Simrall, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The defendant in ejectment “ may plead the value of all permanent, valuable, and not ornamental improvements, made by the defendant, or any one under whom he claims, before notice of intention of the plaintiff to sue.” “ But no defendant shall be entitled to such compensation for improvements, unless he shall claim the premises under some contract or deed of purchase made or acquired in good faith.”
What the statute intended by claim under contract or deed in good faith, was announced at this term, in the case of Cole v. Johnson, ante, 94.
[107]*107It is disclosed in the bill that in the ejectment suit the defendant presented a claim for improvements, which was litigated and adjudicated in that suit. The claim is now preferred for improvements made afterwards. But the statute allows for those only which were made before notice of intention of the plaintiff to sue.
The defendant must act in good faith, believing that he has the title. If he knows that he has no title, he cannot charge the real owner with improvements; nor can he, if informed that the plaintiff will sue, continue to improve, and be allowed for them, especially after suit has been brought.
The complainant does not prefer a just claim for improvements. If he did not make his demand in the action at law coextensive with his right, he cannot be relieved in equity for what he omitted, for the opportunity was then offered to establish his full right, and that adjudication covers, not only all that was proved in that issue, but all that might have been established. Agnew v. McElroy, 10 S. & M. 552; Thomas v. Phillips, 4 S. & M. 358.
But the complainant also claims that the land shall be charged with the price for which it sold under decree of the Probate Court in 1856.
The allegations are that Alexander Armstrong died seised of the land ; and that, on the petition of I. H. Thetford, guardian of some of the minor heirs, and R. D. Petrie, guardian of others, and Jasper Armstrong, an adult heir, praying that the land might be sold for distribution, the Probate Court decreed accordingly, and appointed said Thetford, Petrie, and Armstrong commissioners to make the sale. The sale was made the 21st January, 1856, when A. G. Hallum became the purchaser for $5,100.
Afterwards, on 24th August, 1865, Hallum sold and conveyed to Kennedy and J. G. Kennedy, for $1,500. In 1868, A. J. Kennedy bought the half interest of J. G. Kennedy for $1,600. By mesne conveyances the entire property was purchased in 1871, and vested in the complainant.
The complainant further alleges that Hallum paid the price to the commissioners, and that Thetford and Petrie charged themselves, as guardians, with the money fpr their wards. As [108]*108the wards severally may have attained .majority or married off, as the complainant has' been informed, they received from the guardians their distributive portion of the purchase-money.
The prayer is for an injunction to stay execution of the judgment in the ejectment suit, until the plaintiffs in that suit, defendants to the bill, shall pay the money paid by Hallum, purchaser at the probate sale, or their proper proportion of it, and also that they pay for the improvements.
A demurrer to the bill, and a motion to dissolve the injunction on the face of the bill, were heard at the same time, both of which were overruled, and the case was brought to this court.
The solicitor for the complainant seems to have framed the bill with special reference to the act of 11th February, 1878, pamphlet, 41. That act charges on the land the price paid by a purchaser, under probate or chancery decree, where the land has been sold for the payment of debts, or for distribution of the money, provided the money has been in good faith paid to the administrator, executor, or commissioner, and has been applied in good faith to payment of debts, or has been distributed among the heirs, legatees, or distributees, if such sales shall be void or voidable for any cause and the heirs, legatees, or distributees shall recover the land in ejectment from any person holding under such purchaser, by conveyance, descent, or otherwise. The complainant deraigns title from Hallum, the purchaser at the probate sale, and claims under this act that the price paid by Hallum may be imputed, for his benefit, as a charge on the land.
It will be noted that the act, by express words, applies alone to sales made before its passage. This sale was made seventeen years before it was enacted. The complainant brings his case within its requirements. But can the legislature declare other and different consequences and rights ensuing from the sale and things done under it, from those which the law existing at the time declared? We merely suggest the question, without discussing it, or intimating any opinion upon it.
It has been settled in our jurisprudence, on grounds most just and equitable, that where real estate has been sold [109]*109for the payment of debts by an administrator who has so used the fund, the heir cannot recover the land, and hold it disincumbered of the intestate’s debts, which have been discharged by the money of the purchaser, but the land will be charged with the amount of the debts thus paid off for the use of the purchaser. Short v. Porter, 44 Miss. 533, 537; Lee v. Gardiner, 26 Miss. 521.
So, also, if the sale were for distribution, and, from fatal defects in the judicial proceedings, the title of the heir should not be divested; yet, if the heir has secured the money, he has accepted that which is in lieu of the land, and may be thereby placed under an equitable estoppel to reclaim the land. The sum of the doctrine on this subject is, that a right may be forfeited or lost by conduct which would make it fraudulent or against conscience to assert it. Devereux v. Burgwyn, 5 Ired. Eq. 351. His conscience would be affected by the transaction; and it would be inequitable, after taking the equivalent of the land, to recover that also.
There may be circumstances in which the heir might not be concluded by receipt of the money, as if there should be any imposition, deceit, or fraud practised upon him. But if the acceptance of the money should not, in a special case, work an estoppel, the money ought to be treated as a ■charge upon the land. Such is the state of the law, independent of the act of 1873. Handy v. Noonan, 51 Miss. 166, 169; Wilie v. Brooks, 45 Miss. 542. That statute makes the money paid to the administrator a charge on the land, for the use of any one who obtains title derivatively from him.
It will be observed that the statute made, or attempted to make, two changes in the law. The first is, that a distribution of the money to the heirs or devisees creates the charge. If the money has been paid to the legal guardian of a minor, the requirement has been met; whereas such payment (without the statute) would have no effect on the legal rights of the ward, unless he had actually received the money, or had, after attaining majority, adopted an expenditure of it for his use. The other change is, that the statute creates a charge on the land for reimbursement of the money, whereas the exist[110]
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Simrall, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The defendant in ejectment “ may plead the value of all permanent, valuable, and not ornamental improvements, made by the defendant, or any one under whom he claims, before notice of intention of the plaintiff to sue.” “ But no defendant shall be entitled to such compensation for improvements, unless he shall claim the premises under some contract or deed of purchase made or acquired in good faith.”
What the statute intended by claim under contract or deed in good faith, was announced at this term, in the case of Cole v. Johnson, ante, 94.
[107]*107It is disclosed in the bill that in the ejectment suit the defendant presented a claim for improvements, which was litigated and adjudicated in that suit. The claim is now preferred for improvements made afterwards. But the statute allows for those only which were made before notice of intention of the plaintiff to sue.
The defendant must act in good faith, believing that he has the title. If he knows that he has no title, he cannot charge the real owner with improvements; nor can he, if informed that the plaintiff will sue, continue to improve, and be allowed for them, especially after suit has been brought.
The complainant does not prefer a just claim for improvements. If he did not make his demand in the action at law coextensive with his right, he cannot be relieved in equity for what he omitted, for the opportunity was then offered to establish his full right, and that adjudication covers, not only all that was proved in that issue, but all that might have been established. Agnew v. McElroy, 10 S. & M. 552; Thomas v. Phillips, 4 S. & M. 358.
But the complainant also claims that the land shall be charged with the price for which it sold under decree of the Probate Court in 1856.
The allegations are that Alexander Armstrong died seised of the land ; and that, on the petition of I. H. Thetford, guardian of some of the minor heirs, and R. D. Petrie, guardian of others, and Jasper Armstrong, an adult heir, praying that the land might be sold for distribution, the Probate Court decreed accordingly, and appointed said Thetford, Petrie, and Armstrong commissioners to make the sale. The sale was made the 21st January, 1856, when A. G. Hallum became the purchaser for $5,100.
Afterwards, on 24th August, 1865, Hallum sold and conveyed to Kennedy and J. G. Kennedy, for $1,500. In 1868, A. J. Kennedy bought the half interest of J. G. Kennedy for $1,600. By mesne conveyances the entire property was purchased in 1871, and vested in the complainant.
The complainant further alleges that Hallum paid the price to the commissioners, and that Thetford and Petrie charged themselves, as guardians, with the money fpr their wards. As [108]*108the wards severally may have attained .majority or married off, as the complainant has' been informed, they received from the guardians their distributive portion of the purchase-money.
The prayer is for an injunction to stay execution of the judgment in the ejectment suit, until the plaintiffs in that suit, defendants to the bill, shall pay the money paid by Hallum, purchaser at the probate sale, or their proper proportion of it, and also that they pay for the improvements.
A demurrer to the bill, and a motion to dissolve the injunction on the face of the bill, were heard at the same time, both of which were overruled, and the case was brought to this court.
The solicitor for the complainant seems to have framed the bill with special reference to the act of 11th February, 1878, pamphlet, 41. That act charges on the land the price paid by a purchaser, under probate or chancery decree, where the land has been sold for the payment of debts, or for distribution of the money, provided the money has been in good faith paid to the administrator, executor, or commissioner, and has been applied in good faith to payment of debts, or has been distributed among the heirs, legatees, or distributees, if such sales shall be void or voidable for any cause and the heirs, legatees, or distributees shall recover the land in ejectment from any person holding under such purchaser, by conveyance, descent, or otherwise. The complainant deraigns title from Hallum, the purchaser at the probate sale, and claims under this act that the price paid by Hallum may be imputed, for his benefit, as a charge on the land.
It will be noted that the act, by express words, applies alone to sales made before its passage. This sale was made seventeen years before it was enacted. The complainant brings his case within its requirements. But can the legislature declare other and different consequences and rights ensuing from the sale and things done under it, from those which the law existing at the time declared? We merely suggest the question, without discussing it, or intimating any opinion upon it.
It has been settled in our jurisprudence, on grounds most just and equitable, that where real estate has been sold [109]*109for the payment of debts by an administrator who has so used the fund, the heir cannot recover the land, and hold it disincumbered of the intestate’s debts, which have been discharged by the money of the purchaser, but the land will be charged with the amount of the debts thus paid off for the use of the purchaser. Short v. Porter, 44 Miss. 533, 537; Lee v. Gardiner, 26 Miss. 521.
So, also, if the sale were for distribution, and, from fatal defects in the judicial proceedings, the title of the heir should not be divested; yet, if the heir has secured the money, he has accepted that which is in lieu of the land, and may be thereby placed under an equitable estoppel to reclaim the land. The sum of the doctrine on this subject is, that a right may be forfeited or lost by conduct which would make it fraudulent or against conscience to assert it. Devereux v. Burgwyn, 5 Ired. Eq. 351. His conscience would be affected by the transaction; and it would be inequitable, after taking the equivalent of the land, to recover that also.
There may be circumstances in which the heir might not be concluded by receipt of the money, as if there should be any imposition, deceit, or fraud practised upon him. But if the acceptance of the money should not, in a special case, work an estoppel, the money ought to be treated as a ■charge upon the land. Such is the state of the law, independent of the act of 1873. Handy v. Noonan, 51 Miss. 166, 169; Wilie v. Brooks, 45 Miss. 542. That statute makes the money paid to the administrator a charge on the land, for the use of any one who obtains title derivatively from him.
It will be observed that the statute made, or attempted to make, two changes in the law. The first is, that a distribution of the money to the heirs or devisees creates the charge. If the money has been paid to the legal guardian of a minor, the requirement has been met; whereas such payment (without the statute) would have no effect on the legal rights of the ward, unless he had actually received the money, or had, after attaining majority, adopted an expenditure of it for his use. The other change is, that the statute creates a charge on the land for reimbursement of the money, whereas the exist[110]*110ing law made the receipt of the money operate as an estoppel on the heir; and, further, estoppel is only efficient after the heir has attained majority.
The act of the heir is very much in the nature of an election. It is personal, and the consequences are personal. Since the title was in him, and was attempted to be transferred by judicial proceedings, with respect to which he was passive, without capacity to assent or dissent, he cannot exercise his will and perform obligatory acts until majority. The guardian could not have made the election for him. If, therefore, the heir, after majority, can be put under estoppel, the effect of it may be claimed by any party claiming under the original vendee. Lee v. Gardiner, ubi supra; Kempe v. Pintard, 32 Miss. 324; Wilie v. Brooks, ubi supra.
The complainant distinctly avers that, as the several heirs, wards of Thetford and Petrie, reached majority or married off, their respective portions of the purchase-money were paid to them bjr their guardians. The case stated in the bill is within the act of 1873, and also within the principle of equity, independent of the statute. We are not, therefore, obliged to consider the very grave question of the competency of the legislature to pass the statute of 1873, applicable to sales made before its passage. That question was not mooted in Cole v. Johnson, ante, 94, nor has it been argued by counsel in this case. We are not inclined to encounter problems of that sort, and decide them, without full argument.
Counsel for the appellants insist that the matters of the bill could have been, and therefore ought to have been, preferred and litigated in the suit at law. Independently of the act of 1873, the matter of estoppel is not by record or deed of which courts of law take notice, but by acts in pais, which bind- the conscience and make it inequitable for the defendant to press the legal advantage which he has. It does not divest the heirs of their title, but rather restrains them from using it to the prejudice of the complainant.
So in the other aspect of the bill, if it shall be determined-that the complainant has a charge on the land under the statute of 1873, he may have relief in chancery, for the charge is [111]*111not a title to tbe land: it is no more than an incumbrance on the property against the heir.
Although the complainant has shown no right to relief on account of improvements put on the property, on the other grounds he may be redressed.
The demurrer was properly overruled.