OPINION OF THE COURT.
McFIE, J.
1 The appellants in this case alleged thati the firm of Gale and Farr were the owners of the animals replevied, and this allegation was traversed by the appellee. The issue in the case, therefore, was, whether or not the appellants were the owners of the animals in question and thereby entitled to the immediate possession of them. Upon this issue the appellants 'must have a preponderance of the evidence, before they would be entitled to recover. The record shows that the court below found that the appellants did not have a preponderance of the evidence, and for that reason judgment was rendered for the appellee. There was a direct conflict of evidence upon the trial as to the ownership and right of possession of the animals. This court has repeatedly held, that, where the evidence is conflicting and there is substantial evidence to sustain the verdict of a jury in a case where the cause is tried by a jury, it will not disturb the verdict and decision of the lower court thereon upon appeal or writ of error to this court.
Waldo v. Beckwith, 1 N. M. 97; Achibeque v. Miera, 1 N. M. 160; Beadeau v. Baca, 2 N. M. 194; Territory v. Webb, 2 N. M. 147; Territory v. Maxwell, 2 N. M. 250; Hicks v. Territory, 6 N. M. 596; Trujillo v. Territory, 7 N. M. 43.
Where a jury is waived and the cause is tried before the court, the findings of the court are equivalent to the verdict of a jury, and the rule above stated is equally applicable.
Torlina v. Trorlicht et a., 5 N. M. 148; also 6 N. M. 54, same case; Newcomb v. White, 5 N. M. 435; Perea v. Barela, 6 N. M. 239; Lynch v. Grayson, 7 N. M. 26.
We have examined the evidence disclosed by the record, for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not, there was any substantial evidence in support of the judgment of the court beloAV, and we are of the opinion that there was competent evidence which, if believed, would support the finding and judgment of the court below upon the question of the appellants’ ownership, and right of possession of the animals replevied'. This court has also held that it is the province of the jury to determine the credibility of the witnesses testifying in a cause, and also the weight to be given their evidence and where a jury is waived' and the cause tried by the court, the same rule applies to the court, and that it is not the province or duty of this court to determine the credibil-iy of the witnesses nor the weight of evidence where there is a substantial conflict in the evidence and there is evidence to support the finding of the court below.
Obviously, therefore, upon the issues of fact, raised in this case by the pleadings, as to the ownership of and right of possession of the appellants to the animals in question, there being a substantial conflict in the evidence, it was for the court below who saw and heard the witnesses, to judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. It is to be presumed, that in deciding this case, the court below had due regard for the law, and there being evidence in the record to sustain the finding of the court below, that the appellants did not have a preponderance of the evidence that- they were the owners of the animals in question, the judgment of the court below was a proper judgment, and should be sustained by this court.
2 Counsel for the appellants assign for error, the action of the court below in receiving in evidence the bills of sale and receipts referred to in the statement of facts, upon the ground that the bills of sale were not ac-knoAvl edged as required by law. The position of counsel for the appellants is stated by him on the fifth page of his brief in the following language:
“Defendant claims that he became the owner of said sheep by purchase, hence the only way by which he could have shown himself to be the owner of said sheep was by a written bill of sale in his favor as required by the statutes of the Territory of New Mexico.”
This contention is not sound. It is true, the giving and receiving of bills of sale by vendors and purchasers of animals, has been provided for in section 75, Compiled Law, 1897, and made applicable to sheep by section 166 of the Compiled Law of 1897, but these provisions of law are not applicable to all cases, and in our opinion they are not applicable to the case now under consideration. Section 75, as shown by its specific subdivisions, is intended to be applied to animals running on open and unenclosed ranges; to stock being sold for shipment, or for slaughter, or to be driven or shipped to market, or distant ranges, but it does not apply to the sale of animals by the actual owner, where the animals are under his own supervision or control. This is indicated by the proviso in that section which is as follows:
“But this provision shall not apply to sales of stock when the persons who sell are selling stock of which they have had actual and personal control and supervision daily for the said period of sixty days next prior to the sale thereof, and are rightfully entitled'either as principal or agent to sell and dispose of the same.”
If the position contended for by counsel for appellants was correct, it would be necessary to give and receive bills of sale in case of tbe sale or purchase of domestic animals by or from the true owner thereof, and in our opinion the statute did not contemplate this. But the provisions of law as to bills of sale are inapplicable to this case for the further reason, that it is evident the bills of sale offered were not intended to be received as proof of ownership by the appellee, but for the purpose of the identification of the animals. The bills of sale offered in evidence, like the receipts offered, did not purport to be given to the appellee, but were given to Carlos Baca by the original owners of the animals and were no doubt ' received by the court as competent evidence for the purposes of identification. It was not necessary in this case for the appellee to prove that he was the owner of the animals taken from him by the appellants. It was sufficient for him to produce such evidence as was calculated to destroy the ownership or right of possession in appellants; therefore, it can not be said that the bills of sale were offered for the purpose of establishing the ownership of the appellee in the animals described in them; hence, the fact that they were defective, would not render them incompetent as evidence upon the question of identity. The appellee was only required to produce such evidence as would prevent the appellants from having a preponderance of the evidence, and if he succeeded in doing this, he Avas entitled to a judgment of the court in his favor. For this purpose he had a right to produce such evidence of facts and circumstances as tended to show ownership or right of possession in himself or in a third person, or which tended to destroy appellants’ ownership or right of possession. This case was tried by the court, and it is to be presumed that the court in deciding the case, considered only such evidence as was competent and proper to be considered. Schulenburger v. Harriman, 20 Wallace 44; Richardson v. Arnold, 12 Wend. 30; Advance Thresher Company v. Pierce, 74 Mo. App. 676.
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OPINION OF THE COURT.
McFIE, J.
1 The appellants in this case alleged thati the firm of Gale and Farr were the owners of the animals replevied, and this allegation was traversed by the appellee. The issue in the case, therefore, was, whether or not the appellants were the owners of the animals in question and thereby entitled to the immediate possession of them. Upon this issue the appellants 'must have a preponderance of the evidence, before they would be entitled to recover. The record shows that the court below found that the appellants did not have a preponderance of the evidence, and for that reason judgment was rendered for the appellee. There was a direct conflict of evidence upon the trial as to the ownership and right of possession of the animals. This court has repeatedly held, that, where the evidence is conflicting and there is substantial evidence to sustain the verdict of a jury in a case where the cause is tried by a jury, it will not disturb the verdict and decision of the lower court thereon upon appeal or writ of error to this court.
Waldo v. Beckwith, 1 N. M. 97; Achibeque v. Miera, 1 N. M. 160; Beadeau v. Baca, 2 N. M. 194; Territory v. Webb, 2 N. M. 147; Territory v. Maxwell, 2 N. M. 250; Hicks v. Territory, 6 N. M. 596; Trujillo v. Territory, 7 N. M. 43.
Where a jury is waived and the cause is tried before the court, the findings of the court are equivalent to the verdict of a jury, and the rule above stated is equally applicable.
Torlina v. Trorlicht et a., 5 N. M. 148; also 6 N. M. 54, same case; Newcomb v. White, 5 N. M. 435; Perea v. Barela, 6 N. M. 239; Lynch v. Grayson, 7 N. M. 26.
We have examined the evidence disclosed by the record, for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not, there was any substantial evidence in support of the judgment of the court beloAV, and we are of the opinion that there was competent evidence which, if believed, would support the finding and judgment of the court below upon the question of the appellants’ ownership, and right of possession of the animals replevied'. This court has also held that it is the province of the jury to determine the credibility of the witnesses testifying in a cause, and also the weight to be given their evidence and where a jury is waived' and the cause tried by the court, the same rule applies to the court, and that it is not the province or duty of this court to determine the credibil-iy of the witnesses nor the weight of evidence where there is a substantial conflict in the evidence and there is evidence to support the finding of the court below.
Obviously, therefore, upon the issues of fact, raised in this case by the pleadings, as to the ownership of and right of possession of the appellants to the animals in question, there being a substantial conflict in the evidence, it was for the court below who saw and heard the witnesses, to judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. It is to be presumed, that in deciding this case, the court below had due regard for the law, and there being evidence in the record to sustain the finding of the court below, that the appellants did not have a preponderance of the evidence that- they were the owners of the animals in question, the judgment of the court below was a proper judgment, and should be sustained by this court.
2 Counsel for the appellants assign for error, the action of the court below in receiving in evidence the bills of sale and receipts referred to in the statement of facts, upon the ground that the bills of sale were not ac-knoAvl edged as required by law. The position of counsel for the appellants is stated by him on the fifth page of his brief in the following language:
“Defendant claims that he became the owner of said sheep by purchase, hence the only way by which he could have shown himself to be the owner of said sheep was by a written bill of sale in his favor as required by the statutes of the Territory of New Mexico.”
This contention is not sound. It is true, the giving and receiving of bills of sale by vendors and purchasers of animals, has been provided for in section 75, Compiled Law, 1897, and made applicable to sheep by section 166 of the Compiled Law of 1897, but these provisions of law are not applicable to all cases, and in our opinion they are not applicable to the case now under consideration. Section 75, as shown by its specific subdivisions, is intended to be applied to animals running on open and unenclosed ranges; to stock being sold for shipment, or for slaughter, or to be driven or shipped to market, or distant ranges, but it does not apply to the sale of animals by the actual owner, where the animals are under his own supervision or control. This is indicated by the proviso in that section which is as follows:
“But this provision shall not apply to sales of stock when the persons who sell are selling stock of which they have had actual and personal control and supervision daily for the said period of sixty days next prior to the sale thereof, and are rightfully entitled'either as principal or agent to sell and dispose of the same.”
If the position contended for by counsel for appellants was correct, it would be necessary to give and receive bills of sale in case of tbe sale or purchase of domestic animals by or from the true owner thereof, and in our opinion the statute did not contemplate this. But the provisions of law as to bills of sale are inapplicable to this case for the further reason, that it is evident the bills of sale offered were not intended to be received as proof of ownership by the appellee, but for the purpose of the identification of the animals. The bills of sale offered in evidence, like the receipts offered, did not purport to be given to the appellee, but were given to Carlos Baca by the original owners of the animals and were no doubt ' received by the court as competent evidence for the purposes of identification. It was not necessary in this case for the appellee to prove that he was the owner of the animals taken from him by the appellants. It was sufficient for him to produce such evidence as was calculated to destroy the ownership or right of possession in appellants; therefore, it can not be said that the bills of sale were offered for the purpose of establishing the ownership of the appellee in the animals described in them; hence, the fact that they were defective, would not render them incompetent as evidence upon the question of identity. The appellee was only required to produce such evidence as would prevent the appellants from having a preponderance of the evidence, and if he succeeded in doing this, he Avas entitled to a judgment of the court in his favor. For this purpose he had a right to produce such evidence of facts and circumstances as tended to show ownership or right of possession in himself or in a third person, or which tended to destroy appellants’ ownership or right of possession. This case was tried by the court, and it is to be presumed that the court in deciding the case, considered only such evidence as was competent and proper to be considered. Schulenburger v. Harriman, 20 Wallace 44; Richardson v. Arnold, 12 Wend. 30; Advance Thresher Company v. Pierce, 74 Mo. App. 676.
The statement of facts shows, that there was a large amount of oral evidence given upon the trial tending to show the ownership of the animals replevied to be in the appellee; that the animals replevied ■ had never been owned by nor had they ever been in the possession of appellants, or either of the parties from whom the testimony shows the appellants purchased the animals re-plevied, and such evidence under the circumstances of this case, was competent.
The judgment of the court below may have been based upon this evidence, and, therefore, if the bills of sale had been offered for the purpose of proving ownership in the appellee, it would not amount to reversible error, for the reason, that other competent evidence was offered without objection, tending to establish ownership of the animals in the appellee. It may be observed in this connection that the appellants claimed the ownership of the animals replevied, by purchase, and yet they did not offer in evidence bill of sale from the persons from whom they purchased. It would seem from this the counsel for appellants did not regard a bill of sale as essential, and the only means of proving ownership of the purchased animals, else, he certainly would have obtained and produced such bills of sale. It would appear, therefore, that this assignment of error, that the ownership could only be proved in this way, is not relied upon by him, as it would seem to be inconsistent with the action of counsel in proving ownership of appellants of the animals purchased, by oral 'testimony and without offering in evidence a bill of sale.
Counsel for appellants further assign as error, that the court improperly permitted appellee to introduce oral evidence as to the ownership of the animals and the ear marks upon them, for the reason that a duly certified copy of his recorded brand, and ear marks was the only proper and competent evidence to show ownership. The views above expressed as to the bill of sale are applicable here. This court has decided that a certified copy of a recorded brand- was competent evidence and is one of the ways of establishing ownership to animals, but that it is not by any means the only way by which ownership of animals may be established. The ownership of animals may be established by any competent evidence showing the fact, hut in the case of animals running at large upon the range and in large numbers where it might be impossible to establish the identity and ownership of them by other evidence, proof of a recorded brand is sufficient to establish a prima facie ownership of all animals bearing such brand. This matter was before this court and was fully considered in the case of Chaves v. Territory, 6 N. M. 455; Prior v. Cattle Company, 6 N. M. 44. The cases above referred to are decisive of this question. There was no attempt in this case to establish the ownership of the appellee by a recorded brand; such oral evidence as was received by the court in regard to the marks found upon the animals, was received for the purpose of identification and was competent evidence, and there was no error in its admission.
A large portion of the brief of counsel for appellants is devoted to an argument in which counsel contends that the circumstances prove the animals which disappeared from appellants’ herd, were stolen. The circumstances relied upon to establish this were questions of fact for the consideration of the court below, and which the court doubtless considered in determining where the preponderance of the evidence lay; at all events, it was for the determination of the trial judge, and not for this court, and its conclusion based upon a substantial conflict of evidence, will not be reversed by this court. There being no error in the record, the judgment of the court below will be affirmed with costs.
Mills, C. J., McMillan and Parker, JJ., concur.