1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 G & G CLOSED CIRCUIT EVENTS, Case No. 20-cv-2112-MMA (RBB) LLC, 12 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND Plaintiff, 13 DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFF’S v. MOTION FOR ATTORNEYS’ FEES 14 AND COSTS VIRIDIANA HERNANDEZ, individually 15 doing business as La Palapa Nayarit, [Doc. No. 10] 16 Defendant. 17 18 19 G & G Closed Circuit Events, LLC (“Plaintiff”) brought this action against 20 Viridiana Hernandez, individually doing business as La Palapa Nayarit, (“Defendant”) 21 and alleged Defendant unlawfully “intercepted, received and published” a fight telecast at 22 Defendant’s business. Doc. No. 1 (“Compl.”) ¶ 20. Plaintiff now moves for an award of 23 attorneys’ fees and costs. See Doc. No. 10. The motion is unopposed. The Court found 24 the matter suitable for determination on the papers and without oral argument pursuant to 25 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 78(b) and Civil Local Rule 7.1.d.1. See Doc. No. 11. 26 For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part 27 Plaintiff’s motion. 28 I. BACKGROUND 1 This action involves the prohibited broadcast of Saul “Canelo” Alvarez v. Sergey 2 Kovalev Championship Fight Program (“Program”) on November 2, 2019 at Defendant’s 3 establishment La Palapa Nayarit. Compl. ¶¶ 7, 15. Plaintiff brought four causes of 4 action against Defendant: (1) violation of the Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 605; (2) 5 violation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act, 47 U.S.C. 6 § 553; (3) conversion under state law; and (4) violation of the California Unfair 7 Competition Law, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200–17210. See id. ¶¶ 14–46. On May 8 6, 2021, the Court granted Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment and awarded Plaintiff 9 $9,000 in damages. See Doc. No. 8. 10 Pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 605(e)(3)(B)(iii), Plaintiff now moves for an award of 11 attorneys’ fees in the amount of $3,518.00 and costs in the amount of $1,125.00. See 12 Doc. No. 10 at 3, 10.1 13 II. ATTORNEYS’ FEES 14 A. Legal Standard 15 “Once a party is found eligible for fees, the district court must then determine 16 what fees are reasonable.” Roberts v. City of Honolulu, 938 F.3d 1020, 1023 (9th Cir. 17 2019) (quoting Klein v. City of Laguna Beach, 810 F.3d 693, 698 (9th Cir. 2016)). In 18 order to determine the fee award, courts calculate the number of hours reasonably 19 expended on the litigation and then multiply that number by a reasonable hourly rate. See 20 Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433 (1983); Vargas v. Howell, 949 F.3d 1188, 1194 21 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 888 (1984)). The resulting 22 calculation is referred to as “the lodestar figure” and “provides an objective basis on 23 which to make an initial estimate of the value of a lawyer’s services.” Hensley, 461 U.S. 24 at 433. To determine attorneys’ fees under § 605, courts use the loadstar method. See G 25 & G Closed Cir. Events, LLC v. Parker, No. 320-cv-00801-BEN-RBB, 2021 WL 26 27 28 1 164998, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 19, 2021); J & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Brummell, No. 15- 2 cv-2601-MMA (MDD), 2016 WL 3552039, at *1 (S.D. Cal. June 29, 2016). 3 “[T]he fee applicant bears the burden of establishing entitlement to an award and 4 documenting the appropriate hours expended and hourly rate.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437. 5 Further, the Ninth Circuit has made clear that plaintiffs requesting attorneys’ fees must 6 demonstrate that the hourly rates requested are reasonable vis-à-vis the rates charged in 7 “the forum in which the district court sits.” Gonzalez v. City of Maywood, 729 F.3d 8 1196, 1205–06 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Prison Legal News v. Schwarzenegger, 608 F.3d 9 446, 454 (9th Cir. 2010)); see also Jordan v. Multnomah Cnty., 815 F.2d 1258, 1261–63 10 (9th Cir. 1987) (“The fee applicant has the burden of producing satisfactory evidence, in 11 addition to the affidavits of its counsel, that the requested rates are in line with those 12 prevailing in the community for similar services of lawyers of reasonably comparable 13 skill and reputation.”). 14 Additionally, the Ninth Circuit “requires that courts reach attorneys’ fee decisions 15 by considering some or all of twelve relevant criteria set forth in Kerr v. Screen Extras 16 Guild, Inc., 526 F.2d 67 (9th Cir. 1975).” Quesada v. Thomason, 850 F.2d 537, 539 (9th 17 Cir. 1988). The Kerr factors are: 18 19 (1) the time and labor required, (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service 20 properly, (4) the preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to 21 acceptance of the case, (5) the customary fee, (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent, (7) time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances, 22 (8) the amount involved and the results obtained, (9) the experience, 23 reputation, and ability of the attorneys, (10) the “undesirability” of the case, (11) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client, 24 and (12) awards in similar cases. 25 26 Kerr, 526 F.2d at 70. 27 B. Discussion 28 1 Reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs are recoverable by the prevailing party 2 pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 605(e)(3)(B)(iii). Because the Court has granted default 3 judgment in Plaintiff’s favor on the Communications Act claim, see Doc. No. 8 at 5, 10, 4 Plaintiff is eligible to request reasonable attorneys’ fees under § 605(e)(3)(B)(iii). 5 The Court proceeds by assessing whether Plaintiff’s sought fees are reasonable. 6 See Roberts, 938 F.3d at 1023 (quoting Klein, 810 F.3d at 698). Plaintiff seeks an 7 attorneys’ fee award of $ 3,518.00. See Doc. No. 10 at 10. The sought award comprises 8 work completed by attorney Thomas Riley (“Riley”), an unnamed research attorney, and 9 an administrative assistant. See Riley Decl., Doc. No. 10-1 ¶¶ 5, 6, 8; Riley Decl., Exh. 10 1, Doc. No. 10-1 at 7–9. In particular, Plaintiff seeks fees for (1) 2.35 hours of work 11 billed at an hourly rate of $550.00 for Mr. Riley, (2) 4 hours of work billed at an hourly 12 rate of $300.00 for the unnamed research attorney, and (3) 9.33 hours of work billed at an 13 hourly rate of $110.00 for the administrative assistant. See Riley Decl., Doc. No. 10-1 14 ¶¶ 5, 6, 8; Riley Decl., Exh. 1, Doc. No. 10-1 at 9. 15 1. Mr. Riley 16 As to Mr. Riley, Plaintiff demonstrates that his hourly rate of $550 is reasonable. 17 Mr. Riley explains that he is a member of good standing in the bars of three states, has 18 been practicing law for twenty-eight years, and has worked in a firm that specializes in 19 signal piracy claims since 1994. See Riley Decl., Doc. No. 10-1 ¶¶ 3–4. Mr. Riley also 20 points to a recent case in this district that found his requested hourly rate of $550 21 reasonable. See Doc. No. 10 at 7–8 (citing Parker, 2021 WL 164998, at *5).
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 G & G CLOSED CIRCUIT EVENTS, Case No. 20-cv-2112-MMA (RBB) LLC, 12 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND Plaintiff, 13 DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFF’S v. MOTION FOR ATTORNEYS’ FEES 14 AND COSTS VIRIDIANA HERNANDEZ, individually 15 doing business as La Palapa Nayarit, [Doc. No. 10] 16 Defendant. 17 18 19 G & G Closed Circuit Events, LLC (“Plaintiff”) brought this action against 20 Viridiana Hernandez, individually doing business as La Palapa Nayarit, (“Defendant”) 21 and alleged Defendant unlawfully “intercepted, received and published” a fight telecast at 22 Defendant’s business. Doc. No. 1 (“Compl.”) ¶ 20. Plaintiff now moves for an award of 23 attorneys’ fees and costs. See Doc. No. 10. The motion is unopposed. The Court found 24 the matter suitable for determination on the papers and without oral argument pursuant to 25 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 78(b) and Civil Local Rule 7.1.d.1. See Doc. No. 11. 26 For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part 27 Plaintiff’s motion. 28 I. BACKGROUND 1 This action involves the prohibited broadcast of Saul “Canelo” Alvarez v. Sergey 2 Kovalev Championship Fight Program (“Program”) on November 2, 2019 at Defendant’s 3 establishment La Palapa Nayarit. Compl. ¶¶ 7, 15. Plaintiff brought four causes of 4 action against Defendant: (1) violation of the Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 605; (2) 5 violation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act, 47 U.S.C. 6 § 553; (3) conversion under state law; and (4) violation of the California Unfair 7 Competition Law, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200–17210. See id. ¶¶ 14–46. On May 8 6, 2021, the Court granted Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment and awarded Plaintiff 9 $9,000 in damages. See Doc. No. 8. 10 Pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 605(e)(3)(B)(iii), Plaintiff now moves for an award of 11 attorneys’ fees in the amount of $3,518.00 and costs in the amount of $1,125.00. See 12 Doc. No. 10 at 3, 10.1 13 II. ATTORNEYS’ FEES 14 A. Legal Standard 15 “Once a party is found eligible for fees, the district court must then determine 16 what fees are reasonable.” Roberts v. City of Honolulu, 938 F.3d 1020, 1023 (9th Cir. 17 2019) (quoting Klein v. City of Laguna Beach, 810 F.3d 693, 698 (9th Cir. 2016)). In 18 order to determine the fee award, courts calculate the number of hours reasonably 19 expended on the litigation and then multiply that number by a reasonable hourly rate. See 20 Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433 (1983); Vargas v. Howell, 949 F.3d 1188, 1194 21 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 888 (1984)). The resulting 22 calculation is referred to as “the lodestar figure” and “provides an objective basis on 23 which to make an initial estimate of the value of a lawyer’s services.” Hensley, 461 U.S. 24 at 433. To determine attorneys’ fees under § 605, courts use the loadstar method. See G 25 & G Closed Cir. Events, LLC v. Parker, No. 320-cv-00801-BEN-RBB, 2021 WL 26 27 28 1 164998, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 19, 2021); J & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Brummell, No. 15- 2 cv-2601-MMA (MDD), 2016 WL 3552039, at *1 (S.D. Cal. June 29, 2016). 3 “[T]he fee applicant bears the burden of establishing entitlement to an award and 4 documenting the appropriate hours expended and hourly rate.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437. 5 Further, the Ninth Circuit has made clear that plaintiffs requesting attorneys’ fees must 6 demonstrate that the hourly rates requested are reasonable vis-à-vis the rates charged in 7 “the forum in which the district court sits.” Gonzalez v. City of Maywood, 729 F.3d 8 1196, 1205–06 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Prison Legal News v. Schwarzenegger, 608 F.3d 9 446, 454 (9th Cir. 2010)); see also Jordan v. Multnomah Cnty., 815 F.2d 1258, 1261–63 10 (9th Cir. 1987) (“The fee applicant has the burden of producing satisfactory evidence, in 11 addition to the affidavits of its counsel, that the requested rates are in line with those 12 prevailing in the community for similar services of lawyers of reasonably comparable 13 skill and reputation.”). 14 Additionally, the Ninth Circuit “requires that courts reach attorneys’ fee decisions 15 by considering some or all of twelve relevant criteria set forth in Kerr v. Screen Extras 16 Guild, Inc., 526 F.2d 67 (9th Cir. 1975).” Quesada v. Thomason, 850 F.2d 537, 539 (9th 17 Cir. 1988). The Kerr factors are: 18 19 (1) the time and labor required, (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service 20 properly, (4) the preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to 21 acceptance of the case, (5) the customary fee, (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent, (7) time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances, 22 (8) the amount involved and the results obtained, (9) the experience, 23 reputation, and ability of the attorneys, (10) the “undesirability” of the case, (11) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client, 24 and (12) awards in similar cases. 25 26 Kerr, 526 F.2d at 70. 27 B. Discussion 28 1 Reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs are recoverable by the prevailing party 2 pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 605(e)(3)(B)(iii). Because the Court has granted default 3 judgment in Plaintiff’s favor on the Communications Act claim, see Doc. No. 8 at 5, 10, 4 Plaintiff is eligible to request reasonable attorneys’ fees under § 605(e)(3)(B)(iii). 5 The Court proceeds by assessing whether Plaintiff’s sought fees are reasonable. 6 See Roberts, 938 F.3d at 1023 (quoting Klein, 810 F.3d at 698). Plaintiff seeks an 7 attorneys’ fee award of $ 3,518.00. See Doc. No. 10 at 10. The sought award comprises 8 work completed by attorney Thomas Riley (“Riley”), an unnamed research attorney, and 9 an administrative assistant. See Riley Decl., Doc. No. 10-1 ¶¶ 5, 6, 8; Riley Decl., Exh. 10 1, Doc. No. 10-1 at 7–9. In particular, Plaintiff seeks fees for (1) 2.35 hours of work 11 billed at an hourly rate of $550.00 for Mr. Riley, (2) 4 hours of work billed at an hourly 12 rate of $300.00 for the unnamed research attorney, and (3) 9.33 hours of work billed at an 13 hourly rate of $110.00 for the administrative assistant. See Riley Decl., Doc. No. 10-1 14 ¶¶ 5, 6, 8; Riley Decl., Exh. 1, Doc. No. 10-1 at 9. 15 1. Mr. Riley 16 As to Mr. Riley, Plaintiff demonstrates that his hourly rate of $550 is reasonable. 17 Mr. Riley explains that he is a member of good standing in the bars of three states, has 18 been practicing law for twenty-eight years, and has worked in a firm that specializes in 19 signal piracy claims since 1994. See Riley Decl., Doc. No. 10-1 ¶¶ 3–4. Mr. Riley also 20 points to a recent case in this district that found his requested hourly rate of $550 21 reasonable. See Doc. No. 10 at 7–8 (citing Parker, 2021 WL 164998, at *5). The Court 22 finds that Mr. Riley’s requested hourly rate is reasonable. 23 As to the number of hours expended, Mr. Riley provides a billing statement 24 outlining the time expended on each task in this case. See Riley Decl., Exh. 1, Doc. No. 25 10-1 at 7–9. In this action, Mr. Riley worked 2.35 hours. In his accompanying 26 declaration, Mr. Riley explains that “[b]illable hours for legal services rendered are 27 reconstructed by way of a thorough review of the files themselves.” See Riley Decl., 28 Doc. No. 10-1 ¶ 7 (emphasis added). Thus, the “reconstructed” billing records are not 1 contemporaneous. This appears to be Mr. Riley’s standard practice. See Parker, 2021 2 WL 164998, at *7; J & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Barajas, No. 1:15-cv-01354-DAD-JLT, 3 2017 WL 469343, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 2, 2017). Noncontemporaneous billing records 4 are inherently less reliable and more likely to be inaccurate. See Parker, 2021 WL 5 164998, at *7; J & J Sports Prods. Inc. v. Cervantes, No. 1:16-cv-00485-DAD-JLT, 2019 6 WL 935387, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 26, 2019). Courts may reduce the awardable hours 7 where an attorney fails to keep contemporaneous billing records. See Hensley, 461 U.S. 8 at 438 n.13 (“In addition, the District Court properly considered the reasonableness of the 9 hours expended, and reduced the hours of one attorney by thirty percent to account for his 10 inexperience and failure to keep contemporaneous time records.”). Although Mr. Riley’s 11 billed hours and tasks do not appear to be unnecessary, excessive, or unreasonable, the 12 noncontemporaneous billing records are inherently more likely to be inaccurate. The 13 Court finds that a small 10% reduction of the Mr. Riley’s total hours is appropriate to 14 mitigate against the risks associated with noncontemporaneous billing. Thus, of the 2.35 15 hours billed by Mr. Riley, the number of hours reasonably expended by him is 2.12. 16 Accordingly, the Court finds that Mr. Riley has demonstrated that he is entitled to 17 a reasonably hourly rate of $550.00 and 2.12 hours reasonably expended—for a total of 18 $1,166.00 in attorneys’ fees.2 19 2. Research Attorney 20 As to the “research attorney” referenced in Mr. Riley’s declaration and 21 accompanying billing statement, the Court finds that Plaintiff has not met its burden to 22 prove that the $300 hourly rate is reasonable. Mr. Riley states that the research attorney 23 24
25 26 2 In coming to this determination, the Court took the Kerr factors into consideration: the minimal time and labor required, the straightforward nature of the issues presented in this action, the fact that Mr. 27 Riley was not precluded from taking other employment, Mr. Riley’s customary fee, the lack of time limitations imposed by the client, the $9,000.00 award obtained, Mr. Riley’s experience, the lack of an 28 1 has assisted him for over ten years and is a member in good standing in the bars of two 2 states and Washington, D.C. See Riley Decl., Doc. No. 10-1 ¶ 3. 3 However, the research attorney is not given a name, and there is no supporting 4 information that demonstrates that his $300 hourly rate is reasonable in this forum. 5 Because Plaintiff fails to meet its burden to prove that the $300 hourly rate is reasonable, 6 the Court finds that Plaintiff is not entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees requested for 7 the unnamed “research attorney.” See Rutherford v. Cam-Mar Growers, No. 19-cv-1864- 8 MMA (AHG) (S.D. Cal. Apr. 4, 2020), ECF No. 13 at 10–11 (finding that the plaintiff 9 failed to meet his burden to show that the hourly rate was reasonable for an unnamed 10 “associate attorney” that lacked other specifics on her or his experience); Munson v. 11 Murad, No. 17-cv-2499-MMA (BGS) (S.D. Cal. June 26, 2018), ECF No. 18 at 8 12 (finding that the plaintiff failed to meet his burden to show reasonable hourly rates for 13 attorneys that were not given full names and failed to demonstrate that the hourly rates 14 were reasonable in the forum); see also Vogel v. Harbor Plaza Ctr., LLC, 893 F.3d 1152, 15 1160 (9th Cir. 2018) (“In a case in which a defendant fails to appear or otherwise defend 16 itself, however, the burden of scrutinizing an attorney’s fee request—like other 17 burdens—necessarily shifts to the court.”). 18 3. Administrative Assistant 19 As to the “administrative assistant,” courts in this circuit have routinely “declined 20 to award fees for clerical work by administrative assistants, particularly where there is a 21 lack of specificity in such billing by administrative assistants and the billing is 22 duplicative of attorney time.” Cervantes, 2019 WL 935387, at *4 (providing a list of 23 example cases). Certain tasks—such as “filing, transcript, and document organization”— 24 are clerical and should be absorbed into a firm’s overhead rather than billed at a set rate. 25 See Nadarajah v. Holder, 569 F.3d 906, 921 (9th Cir. 2009); see also Neil v. Comm’r of 26 Soc. Sec., 495 F. App’x 845, 847 (9th Cir. 2012) (“We find that the district court did not 27 abuse its discretion in declining to award [the plaintiff’s] attorney’s fees for purely 28 clerical tasks such as filing documents and preparing and serving summons.”); cf. 1 Missouri v. Jenkins by Agyei, 491 U.S. 274, 288 n.10 (1989) (“Of course, purely clerical 2 or secretarial tasks should not be billed at a paralegal rate, regardless of who performs 3 them.”). Moreover, courts have “cautioned Mr. Riley regarding billing of clerical work 4 using administrative assistants, lack of specificity in such billing by administrative 5 assistants, and duplicative billing by Mr. Riley and his administrative assistant in the 6 past.” J&J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Marini, No. 1:16-cv-0477-AWI-JLT, 2018 WL 7 2155710, at *2 (E.D. Cal. May 10, 2018) (first citing J & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Corona, 8 No. 1:12-cv-01844-LJO, 2014 WL 1513426, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 16, 2014), report and 9 recommendation adopted, No. 1:12-cv-01844-AWI, 2014 WL 1767691 (E.D. Cal. May 10 2, 2014); and then citing J & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Pagliaro, No. 1:12-cv-1507-LJO- 11 SAB, 2014 WL 7140605, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 12, 2014)). 12 As in other cases where Mr. Riley has sought to collect fees for work performed by 13 administrative assistants, “the use of block billing makes it unclear how much time the 14 administrative assistant spent on ‘preparation’ versus ‘filing and service’ of documents, 15 and many of the billings for attorney Riley and his administrative assistant appear to be 16 identical.” Cervantes, 2019 WL 935387, at *4; see Riley Decl., Exh. 1, Doc. No. 10-1 at 17 7–9 (billing for “preparation, filing, and service”; “review and filing”; and “filing and 18 service” in blocks). Moreover, this oversight is compounded by the lack of 19 contemporaneous billing records. See Riley Decl., Doc. No. 10-1 ¶ 7 (“Billable hours for 20 legal services rendered are reconstructed by way of a thorough review of the files 21 themselves.” (emphasis added)); Parker, 2021 WL 164998, at *7 (finding that Mr. 22 Riley’s failure to track time contemporaneously makes the billing records “more likely to 23 be inaccurate”). Given the continued problematic practices that multiple courts have 24 highlighted, this Court additionally declines to award fees for tasks completed by the 25 unnamed administrative assistant. 26 C. Conclusion 27 Accordingly, the Court awards Plaintiff attorneys’ fees in the amount of $1,166.00. 28 III. COSTS 1 In addition to reasonable attorneys’ fees, § 605 states that the court “shall direct the 2 recovery of full costs . . . to an aggrieved party who prevails.” 47 U.S.C. 3 § 605(e)(3)(B)(iii). Here, Plaintiff seeks a costs award of $1,125.00. See Doc. No. 10 at 4 10. In particular, Plaintiff seeks costs associated with a pre-filing investigative fee of 5 $650.00, the complaint filing fee of $400.00, and the service of process fee of $75.00. 6 See Riley Decl., Exh. 1, Doc. No. 10-1 at 9. Plaintiff provides invoices for the 7 investigative and service of process expenses. See Riley Decl., Exhs. 2–3, Doc. No. 10-1 8 at 12, 14. 9 The Court awards Plaintiff costs for reimbursement of the $400.00 filing fee. See 10 Parker, 2021 WL 164998, at *9; Brummell, 2016 WL 3552039, at *2. The Court also 11 awards Plaintiff costs for the $75.00 service of process fee. See Cervantes, 2019 WL 12 935387, at *5; G & G Closed Cir. Events, LLC v. Aguilar, No. 18-cv-465 JM (BGS), 13 2018 WL 6445883, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 10, 2018); see also CivLR 54.1.b.1. 14 However, the Court declines to award Plaintiff’s request for the pre-filing 15 investigative fee. This Court has previously declined to award costs for pre-filing 16 investigation fees. See Brummell, 2016 WL 3552039, at *2; see also Aguilar, 2018 WL 17 6445883, at *3; Langer v. Murad Enterprises, LLC, No. 20-cv-34-MMA (BLM) (S.D. 18 Cal. June 6, 2020), ECF No. 15 at 12 n.3. Plaintiff acknowledges that there is a split 19 amongst the district courts on this issue. See Doc. No. 10 at 10; see also Parker, 2021 20 WL 164998, at *9 (noting the split on this issue but ultimately declining to award 21 investigator fees); Barajas, 2017 WL 469343, at *5 (same). The Court declines to depart 22 from its previous determination that pre-filing investigative fees are not recoverable 23 costs. Additionally, there is also no information detailing what the investigative services 24 provided or the investigator’s qualifications. See Parker, 2021 WL 164998, at *9; 25 Cervantes, 2019 WL 935387, at *5. 26 Accordingly, the Court awards costs in the amount of $475.00 for reimbursement 27 of the filing fee and service of process fee. 28 IV. CONCLUSION 1 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part 2 || Plaintiff's motion for attorneys’ fees and costs. The Court AWARDS Plaintiff attorneys’ 3 || fees in the amount of $1,166.00 and costs in the amount of $475.00. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 6 || Dated: August 2, 2021 7 Mikula (dille 8 Hon. Michael M. Anello 9 United States District Judge 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28