Gail Shipman v. Aquatherm LP

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
• Decided: March 6, 2024
• Docket: 22-3223
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _____________

No. 22-3223 and 22-3224 _____________

GAIL SHIPMAN, individually and as personal representative of the Estate of Roy Marvin Shipman Jr., deceased; ROY SHIPMAN III; JUSTIN SHIPMAN

v.

AQUATHERM L.P.; N.H. YATES and COMPANY, INC.; LANDSTAR RANGER, INC. (E.D. Pa. No. 2:17-cv-05416)

GAIL SHIPMAN, individually and as personal representative of the Estate of Roy Marvin Shipman Jr., deceased; ROY SHIPMAN III; JUSTIN SHIPMAN

ARCO INDUSTRIAL SALES, INC. d/b/a Arco Packaging/Janitorial Sales; SIGNODE INDUSTRIAL GROUP LLC (E.D. Pa. No. 2-18-cv-02922)

Arco Industrial Sales, Inc., d/b/a Arco Packaging/Industrial Sales Appellant _____________

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (E.D. Pa. No. 2:17-cv-05416) (E.D. Pa. No. 2:18-cv-02922) District Judge: Honorable Robert F. Kelly _____________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) on January 30, 2024

Before: KRAUSE, PORTER, and CHUNG, Circuit Judges (Opinion filed: March 6, 2024) _________

OPINION* _________

PORTER, Circuit Judge. Roy Marvin Shipman, Jr., a commercial truck driver, was crushed to death after

pipes he was transporting fell from his truck. A jury found Arco Industrial Sales, Inc.

(“Arco”) negligent and found that its negligence was a factual cause of Shipman’s injuries.

Arco appeals from the District Court’s entry of judgment and denial of Arco’s motion to

mold the verdict. For the reasons that follow, we will remand to the District Court.

I

The litigation following Shipman’s accident originally named five Defendants,

including Arco. Landstar Ranger, Inc. (“Landstar”) was the trucking company for which

Shipman worked as an independent contractor. Aquatherm, L.P. (“Aquatherm”) was the

distributor of the piping; Aquatherm loaded the pipes onto Shipman’s truck at its facility

in Lindon, Utah. N. H. Yates & Co., Inc. (“Yates”) fulfilled customer orders for

Aquatherm and warehoused Aquatherm piping at a facility in Pottstown, PA—the facility

to which Shipman transported the pipes. Signode Industrial Group, LLC (“Signode”)

manufactured and supplied the bands used to secure the pipes loaded onto Shipman’s

truck, as well as the machine used to seal the bands.

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not constitute binding precedent. 2 Arco distributed and sold Signode-manufactured products. Signode sold the bands

and sealing machine to Arco. Arco sold the bands and sealing machine to Aquatherm,

demonstrated how to use the technology, and recommended which bands should be used

for securing Aquatherm’s pipes in transit.

All five defendants filed crossclaims alleging that liability should fall on one or

several other defendants. Signode also moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.

The District Court transferred Plaintiffs’ claims against Signode to the United States

District Court for the District of Delaware.1

On April 26, 2022, Plaintiffs—Roy Shipman’s family—reached confidential

settlements with Yates and Aquatherm. Plaintiffs proceeded to trial against Arco and

Landstar. During jury deliberations, Plaintiffs agreed to high-low agreements with both;

in Arco’s case, the parties cabined a unanimous jury verdict award between a minimum

of $100,000 and a maximum of $1 million. See App. 9–10, 24.

At trial, Arco faced claims for both strict liability and negligence, and Landstar

faced a claim for negligence. See App. 9. Arco requested that Aquatherm—though

excused from the case2—be included on the verdict form for the purposes of the

negligence claims, which would have been adjudicated under a comparative negligence

theory. However, the focus of the case against Arco and Arco’s defense ultimately

1 Plaintiffs’ claims against Signode were settled and dismissed in April 2023. See Order, Shipman v. Signode Indus. Grp. LLC, No. 22-cv-00953 (D. Del. Apr. 25, 2023), ECF No. 309. 2 The Court dismissed Plaintiffs’ claim(s) against Aquatherm with prejudice after settlement. 3 “rested primarily in products liability.” App. 11. “Plaintiffs directed their case against

Arco based on [its] role as seller of the product and the allegations of negligence against

Arco were secondary.” App. 11. Reflecting this, the jury instructions stated:

“Apportionment of comparative negligence is not applicable to Plaintiffs’ claims against

Defendant Arco Industrial Sales, Inc. for strict products liability.” App. 129.

The jury reached a verdict determining that Arco was strictly liable for Shipman’s

injuries, and awarded $1,575,000 in damages. The Court entered judgment against Arco

in this amount. Despite the strict liability claim against Arco, because of the additional

negligence claims against Arco and Landstar, the verdict form also prompted the jury to

assess harm-causing negligence comparatively: the jury ascribed 57.5% of the harm-

causing negligence to Aquatherm, 23.75% to Arco, 18.75% to Shipman, and 0% to

Landstar.

Plaintiffs notified the District Court of their high-low agreement with Arco,

requesting vacatur of the Court’s judgment awarding $1,575,000, and the Court granted

the request. Arco moved to mold the jury’s verdict (i.e., re-calculate damages),

contending that Arco is “entitled . . . [to] contribution from . . . Aquatherm, despite it

having settled with Plaintiff prior to a verdict being reached,” and that Arco should have

to pay only $669,375 in damages.3 App. 114. On October 26, 2022, the Court denied the

3 Had comparative negligence been applied, Aquatherm, if still a Defendant, would have been liable for 57.5% of $1.575 million—$905,625. The $669,375 damages amount suggested by Arco represents the remainder of the $1.575 million. 4 motion. On November 9, 2022, applying the high-low agreement, the District Court

entered judgment against Arco for $1 million.

Arco filed a notice of appeal of the judgment and also of the Court’s denial of

Arco’s motion to mold the verdict.

Plaintiffs timely filed a Rule 59(e) motion to amend the judgment to award post-

judgment interest. Shipman v. Arco Industrial Sales, Inc., No. 2:17-cv-05416 (E.D. Pa.

Dec. 7, 2022), ECF No. 328. The District Court deferred ruling on the motion “until

jurisdiction is returned to the District Court by the Third Circuit.” Id., ECF No. 330.

The Defendants’ crossclaims were never mentioned in the Joint Pre-Trial

Stipulation, nor were they included on the jury’s verdict form.

II

As a court of limited jurisdiction, we may exercise appellate jurisdiction only

where “authorized by Constitution and statute.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of

Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). By statute, Congress authorizes us to review “final

decisions of the district courts.” 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Plaintiffs’ Rule 59(e) motion and the

unresolved crossclaims between Defendants both independently deprive us of jurisdiction

to hear Arco’s appeal.

First, we lack jurisdiction because Plaintiffs’ Rule 59(e) motion to amend the

judgment to award post-judgment interest remains unresolved. Under Federal Rule of

Appellate Procedure 4, “[i]f a party files a notice of appeal after the court announces or

enters a judgment—but before it disposes of any motion listed in Rule 4(a)(4)(A) [such as

5 a Rule 59(e) motion]—the notice becomes effective to appeal a judgment . . . when the

order disposing of . . . such . . . motion is entered.” Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(B)(i)

(emphasis added). Accordingly, “[t]he timely filing of a Rule 59(e) motion negates any

previously filed notice of appeal, depriving the appeals court of jurisdiction over the case

until after disposition of the Rule 59(e) motion.” Livingston v. United States, No. 09-cv-

546, 2009 WL 3424181, at *1 (D.N.J. Oct. 20, 2009) (citing United States v. Rogers

Transp. Inc., 751 F.2d 635, 636–37 (3d Cir. 1985)); see also Venen v. Sweet, 758 F.2d

117, 122 n.6 (3d Cir. 1985).

Second, we also lack jurisdiction because the crossclaims filed by all five original

defendants were never resolved—so the District Court’s judgment is not “final” within

the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

When an action involves multiple claims or parties, including crossclaims, the

court may direct entry of a final judgment resolving fewer than all of the claims “only if

the court expressly determines that there is no just reason for delay.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

54(b). Accordingly, “we do not ordinarily have appellate jurisdiction over a district court

order that resolves fewer than all the claims of all the parties in a single action because

such orders do not constitute ‘final decisions’ per 28 U.S.C. § 1291.” Hill v. City of

Scranton, 411 F.3d 118, 124 (3d Cir. 2005).

Here, the five Defendants filed crossclaims, but the District Court’s entry of

judgment and related orders did not address the crossclaims. Nor did the District Court

determine that there was “no just reason for delay” under Rule 54. Thus, the Court’s

judgment is not “final” within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291. See Elliott v. 6 Archdiocese of N.Y., 682 F.3d 213, 229 (3d Cir. 2012) (“The District Court here failed to

state in its order that it had determined that there was ‘no just reason for delay’ and it

failed to use any other language of indisputably similar effect. Accordingly, the order did

not properly certify the judgment under Rule 54(b).”).

* * *

We lack jurisdiction over Arco’s appeal, so we will remand to the District Court

for resolution of Plaintiffs’ pending Rule 59(e) motion and Defendants’ pending

crossclaims.