion.” Id.

13 But Defendants’ argument only underscores the prejudice Galeana Mendoza faces by 14 continuing to invoke his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination in a deposition 15 conducted by Defendant Pierce County. See Wright, 2011 WL 1314437, at *2 (“[A]ny attempt 16 by Defendants in this civil action to depose [Plaintiff] will implicate his Fifth Amendment 17 rights.”); Doe ex rel. Rudy-Glanzer v. Glanzer, 232 F.3d 1258, 1264 (9th Cir. 2000) (concluding 18 that “in civil proceedings adverse inferences can be drawn from a party’s invocation of this Fifth 19 Amendment right” to silence) (citation omitted). “If discovery moves forward, [Galeana 20 Mendoza] will be faced with the difficult choice between asserting his right against self- 21 incrimination, thereby inviting prejudice in the civil case, or waiving those rights.” Wright, 2011 22 WL 1314437, at *2 (citation omitted). In the “interests of justice,” this factor weighs heavily in

23 favor of a stay. See Keating, 45 F.3d at 324. 24 1 2. Galeana Mendoza’s interest in proceeding expeditiously and the potential prejudice from delay 2 Galeana Mendoza is requesting a stay of his civil case against Defendants because of the 3 prejudice he faces if required to proceed absent a delay. See generally Dkt. 18. Accordingly, this 4 factor supports a stay. 5 3. Burden imposed on Defendants 6 Defendants argue that they would be burdened by an “indefinite stay.” Dkt. 20 at 5–6. 7 They point to Galeana Mendoza’s criminal cases being three years old or more and the 8 uncertainty of when the criminal matters will resolve as “prejudic[ing] [their] ability to proceed 9 expeditiously to a resolution of this [civil] case.” Id. at 6. 10 But Defendants do not dispute that trial for Galeana Mendoza’s two parallel criminal 11 matters is imminent. See id; Dkt. 19 ¶ 5. Courts in this district have stayed proceedings in similar 12 circumstances. See L.C. v. Gilbert, No. C09-5586 BHS, 2010 WL 1641533, at *3 (W.D. Wash. 13 Apr. 21, 2010) (staying civil case when trial date for parallel criminal case was 10 months away); 14 cf. Klein, 2021 WL 5356717, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Nov. 17, 2021) (denying stay in part because of 15 potentially extensive delay where “[n]either party has described the status of the criminal 16 proceeding, and there is no indication that trial is imminent”). Here, trial for both criminal 17 matters is set for May 1, 2025. Dkt. 19 ¶ 5. Although a stay could lead to an initial delay, 18 “[s]taying the civil proceedings until the criminal action is completed may actually expedite . . . 19 the civil action, as there will likely be a more limited need for discovery after the criminal 20 action.” L.C., 2010 WL 1641533, at *2. This may be especially true here where Galeana 21 Mendoza has already said he “will assert his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination” 22 in response to interrogatories and questions in a civil deposition on the circumstances of the 23 underlying criminal matters. See Dkt. 18 at 3. Finally, Galeana Mendoza’s proposed “mandatory 24 1 six . . . month review hearings” on the status of the criminal cases will enable the Court to 2 reevaluate a stay order if the underlying circumstances change. Dkt. 22 at 1; see Carter-Mixon, 3 2024 WL 1988141, at *4 (reducing the potential prejudice from a delay in the civil matter by

4 crafting a “middle ground between denying the stay outright and continuing it indefinitely”). On 5 balance, this factor is neutral. 6 4. Judicial economy 7 “To determine whether judicial economy favors staying a case, courts examine whether 8 the proceedings ‘arise out of the same event’ and the ‘potential for complexity, overlapping 9 issues, duplicative rulings, and conflict between the rulings of this Court and the criminal 10 court.’” United States v. Electron Hydro, LLC, No. C20-1746-JCC, 2022 WL 594909, at *3 11 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 28, 2022) (quoting Lakey v. Washington, No. 3:20-CV-05557-RBL-JRC, 2020 12 WL 8617405, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Sept. 15, 2020)); see also Wright, 2011 WL 1314437, at *3

13 (same). Courts also “emphasize that staying a case in its early stages and waiting for criminal 14 proceedings to conclude may reduce the amount of discovery needed in the civil case, thereby 15 promoting an expeditious resolution[.]” Klein, 2021 WL 5356717, at *2 (citing cases). This 16 analysis is weighed against district courts’ general “interest in clearing their dockets and 17 avoiding indeterminate delays.” Carter-Mixon, 2024 WL 1988141, at *4 (citing Electron Hydro, 18 2022 WL 594909, at *3). 19 Here, the parties do not dispute that the civil and criminal proceedings arise out of 20 Galeana Mendoza’s alleged vehicle theft and evasion of a pursuing police vehicle. Dkt. 18 at 6; 21 Dkt. 20 at 5; Dkt. 19 at 9–12. “Because the proceedings arise out of the same alleged 22 misconduct, there is a potential for overlap and duplicative or conflicting rulings between this

23 case and the criminal proceeding.” Electron Hydro, 2022 WL 594909, at *3; see also Dkt. 20 at 24 6–7 (“Defendants acknowledge there is significant overlap [and] . . . [b]y issuing a stay, this 1 Court could avoid the burden of ruling upon complex discovery issues related to Galeana 2 Mendoza’s Fifth Amendment rights.”). 3 As described above, a stay may also promote judicial efficiency by limiting inefficient

4 discovery motion practice concerning the scope of privilege that Galeana Mendoza will assert. 5 See Dkt. 18 at 3. This is supported by the case’s relative infancy. See Klein, 2021 WL 5356717, 6 at *2; see also Lakey, 2020 WL 8617405, at *3 (staying case in part because civil case was in the 7 “early stages of litigation”); L.C., 2010 WL 1641533, at *3 (same). To date, only one deposition 8 has been conducted and trial is set for January 2026. See Dkt. 15; Dkt. 18 at 8. Where, as here, 9 the “potential is high for unnecessary complexity, overlapping issues, [and] duplicative rulings 10 . . . staying the matter will be a more prudent and efficient management of resources.” See 11 Wright, 2011 WL 1314437, at *3. This factor favors a stay. 12 5. Interests of non-parties and the public

13 Broadly, “[t]he public has an interest in relatively speedy resolution of civil matters.” 14 Carter-Mixon, 2024 WL 1988141, at *5 (quoting Allen, 2022 WL 683209, at *3). But “the 15 public’s interest in the integrity of a parallel criminal matter generally takes precedence over the 16 civil litigant’s private interests.” Id. (citing L.C., 2010 WL 1641533, at *3). 17 Defendants argue that a ruling in this civil case would not “contradict the outcome” of the 18 parallel criminal case because the claims in this lawsuit are different from the crimes alleged in 19 Galeana Mendoza’s pending criminal cases. Dkt. 20 at 8–9 (citation omitted). But even if the 20 rulings would not be contradictory, the overlap between the parallel proceedings would still 21 cause Galeana Mendoza to be “faced with the difficult choice between asserting his right against 22 self-incrimination, thereby inviting prejudice in the civil case, or waiving those rights” and

23 risking liability in the criminal cases. See Wright, 2011 WL 1314437, at *2 (citation omitted). 24 Because a stay pending the resolution of the two criminal cases would mitigate any concerns that l the civil action might have on the “integrity of [the] parallel criminal matter,” this factor also 2 supports a stay. See Carter-Mixon, 2024 WL 1988141, at *5. Accordingly, the Keating factors 3 warrant a stay in this case. 4 IV. CONCLUSION 5 The Court GRANTS the motion to stay (Dkt. 18) this case until the two parallel state

6 criminal matters, cause numbers 21-1-03041-4 and 22-1-01487-5, are resolved. The parties shall

7 file a joint status report no later than October 30, 2025, apprising the Court on the status of the

g criminal matters, and every six months thereafter, until the stay is lifted. Any party may move to

9 lift the stay once the criminal cases are resolved, or for other good cause.

10 ll Dated this 30th day of April, 2025.

2 Lag 13 Tiffany. Cartwright United States District Judge 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24